Phonetics (Pt. 1)

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It is the study of making and hearing speech sounds. Linguistics for Dummies, Pg. 35

phonetics

During communication of two people, one person can give a message physical reality through various movements and configurations of their body parts. Linguists call it ________. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 67

articulation

Linguistic signal can come in various forms, such as ______ waves (for spoken languages or _______ waves (for signed languages). Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 67

sound, light

The linguistic signal is then received, sensed, and processed by another person's _______, allowing them to reconstruct the intended message. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 67

perception

The entire chain of physical reality, from articulation to perception, is called the ______ of the language. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. Pg.67

modality

The modality of spoken languages is _____ because they are articulated with vocal tract; _________, because they are transmitted by sound waves; and ________, because they are received and processed by the auditory system. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 67

vocal, acoustic, auditory,

This modality [of spoken languages] is often shortened to _____-______. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 67

vocal-auditory

Signed languages also have a modality: they are _______ because they are articulated by the hands and arms (though most of the rest of the body can be used, too, so this component of modality might best be called ________); ________, because they are transmitted by light waves; and _______ because they are received and processed by the visual system. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 67-68

manual, corporeal, photic, visual

This modality [of signed languages] is often shortened to ______-______. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 68

manual-visual

The ______-_______ modality of tactile signing are articulated by the hands and are perceived by the somatosensory system, which is responsible for sensing various physical phenomena on the skin such as pressure and movement. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 68

manual-somatic

Actual instances of communication are often __________, with language users making use of the resources of more than one modality at a time. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 68

multimodal

Spoken language is often accompanied by various kinds of __________, such as shrugging, facial expressions, and hand gestures. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 68

co-speech behaviours

It is the study of how the body creates a linguistic signal. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 70

articulatory phonetics

It is the study of how the human body perceives and processes linguistic signals. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 70

perceptual phonetics

It is the study of linguistic sounds waves. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 70

acoustic phonetics

Lips, tongue , and other parts of the mouth and throat are inside the _________. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 72

vocal tract

It's a special kind of diagram that represents the inside of the head as if it were split down the middle between the eyes. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 72

midsagittal diagram

These are the three important open regions of the vocal tract. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 74

oral cavity

It's is an open region of the vocal tract, and it is the main interior of the mouth, taking up space horizontally from the lips backwards. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 74

oral cavity

It's an open region of the vocal tract, and it is behind the oral cavity and tongue, forming the upper part of what we normally think of as the throat. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg.74

pharynx

It's an open region of the vocal tract, and it's the open interior of the head above the oral cavity and pharynx, from the nostrils backward and down to the pharynx. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 74

nasal cavity

The bottom of pharynx splits into two tubes: the ______ (also known as the ______), which leads to the lungs, and the __________, which leads down to the stomach. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 74

trachea

The units of speech are called _______ or speech sounds. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 74

phones

The moving part of the vocal tract is called ____ or lower articulator, and its target is called _______ or higher articulator. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 76

active

The overall combination of an active articulator and a passive articulator is called a consonant’s _________ of articulation. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 80

place

The active articulator that is used for the consonants at the beginning of the English words pin and fin. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 76

lower lip

It's the active articulator, which is located the frontest part of the tongue. It's also called apex. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 76

tongue tip

It's the active articulator whose region is just behind the tongue tip. It's also known as lamina. We use this articulator at the beginning of the English words thin and chin. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 76

tongue blade

It's the active articulator whose term is uniified for the tongue tip and tongue blade together. It's also known as corona. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 76

tongue front

It's the active articulator, which is the lower portion if the tongue. Another term for this articulator is radix. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 77

tongue root

It's the active articulator, which is used for the consonants at the beginning of the English words kin and gone. It's also known as dorsum. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 76

tongue back

It's the large flap active articulator at the bottom of pharynx that can cover the trachea to block food from entering the lungs. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 77

epiglottis

Each of the active articulator has a corresponding adjective to describe phones, for example, pin and fin begin with labial consonants. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 77-78 1. _____ - articulated with the lower lip 2. _____ - with the tongue tip 3. _____ - tongue blade 4. _____ - tongue front 5. _____ - tongue back 6. _____ - tongue root 7. _____ - epiglottis

labial

It's the passive articulator that is used for consonants at the beginning of the English words pin and bin. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 78

upper lip

It's the passive articulator that is used for the consonants at the beginning of the English words fin and thin. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 78

upper teeth

It's the passive articulator, which is the firm part of the gums that extends just behind the upper teeth. It's used for the consonants at the beginning of the English words tin and sin. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 78

alveolar ridge

It's the passive articulator, which is the back wall of the alveolar ridge. It's used for the consonants at the beginning of the English words shin and chin. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 78

postalveolar region

It's the passive articulator, which is the softer part of the root of the mouth. It's used for consonants at the beginning of the English words kin and gone. Another term for this passive articulator is soft palate. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 78

velum

It's the passive articulator, which is the hard part of the roof of the mouth. It's used for consonants at the beginning of the English words yawn. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 78

hard palate

It's the passive articulator, which is the fleshy bob that hangs down from the velum. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 78

uvula

It's the passive articulator, which is the back wall of the pharynx. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 78

pharyngeal wall

Each of the passive articulators has a corresponding adjective to describe with that passive articulator. 1. ______ - articulated at the upper lip 2. ______ - with the upper teeth 3. ______ - alveolar ridge 4. ______ - back wall of the alveolar ridge 5. ______ - palate 6. ______ - velum 7. ______ - uvula 8. ______ - pharyngeal wall Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 79

labial

There are two main types of dental consonants: 1. ______ - where your tongue blade is on or near the back of your teeth. 2. ______ - where your tongue protudes between your two sets of teeth (upper teeth and lower). Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 81

dental

There are two main types of postalveolar: 1. _______ - where your tongue blade is on or near the alveolar ridge. 2. _______ - where your tongue tip curls backward, so the tip points towards the hard palate. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 82

postalveolar

It's a rigid combination of cartilages at the top of the trachea. It's also known as voice box. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 83

larynx

Inside the larynx, we can see two membranes that stretch from front to back. What are those membranes? Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 83

vocal folds [or vocal cords]

The empty space that separates vocal folds is called ________. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 83

glottis

Place of articulation: bilabial Active articulator: _______ Passive articulator: _______ Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 85

lower lip

Place of articulation: labiodental Active articulator: _______ Passive articulator: _______ Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 85

lower lip

Place of articulation: dental/interdental Active articulator: _______ Passive articulator: _______ Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 85

tongue blade

Place of articulation: alveolar Active articulator: _______ Passive articulator: _______ Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 85

tongue tip

Place of articulation: postalveolar Active articulator: _______ Passive articulator: _______ Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 85

tongue blade

Place of articulation: retroflex Active articulator: _______ Passive articulator: _______ Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 85

underside of the tongue tip

Place of articulation: palatal Active articulator: _______ Passive articulator: _______ Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 85

tongue front and back

Place of articulation: velar Active articulator: _______ Passive articulator: _______ Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 85

tongue back

Place of articulation: uvular Active articulator: _______ Passive articulator: _______ Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 85

tongue back

Place of articulation: pharyngeal Active articulator: _______ Passive articulator: _______ Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 85

tongue root

Place of articulation: epiglottal Active articulator: _______ Passive articulator: _______ Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 85

epiglottis

A phone with vocal fold vibration is called _____. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 85

voiced

A phone without vocal fold vibration is called _______. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 85

unvoiced

This larger category of manipulating airlflow with the vocal folds in different ways is called _________. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 85

phonotation

The ________ is how air flows through the vocal tract, based on the size and shape of the constriction between the articulators. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 87

manner of articulation

_____ is a manner of articulation in which the active articulator presses firmly against the passive articulator to make a complete closure, blocking all the airflow at that point. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 87

stop

There are two distinctions for stops based on the position of the velum: • A stop with a raised velum and oral airflow only is called ____ stop. • A stop with a lowered velum and both oral and nasal airflow is called ____ stop. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 87

oral, nasal

This is the most common type of oral stop, which has airflow from the lungs that gets trapped behind the stop closure, until the air can be quickly released in an explosive burst. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 88

plosive

It's a kind of oral stop in which air is pushed up by raising the vocal folds rather than exhaling from the lungs. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 88

ejective

It's a kind of oral stop in which air is sucked in by lowering the vocal folds. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 88

implosive

It's a kind of oral stop in which air is sucked in by lowering the tongue. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 88

click

It's a manner of articulation in which airflow is constricted due to the narrow constriction made by the active and passive articulators. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 88

fricative

It's a manner of articulation, which creates a little or no friction in the airflow. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 89

approximant

It's a kind of approximant which has relatively unrestricted airflow through the middle of oral cavity. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 89

central approximant

It's a kind of approximant, in which airflow is diverted along one or both sides of the tongue due to the full contact of a part of tongue with upper articulator. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 89

lateral approximant

It's a manner of articulation, in which a plosive is with such a fricated release. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 89

affricate

It's a manner of articulation which is similar to stops but its closure is so short that airflow is barely interrupted. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 90

tap or flap

It's a manner of articulation which is like repeated tap. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 90

trill

The class of ______ are defined by having an overall significant obstruction to free airflow in the vocal tract. Oral stops, frivatives, and affricates are belong to this class. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 91

obstruents

The class of _________ has fairly unrestricted airflow either nasal cavity or oral cavity. Approximants, nasal stops, taps, and trills are belong to this class. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 91

sonorants

The class of _______ refers to fricatives and approximants due to their continuous airflow through the oral cavity. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 91

continuants

The configuration of the tongue and lies during their articulation determines the vowel's overall v***l ******y. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 95

vowel quality

The height of the tongue during the articulation of a vowel is called _________. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 95

vowel height

A vowel with a very high tongue position is called a ____ vowel. For example, the word beat. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 95

high

A vowel with a very low tongue position is called a ____ vowel. For example, the word bat. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 95

low

A vowel with an intermediate tongue position between high and low is called a ___ vowel. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 95

mid

Consonants may also differ from each other in length. Long consonants are often called ________, while short consonants are called ________. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 102

geminates, singletons

The horizontal position of the tongue, known as its ________, also affects vowel quality. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 96

backness

If the tongue is positioned in the front of the oral cavity, the vowel is called a _____ vowel, as for the vowel in English word “beat”. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 96

front

If the tongue is positioned farther back in oral cavity, the vowel is called a ______ vowel, as in the English word “boot.” Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 96

back

If the tongue is positioned in the centre of the oral cavity, the vowel is called a ______ vowel, as for the English word “but.” Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 96

central

Vowel quality also depends on the shape of the lips generally referred to as the vowel's _______. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 98

rounding

If the corners of the mouth are pulled together so that the lips are compressed and protuded to form a circular shape, as for the vowel in the English word “boot”, its vowel is called a ______ vowel. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 98

rounded

If the corners of the mouth are pulled apart and upward so that the lips are thinly stretched into a shape like a smile, as for the vowel in the English “beat”, the lips are said to be _________. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 98

spread

The lips may also be in an intermediate configuration, neither rounded nor spread, as for the English word “but”, in which case, the lips are said to be ______. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 98

neutral

It refers to the position of the tongue root, which may also play a role in vowel quality. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 99

tenseness

If the tongue root is advanced forward away from the pharyngeal wall, it is sometimes called a _____ vowel. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 99

tense

If the tongue root is instead in a more retracted position closer to the pharyngeal wall, it's sometimes called a ____ vowel. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 99

lax

The property of whether a vowel is oral or nasal is called its ________. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 101

nasality

Vowels may also differ from each other in ____, which is a way of categorizing them based on their duration. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 102

length

Consonants may also differ from each other length. Long consonants are called _________. Short consonants are ________. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 102

geminates

Vowels that have a relatively stable pronunciation from beginning to end are called __________. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 103

monophthongs

100

Vowels that begins with one specific articulation and shift quickly into another, resulting unstable pronunciation are called __________. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 103

diphthongs

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Carlo Cariaga · 47問 · 2年前

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