It is the study of making and hearing speech sounds. Linguistics for Dummies, Pg. 35

During communication of two people, one person can give a message physical reality through various movements and configurations of their body parts. Linguists call it ________. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 67

Linguistic signal can come in various forms, such as ______ waves (for spoken languages or _______ waves (for signed languages). Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 67

The linguistic signal is then received, sensed, and processed by another person's _______, allowing them to reconstruct the intended message. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 67

The entire chain of physical reality, from articulation to perception, is called the ______ of the language. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. Pg.67

The modality of spoken languages is _____ because they are articulated with vocal tract; _________, because they are transmitted by sound waves; and ________, because they are received and processed by the auditory system. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 67

This modality [of spoken languages] is often shortened to _____-______. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 67

Signed languages also have a modality: they are _______ because they are articulated by the hands and arms (though most of the rest of the body can be used, too, so this component of modality might best be called ________); ________, because they are transmitted by light waves; and _______ because they are received and processed by the visual system. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 67-68

This modality [of signed languages] is often shortened to ______-______. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 68

The ______-_______ modality of tactile signing are articulated by the hands and are perceived by the somatosensory system, which is responsible for sensing various physical phenomena on the skin such as pressure and movement. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 68

Actual instances of communication are often __________, with language users making use of the resources of more than one modality at a time. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 68

Spoken language is often accompanied by various kinds of __________, such as shrugging, facial expressions, and hand gestures. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 68

It is the study of how the body creates a linguistic signal. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 70

It is the study of how the human body perceives and processes linguistic signals. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 70

It is the study of linguistic sounds waves. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 70

Lips, tongue , and other parts of the mouth and throat are inside the _________. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 72

It's a special kind of diagram that represents the inside of the head as if it were split down the middle between the eyes. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 72

These are the three important open regions of the vocal tract. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 74

It's is an open region of the vocal tract, and it is the main interior of the mouth, taking up space horizontally from the lips backwards. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 74

It's an open region of the vocal tract, and it is behind the oral cavity and tongue, forming the upper part of what we normally think of as the throat. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg.74

It's an open region of the vocal tract, and it's the open interior of the head above the oral cavity and pharynx, from the nostrils backward and down to the pharynx. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 74

The bottom of pharynx splits into two tubes: the ______ (also known as the ______), which leads to the lungs, and the __________, which leads down to the stomach. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 74

The units of speech are called _______ or speech sounds. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 74

The moving part of the vocal tract is called ____ or lower articulator, and its target is called _______ or higher articulator. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 76

The overall combination of an active articulator and a passive articulator is called a consonant’s _________ of articulation. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 80

The active articulator that is used for the consonants at the beginning of the English words pin and fin. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 76

It's the active articulator, which is located the frontest part of the tongue. It's also called apex. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 76

It's the active articulator whose region is just behind the tongue tip. It's also known as lamina. We use this articulator at the beginning of the English words thin and chin. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 76

It's the active articulator whose term is uniified for the tongue tip and tongue blade together. It's also known as corona. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 76

It's the active articulator, which is the lower portion if the tongue. Another term for this articulator is radix. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 77

It's the active articulator, which is used for the consonants at the beginning of the English words kin and gone. It's also known as dorsum. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 76

It's the large flap active articulator at the bottom of pharynx that can cover the trachea to block food from entering the lungs. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 77

Each of the active articulator has a corresponding adjective to describe phones, for example, pin and fin begin with labial consonants. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 77-78 1. _____ - articulated with the lower lip 2. _____ - with the tongue tip 3. _____ - tongue blade 4. _____ - tongue front 5. _____ - tongue back 6. _____ - tongue root 7. _____ - epiglottis

It's the passive articulator that is used for consonants at the beginning of the English words pin and bin. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 78

It's the passive articulator that is used for the consonants at the beginning of the English words fin and thin. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 78

It's the passive articulator, which is the firm part of the gums that extends just behind the upper teeth. It's used for the consonants at the beginning of the English words tin and sin. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 78

It's the passive articulator, which is the back wall of the alveolar ridge. It's used for the consonants at the beginning of the English words shin and chin. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 78

It's the passive articulator, which is the softer part of the root of the mouth. It's used for consonants at the beginning of the English words kin and gone. Another term for this passive articulator is soft palate. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 78

It's the passive articulator, which is the hard part of the roof of the mouth. It's used for consonants at the beginning of the English words yawn. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 78

It's the passive articulator, which is the fleshy bob that hangs down from the velum. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 78

It's the passive articulator, which is the back wall of the pharynx. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 78

Each of the passive articulators has a corresponding adjective to describe with that passive articulator. 1. ______ - articulated at the upper lip 2. ______ - with the upper teeth 3. ______ - alveolar ridge 4. ______ - back wall of the alveolar ridge 5. ______ - palate 6. ______ - velum 7. ______ - uvula 8. ______ - pharyngeal wall Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 79

There are two main types of dental consonants: 1. ______ - where your tongue blade is on or near the back of your teeth. 2. ______ - where your tongue protudes between your two sets of teeth (upper teeth and lower). Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 81

There are two main types of postalveolar: 1. _______ - where your tongue blade is on or near the alveolar ridge. 2. _______ - where your tongue tip curls backward, so the tip points towards the hard palate. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 82

It's a rigid combination of cartilages at the top of the trachea. It's also known as voice box. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 83

Inside the larynx, we can see two membranes that stretch from front to back. What are those membranes? Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 83

The empty space that separates vocal folds is called ________. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 83

Place of articulation: bilabial Active articulator: _______ Passive articulator: _______ Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 85

Place of articulation: labiodental Active articulator: _______ Passive articulator: _______ Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 85

Place of articulation: dental/interdental Active articulator: _______ Passive articulator: _______ Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 85

Place of articulation: alveolar Active articulator: _______ Passive articulator: _______ Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 85

Place of articulation: postalveolar Active articulator: _______ Passive articulator: _______ Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 85

Place of articulation: retroflex Active articulator: _______ Passive articulator: _______ Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 85

Place of articulation: palatal Active articulator: _______ Passive articulator: _______ Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 85

Place of articulation: velar Active articulator: _______ Passive articulator: _______ Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 85

Place of articulation: uvular Active articulator: _______ Passive articulator: _______ Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 85

Place of articulation: pharyngeal Active articulator: _______ Passive articulator: _______ Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 85

Place of articulation: epiglottal Active articulator: _______ Passive articulator: _______ Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 85

A phone with vocal fold vibration is called _____. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 85

A phone without vocal fold vibration is called _______. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 85

This larger category of manipulating airlflow with the vocal folds in different ways is called _________. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 85

The ________ is how air flows through the vocal tract, based on the size and shape of the constriction between the articulators. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 87

_____ is a manner of articulation in which the active articulator presses firmly against the passive articulator to make a complete closure, blocking all the airflow at that point. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 87

There are two distinctions for stops based on the position of the velum: • A stop with a raised velum and oral airflow only is called ____ stop. • A stop with a lowered velum and both oral and nasal airflow is called ____ stop. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 87

This is the most common type of oral stop, which has airflow from the lungs that gets trapped behind the stop closure, until the air can be quickly released in an explosive burst. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 88

It's a kind of oral stop in which air is pushed up by raising the vocal folds rather than exhaling from the lungs. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 88

It's a kind of oral stop in which air is sucked in by lowering the vocal folds. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 88

It's a kind of oral stop in which air is sucked in by lowering the tongue. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 88

It's a manner of articulation in which airflow is constricted due to the narrow constriction made by the active and passive articulators. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 88

It's a manner of articulation, which creates a little or no friction in the airflow. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 89

It's a kind of approximant which has relatively unrestricted airflow through the middle of oral cavity. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 89

It's a kind of approximant, in which airflow is diverted along one or both sides of the tongue due to the full contact of a part of tongue with upper articulator. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 89

It's a manner of articulation, in which a plosive is with such a fricated release. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 89

It's a manner of articulation which is similar to stops but its closure is so short that airflow is barely interrupted. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 90

It's a manner of articulation which is like repeated tap. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 90

The class of ______ are defined by having an overall significant obstruction to free airflow in the vocal tract. Oral stops, frivatives, and affricates are belong to this class. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 91

The class of _________ has fairly unrestricted airflow either nasal cavity or oral cavity. Approximants, nasal stops, taps, and trills are belong to this class. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 91

The class of _______ refers to fricatives and approximants due to their continuous airflow through the oral cavity. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 91

The configuration of the tongue and lies during their articulation determines the vowel's overall v***l ******y. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 95

The height of the tongue during the articulation of a vowel is called _________. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 95

A vowel with a very high tongue position is called a ____ vowel. For example, the word beat. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 95

A vowel with a very low tongue position is called a ____ vowel. For example, the word bat. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 95

A vowel with an intermediate tongue position between high and low is called a ___ vowel. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 95

Consonants may also differ from each other in length. Long consonants are often called ________, while short consonants are called ________. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 102

The horizontal position of the tongue, known as its ________, also affects vowel quality. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 96

If the tongue is positioned in the front of the oral cavity, the vowel is called a _____ vowel, as for the vowel in English word “beat”. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 96

If the tongue is positioned farther back in oral cavity, the vowel is called a ______ vowel, as in the English word “boot.” Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 96

If the tongue is positioned in the centre of the oral cavity, the vowel is called a ______ vowel, as for the English word “but.” Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 96

Vowel quality also depends on the shape of the lips generally referred to as the vowel's _______. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 98

If the corners of the mouth are pulled together so that the lips are compressed and protuded to form a circular shape, as for the vowel in the English word “boot”, its vowel is called a ______ vowel. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 98

If the corners of the mouth are pulled apart and upward so that the lips are thinly stretched into a shape like a smile, as for the vowel in the English “beat”, the lips are said to be _________. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 98

The lips may also be in an intermediate configuration, neither rounded nor spread, as for the English word “but”, in which case, the lips are said to be ______. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 98

It refers to the position of the tongue root, which may also play a role in vowel quality. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 99

If the tongue root is advanced forward away from the pharyngeal wall, it is sometimes called a _____ vowel. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 99

If the tongue root is instead in a more retracted position closer to the pharyngeal wall, it's sometimes called a ____ vowel. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 99

The property of whether a vowel is oral or nasal is called its ________. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 101

Vowels may also differ from each other in ____, which is a way of categorizing them based on their duration. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 102

Consonants may also differ from each other length. Long consonants are called _________. Short consonants are ________. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 102

Vowels that have a relatively stable pronunciation from beginning to end are called __________. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 103

Vowels that begins with one specific articulation and shift quickly into another, resulting unstable pronunciation are called __________. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 103