P1 - Critical Thinking F.D

70問 • 1年前

問題一覧

In this sense critical thinking means thinking _____ and ________. Source: CRITICAL THINKING A STUDENT’S INTRODUCTION 4th Ed, Pg. 1

clearly, intelligently

________ are mental shortcuts for solving problems and making judgements quickly. Source: Critical Thinking for Dummies by Martin Cohen, Pg. 11

heuristics

It's a central Critical Thinking tool. Source: Critical Thinking for Dummies by Martin Cohen, Pg. 15

logic

The human brain uses up __% of an adult's total energy, and for children, it gobbles up almost half of their body's energy. Source: Critical Thinking for Dummies by Martin Cohen, Pg. 26

In the context of Linda Problem, this process, in which people use stereotypes to arrive at conclusions, has a fancy name in psychology called the r_______ness h_____tic. Source: Critical Thinking for Dummies by Martin Cohen, Pg. 28

representativeness heuristic

Neuro_____cs see the mind as being nothing more (or less) than the human brain, and the brain itself as a machine. They even assume the presence of a central controller, a little person inside the big person — something akin to the program that runs in a digital computer. Source: Critical Thinking for Dummies by Martin Cohen, Pg. 35

neuromaniacs

There are 2 types of inconsistency. One is ______ inconsistency, which involves saying or believing inconsistent things (i.e., things that cannot both or all be true) about a particular matter. The other is ______ inconsistency, which involves saying one thing and doing another. Source: CRITICAL THINKING A STUDENT’S INTRODUCTION 4th Ed, Pg. 4

logical

E______trism is the tendency to see reality as centered oneself. Source: CRITICAL THINKING A STUDENT’S INTRODUCTION 4th Ed, Pg. 11

egocentrism

S_____-in_____ed t______ing is the tendency to accept and defend beliefs that harmonize with one's self-interest. It's one of the common forms of egocentrism. Source: CRITICAL THINKING A STUDENT’S INTRODUCTION 4th Ed, Pg. 11

self-interested thinking

S_____-s_____ing b___s is the tendency to overrate oneself to see oneself as better in some respect that one actually is. Source: CRITICAL THINKING A STUDENT’S INTRODUCTION 4th Ed, Pg. 12

self-serving bias

S____cen____sm is a group-centered thinking, and it can hinder rational thinking by focusing excessively on the group. Source: CRITICAL THINKING A STUDENT’S INTRODUCTION 4th Ed, Pg. 13

sociocentrism

G____up b____ is the tendency to see one's own group (nation, tribe, sect, peer group, and the like) as being inherently better than others. Source: CRITICAL THINKING A STUDENT’S INTRODUCTION 4th Ed, Pg. 13

group bias

Con_____ism refers to our tendency to follow the crowd — that is, to conform (often unthinkingly) to authority or to grouo standards of conduct and belief. Source: CRITICAL THINKING A STUDENT’S INTRODUCTION 4th Ed, Pg. 14-15

conformism

An __ss___ion is something we take for granted, something we believe to be true without any proof or conclusive evidence. Source: CRITICAL THINKING A STUDENT’S INTRODUCTION 4th Ed, Pg. 16

assumption

If assumptions are w_____ted, it means we have good reason to hold them. Source: CRITICAL THINKING A STUDENT’S INTRODUCTION 4th Ed, Pg. 16

warranted

When we str______pe, we assume that individual people have all been stamped from one plate. This is the most common types of unwarranted assumptions. Source: CRITICAL THINKING A STUDENT’S INTRODUCTION 4th Ed, Pg. 16

streotype

R_____ism is the view that truth is a matter of opinion. Source: CRITICAL THINKING A STUDENT’S INTRODUCTION 4th Ed, Pg. 19

relativism

It's a popular form of relativism, which is the view is that truth is a matter of individual opinion. Source: CRITICAL THINKING A STUDENT’S INTRODUCTION 4th Ed, Pg. 19

subjectivism

It's a popular form of relativism, which is the view that truth is a matter of social or cultural opinion. Source: CRITICAL THINKING A STUDENT’S INTRODUCTION 4th Ed, Pg. 19

cultural relativism

M____ s______ism is the view that what is morally right and good for an individual. This is a major form of moral relativism. Source: CRITICAL THINKING A STUDENT’S INTRODUCTION 4th Ed, Pg. 20

moral subjectivism

C_____ m______ r_______ is the view that what is morally right and good for an individual, A, is whatever's A's society or culture believes morally right and good. It's a major form of moral relativism. Source: CRITICAL THINKING A STUDENT’S INTRODUCTION 4th Ed, Pg. 20

cultural moral relativism

W____ t______ is believing something not because you have good evidence for it but simply because you wished it were true. Source: CRITICAL THINKING A STUDENT’S INTRODUCTION 4th Ed, Pg. 24

wishful thinking

In critical thinking, an argument is simply a claim defended with r_____ons. Source: CRITICAL THINKING A STUDENT’S INTRODUCTION 4th Ed, Pg. 29

reasons

A r______ question is a sentence that has the grammatical form of a question but it meant to be understood as a statement. Source: CRITICAL THINKING A STUDENT’S INTRODUCTION 4th Ed, Pg. 31

rhetorical

_______ imperative is a sentence that has a form of an imperative or command but is intended to assert a value or ought judgement about what is good or bad or right and wrong. Source: CRITICAL THINKING A STUDENT’S INTRODUCTION 4th Ed, Pg. 31

ought

I_____ words are words or phrases that provide clues that premises or conclusions being forward. Source: CRITICAL THINKING A STUDENT’S INTRODUCTION 4th Ed, Pg. 33

indicator

____ indicators indicate that premises being offered. Source: CRITICAL THINKING A STUDENT’S INTRODUCTION 4th Ed, Pg. 33

premise

______ indicators indicate that conclusions are being offered. Source: CRITICAL THINKING A STUDENT’S INTRODUCTION 4th Ed, Pg. 33

conclusion

The statement that is explained is the __________. The statement that does explaining is the __________. Source: CRITICAL THINKING A STUDENT’S INTRODUCTION 4th Ed, Pg. 44

explanandum

_______ arguments try to prove their conclusions with rigorous, inescapable logic. Source: CRITICAL THINKING A STUDENT’S INTRODUCTION 4th Ed, Pg. 53

deductive

________ arguments try to show that their conclusions are plausible or likely given the premise(s), and it simply claims that their conclusions are likely or probable given the premises offered. Source: CRITICAL THINKING A STUDENT’S INTRODUCTION 4th Ed, Pg. 55

inductive

A word (or group of words) is v____ when meaning is fuzzy and inexact. Source: CRITICAL THINKING A STUDENT’S INTRODUCTION 4th Ed, Pg. 87

vague

Words are o_____ if the information they provide is too broad and unspecific in a given context. Source: CRITICAL THINKING A STUDENT’S INTRODUCTION 4th Ed, Pg. 88

overgeneral

A word or expression is a______ if it has two or more distinct meaning and the context does not make clear which meaning is intended. Source: CRITICAL THINKING A STUDENT’S INTRODUCTION 4th Ed, Pg. 89

ambiguous

If you've ever created a new word or used an old word in an entirely new way, you have provided a s______ive definition. Source: CRITICAL THINKING A STUDENT’S INTRODUCTION 4th Ed, Pg. 95

stipulative

Another kind of subjective definition is a p_____ definition, in which an arguer defines a term in an effort to persuade reader or listener to agree with the arguer's point of view regarding the thing being defined. Source: CRITICAL THINKING A STUDENT’S INTRODUCTION 4th Ed, Pg. 95 or 96

persuasive

In a l_____l definition, a word is defined in the way it is standardly used in the language. In other words its purpose is to state the conventional, dictionary meaning of a word. Source: CRITICAL THINKING A STUDENT’S INTRODUCTION 4th Ed, Pg. 96

lexical

A p_____ing definition is intended to make a vague word more precise so that the word's meaning is not left to the interpretation of the reader or listener. Source: CRITICAL THINKING A STUDENT’S INTRODUCTION 4th Ed, Pg. 96

precising

O______ive definition consists in simply pointing to, or demonstrating, the thing being defined. Example: Door means this. (As you point to one for the benefit of a foreign visitor) Source: CRITICAL THINKING A STUDENT’S INTRODUCTION 4th Ed, Pg. 97

ostensive

Another way to clarify what you mean by a word is to use e_______ive definition, that is , to provide specific examples of what the word refers to. Example: Actor means Tom Cruise, Jack Nicholson, Nicholas Cage, and so on. Source: CRITICAL THINKING A STUDENT’S INTRODUCTION 4th Ed, Pg. 97

enumerative

A definition by _____ assigns meaning to a word by listing subclasses of the general class to which the word refers. Example: Mammal means gorilla, horse, lion, whale, and so on. Source: CRITICAL THINKING A STUDENT’S INTRODUCTION 4th Ed, Pg. 98

subclass

Using e____cal definitions will give us the meaning of the word by looking at it's ancestry. Source: CRITICAL THINKING A STUDENT’S INTRODUCTION 4th Ed, Pg. 98

etymological

A _________ definition assigns a meaning to a word by offering a synonym — that is another word that has the same meaning as the word being defined. Example: Deleterious means harmful. Source: CRITICAL THINKING A STUDENT’S INTRODUCTION 4th Ed, Pg. 99

synonymous

A definition by g_____ and d______ assigns meaning to a word by identifying a general class (genus) to which things named by the word belong and then specifying a differentiating quality (difference) that distinguishes those things from all other things in the class. Example: Buck means male deer, and calf means young cow. Source: CRITICAL THINKING A STUDENT’S INTRODUCTION 4th Ed, Pg. 99

genus

A logical f______ is an argument that contains a mistake in reasoning. Source: CRITICAL THINKING A STUDENT’S INTRODUCTION 4th Ed, Pg. 119

fallacy

Fallacies of r_______ are mistakes in reasoning that occur because the premises are logically irrelevant to the conclusion. Source: CRITICAL THINKING A STUDENT’S INTRODUCTION 4th Ed, Pg. 119

relevance

Fallacies of ________ evidence are mistakes in reasoning that occur because the premises, though logically relevant to the conclusion, fail to provide sufficient evidence to support the conclusion. Source: CRITICAL THINKING A STUDENT’S INTRODUCTION 4th Ed, Pg. 119

insufficient

A statement is _________ relevant to another statement if it counts in favor of that statement. Example: All dogs have five legs. Rover is a dog. So Rover has five legs. Source: CRITICAL THINKING A STUDENT’S INTRODUCTION 4th Ed, Pg. 120

positively

Statement that count against other statements are said to be ________ relevant to those statements. Example: Althea is two years old. So, Althea probably goes to college. Source: CRITICAL THINKING A STUDENT’S INTRODUCTION 4th Ed, Pg. 120

negatively

A statement is _____lly i_______nt to another statement if it counts neither for nor against that statement. Example: The earth revolves around the sun. Therefore, marijuana should be legalized. Source: CRITICAL THINKING A STUDENT’S INTRODUCTION 4th Ed, Pg. 120

logically irrelevant

We commit the the fallacy of per_____ a_____ when we reject someone's argument or claim by attacking the person rather than the person's argument or claim. Source: CRITICAL THINKING A STUDENT’S INTRODUCTION 4th Ed, Pg. 122

personal attack

Attacking the m______ is the error of criticizing a person’s motivation for offering a particular argument or claim, rather than examining the worth of the argument or claim itself. Example: Professor Michaelson has argued in favor of academic tenure. But why should we even listen to Professor Michaelson? As a tenured professor, of course he supports tenure. Source: CRITICAL THINKING A STUDENT’S INTRODUCTION 4th Ed, Pg. 123

motive

The fallacy of l_____ w___'s t_____ng is committed when an arguer rejects another person's argument or claim because that person fails to practice what he preaches. Source: CRITICAL THINKING A STUDENT’S INTRODUCTION 4th Ed, Pg. 124

look who's talking

The fallacy of t___ w____ m_____ a r_____ occurs when an arguer attempts to justify a wrongful act by claiming that some other act is just as bad or worse. Example: I don't feel guilty about cheating on Dr. Boyer's test. Half of the class cheats on his tests. Source: CRITICAL THINKING A STUDENT’S INTRODUCTION 4th Ed, Pg. 125

two wrongs make a right

The fallacy of s_____ t______ is committed when an arguer threatens harm to a reader or listener if he or she does not accept the arguer’s conclusion and this threat is irrelevant to the truth of the arguer’s conclusion. Source: CRITICAL THINKING A STUDENT’S INTRODUCTION 4th Ed, Pg. 127

scare tactics

The fallacy of appeal to p____ occurs when an arguer inappropriately attempts to evoke feelings of pity or compassion from his listeners or readers. Source: CRITICAL THINKING A STUDENT’S INTRODUCTION 4th Ed, Pg. 128

pity

The s______ m_____ fallacy is committed when an arguer distorts an opponents argument or claim to make it easier to attack. Source: CRITICAL THINKING A STUDENT’S INTRODUCTION 4th Ed, Pg. 129

straw man

The r____ h______ fallacy is committed when an arguer tries to sidetrack his audience by raising an irrelevant issue and then claims that the original issue has effectively been settled by the irrelevant diversion. Source: CRITICAL THINKING A STUDENT’S INTRODUCTION 4th Ed, Pg. 130

red herring

The fallacy of e______ ion is committed when a key word is used in two or more senses in the same argument depends on the shift in meaning. Example: Any law can be repealed by the proper legal authority. The law of gravity is a law. Therefore, the law of gravity can be repealed by the proper legal authority. Source: CRITICAL THINKING A STUDENT’S INTRODUCTION 4th Ed, Pg. 131

equivocation

The fallacy of b_____ the q________ is committed when an arguer states or assumes as a premise the very thing he or she is trying to prove as a conclusion. Source: CRITICAL THINKING A STUDENT’S INTRODUCTION 4th Ed, Pg. 132

begging the question

The fallacy of i__________ appeal to authority is committed when an arguer cites a witness or authority who, there is good reason to believe, is unreliable. Source: CRITICAL THINKING A STUDENT’S INTRODUCTION 4th Ed, Pg. 140

inappropriate

When an arguer treats a lack of evidence as reason to think that the claim is true or false he or she commits the fallacy of appeal to ig______ce. Source: CRITICAL THINKING A STUDENT’S INTRODUCTION 4th Ed, Pg. 144

ignorance

The fallacy of f____se al_______ves is committed when an arguer poses a false either or choice. Source: CRITICAL THINKING A STUDENT’S INTRODUCTION 4th Ed, Pg. 145

false alternatives

The fallacy of l____ed question is a question that contains an unfair or questionable assumption. Source: CRITICAL THINKING A STUDENT’S INTRODUCTION 4th Ed, Pg. 146

loaded

The p_s__ h___c fallacy is commited when an arguer assumes, without adequate evidence, that because one event, A, occurred before another event, B, A is the cause of B. Example: How do I know that ginseng tea is a cure from the common cold? Last week I had a bad case of the sniffles i drank a cup ginseng tea and the next morning my sniffels were gone. Source: CRITICAL THINKING A STUDENT’S INTRODUCTION 4th Ed, Pg. 148

post hoc

Another common variety of a false cause fallacy is the m_____ c____ion fallacy which is committed when an arguer assumes without sufficient evidence, that because A and B “regularly” occur together, a must be the cause of b or vice versa. Example: Aztec high priest said, “Every spring we sacrifice a virgin to the sun god, and every summer the life giving rain come. Therefore, sacrificing of virgin to the sun god causes the life-giving rains to come. Source: CRITICAL THINKING A STUDENT’S INTRODUCTION 4th Ed, Pg. 148

mere correlation

Perhaps the most common form of the questionable cause fallacy is the o_________ied cause fallacy this fallacy is committed when we assume without adequate evidence that a is the “sole” cause of p when in fact there are several causes of B. Example: Violent crime has declined steadily in recent years. Obviously tougher imprisonment policies are working. Source: CRITICAL THINKING A STUDENT’S INTRODUCTION 4th Ed, Pg. 148

oversimplified

We commit the fallacy of h______ _________ion when we draw a general conclusion from a sample that is biased or too small. Example: Small business owner said, “I have hired three San Pedrans in the past 6 months and all three were lazy and shifted. I guess most san Pedrans are lazy and shiftless. Source: CRITICAL THINKING A STUDENT’S INTRODUCTION 4th Ed, Pg. 149

hasty generalization

We commit the s_______-sl____ fallacy when we claim without sufficient evidence that a seemingly harmless action if taken will lead to a disastrous outcome. Example: We can't allow A, because A will lead to B, and ab will lead to C, and we sure heck as don't want C! Source: CRITICAL THINKING A STUDENT’S INTRODUCTION 4th Ed, Pg. 150

slippery-slope

We have all heard the expression that's like comparing apples and oranges this saying points to a mistake called the fallacy of w___k analogy which of course when an arguer compares two or more things aren't really comparable in relevant respects. Example: Lettuce is leafy and green and tastes great with a veggie burger. Poison ivy is also leafy and green. Therefore, poison ivy probably taste great with a veggie burger too. Source: CRITICAL THINKING A STUDENT’S INTRODUCTION 4th Ed, Pg. 151

weak

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Carlo Cariaga · 47問 · 2年前

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