Morphology

44問 • 1年前

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In linguistics, m______lgy is the study of how words are put together. For example, the word cats is put together from two parts: cat, which refers to a particular type of furry four-legged animal, and -s indicates that there's more than one such animal. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 209

morphology

A word is the smallest s______ unit in language. It means that it's the smallest unit that can stand on its own in an utterance. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 209

separable

Words are also s_____lly independent, which means they can appear in different positions in a sentence. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 210

syntactically

In everyday life, in English we might think of a word as something that's written with spaces on either side. This is an o______hic (or spelling-based) definition of what a word is. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 210

ortographic

A m______eme is the smallest systematic pairing of both form (sign and sound) and meaning or grammatical function. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 210

morpheme

Words that contain more than one morpheme is called morphologically c____ex. Word with only a single morpheme are morphologically s____le. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 211

complex

Some morphemes are a___xes: they can't stand on their own, and have to attach to something. Examples are -s (in cats) and inter- and -al (in international)

affixes

The thing an affix attaches to is called base. Just like whole words, some bases are morphologically simple, while others are morphologically complex. For example, consider the word librarian. This word is formed by attaching the affix -ian to the base, which is ______ry. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 213.

library

There is a special name for simple bases: r___t. It is the smallest possible base, which cannot be divided, what me might think of as the core of the word. Examples: cat, library, and nation Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 213

root

A p____ix is an affix that attaches before its base like inter- in international. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 214

prefix

A ___ix is an affix that follows its base, like -s in cats. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 214

suffix

A ______ix is an affix that attaches around its base. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 214

circumfix

An _____ix is an affix that attaches inside its base. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 214

infix

A s______ous affix is an affix that takes place at the same time as its base. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 214

simultaneous

A f____ morpheme is one that can occur as a word on its own. Example: tree Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 216

free

A b_____morpheme can only occur in words if it's accompanied by one or more other morphemes. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 216

bound

I______ c______ (a morphological pattern) is one name for the type of change found in many irregular English noun plurals and verb past tenses. Examples: mouse → mice goose → geese sit → sat write → wrote Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 218

internal change

S_____ion (a morphological pattern) is an even more irregular pattern, where a particular morphological form involves entirely replacing the form of a morpheme, and is always irregular. Example: go → went good - better - best bad - worse - worst

suppletion

Re_____tion involves repeating part of all of a word as part of a morphological pattern. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 219

reduplication

Sy____ic languages have a lot of morphological complexity in words, and are often characterized by having no (or very few) free roots. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 219

synthetic

In highly agg________ive languages, words are built from many easily separated affixes, each of which is associated with a consistent piece of meaning. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 220

agglutinative

A f_____al language is one where many infectional meanings are combined into single affixes. The Romance languages are good example: the suffix on a verb expresses tense, aspect, and subject-verb agreement, and is difficult to break down into smaller affixes. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 220

fusional

Some morphemes have a consistent meaning, but appear in different forms depending on the environment where they occur. This is a_____phy. Here are two examples of morpheme that have consistent meaning: a, an (English indefinite articles) Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 221

allomorphy

In English, the indefinite article shows up as “a” when it occurs before a consonant (a book), but as an when it occurs before a vowel (an apple). This is an example of allomorphy based on phonology (sounds) that appear before or after the morpheme (the phonological environment). This is called p_______y c_______ed a_______hy. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 221

phonologically conditioned allomorphy

Allomorphy that is determined by the root is called l_____lly conditioned allomorphy. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 222

lexically

When a morpheme can be realized in more than one way, we refer to its different forms as a______phs of the morpheme. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 222

allomorphs

D________al morphology: Morphology that changes the meaning or category of its base. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 244

derivational

I_______nal morphology: Morphology that expresses grammatical information appropriate to a word's category. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 244

inflectional

These are words that contain multiple roots into a single word. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 244

compounds

The distinction between inclusive and exclusive we is sometimes referred to as c_____ity. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 234

clusivity

C___ refers to marking nouns that reflects their grammatical role in a sentence. Most of its systems have ways to distinguish the subject from the object of a sentence, as well as special marking for possessors and indirect objects. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 234

case

A________t refers to any inflectional morphology that reflects the properties of a different word in a sentence, usually noun. Example: → verbs agreeing usually with nouns for their number and person → determiners, numerals, and adjectives often agree with the noun they modify, usually for number, case, and gender. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 235

agreement

T____se refers to the contrast between present and past (or sometimes between future and non-future) and is typically marked on verbs. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 235

tense

Inflectional n_____ makes a whole sentence negative. In English, we express it syntactically, with either the word not (or it's contracted clitic form n't) Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 235

negation

A c_____ive is a construction that expresses that an event was caused by an outside factor. For example: I made the tree fall. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 236

causative

Many languages use morphology to indicate speaker's certainty about what they are saying, or the source of their evidence for what they say. This is called _____ial marking. For example, in Turkish there is a distinction between the “direct past” -di, used to mark things you are certain of or that you directly witnessed, and the “indirect past” -miš, used to mark things you have only indirect evidence for. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 237

evidential

Many languages expresses the possibility of necessity of something via morphology on the main verb. This is called m_____ity. For example, conditionnel or the futur in French. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 237

modality

C_______ing refers to the words that are built and contain from more than one root. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 240

compounding

Most compounds have a h____. It determines the interpretation (a sunflower is a type of flower, a bluebird is a type of bird, etc.) as well as its category. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 242

head

_van_va compounds is a special kind of compound. Many of these compounds in English involve two roots that only occur in the compound, and that mirror each other sounds. Sometimes these are known as reduplicatives. Notable examples: zigzag, helter shelter, flip flop, riff raff Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 242

dvandva

When a string is compatible with more than one structural representation, it is str________lly a_________s—but not only are both trees potentially correct, they’re often associated with different meanings. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 244

structurally ambiguous

Compounds that have a head are called e__________c. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 242

endocentric

Compounds that are e________c don’t have a head inside of them—they don’t describe either of their members. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 242

exocentric

In linguistics, we often represent this type of structure with a t_____ d_______, that are [is] used to represent the constituency of language, the subgroupings of pieces within a larger word or phrase. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 248

tree diagram

#2 Infinitivos

Carlo Cariaga · 47問 · 2年前

#2 Infinitivos