It is sometimes easy to find a clear seperation between phones in a given a word, that is, to s_____nt the word into its component phones. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 105

We can see the difference of the component phones of a word by looking at w_______s, which are special pictures that graphically represent the air vibrations of sound waves. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 105

When we can identify the individual phones in a word, we want to have suitable way to notate them that can be easily and consistently understood. Such notation is called t__________n. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 106

Phonetic transcription is conventionally given s_____ b_____s [ ]. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 106

To distinguish symbols in a writing system from symbols used for the the transcription of phones, which are enclosed in square brackets, linguists use a________ b_______s < >. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 106

It's the widespread standard transcription system in linguistics. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 107

IPA was created by the I________ P_______ A_________. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 107

One important guiding recommendation from the IPA for broad transcription is to use the t_________ly s_______st notation that still conveys the most crucial information. For example, when possible, we should choose symbols like [a] and [r] rather than their counterparts: [ɐ] and [ɹ]. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 109

Another aspect of typographic simplicity is to avoid d_____ics, which are special marks like [ ̪ ] and [ ʰ ] that gives slightly different meaning. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 109

Why is there so much variation in the pronunciation of English <r>? These consonants belong to an unusual class of phones called r______cs. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 110

Both plosive symbol and fricative symbol are united under a curved t____r [ ͡ ] to show they are unified as a single phone. For example, voiceless postalveolar affricate [ t͡ʃ ]. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 111

We can use alveolar [t] and put a r______ diacritic [ ̠ ] under it to indicate that its place its articulation a slightly farther back. Thus we get [ t̠ ] as the symbol for a voiceless postalveolar plosive. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 111

The [ ʷ ] diacritic indicates r_______ing. For example, [t̠͡ʃʷ]. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 111

The alveolar consonants are normally apicoalveolar (tongue tip), but if we pronounce these consonants with the tongue blade, we transcribe as [ t̻ ] and [ d̻ ], using the l_____l diacritic. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 112

Some speakers may pronounce alveolar consonants on the back of the teeth rather than on the alveolar ridge. In this case, we can transcribe as [ t̪ ] and [ d̪ ], using the d_____ diacritic [ ̪ ]. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 113

Another term for glottal stop is glottal p_____e. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 113

Some vowels of English are pronounced louder and longer than words, which we call s______d, while the other softer and shorter vowels are said to be u______ed. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 117

The symbol [ə] has a special name, and it's called s____a. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 117

Diphthongs and s_______ c________ are considered phones that have consonant-like constrictions in the vocal tract, but which function more like vowels in English. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 118

Syllabic consonants are transcribed by using the s_____ic diacritic [ ̩] Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 118

S______ r______s (also called r-coloured vowels) are so common that they have their own dedicated symbols: [ɝ] in stressed syllables and [ɚ] and in unstressed vowels. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 118

In signed languages, the basic independent meaningful unit, the equivalent of spoken language word, is generally an individual s___ Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 120

In signed languages, the _______ articulators are the arms, hands, and fingers, which are the primary articulators used for signing. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 121

Most of the rest of the body is also used in signed languages, especially the torso, head, and facial features. These articulators are called ________ articulators. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 122

As a unit of structure, syllables are often with the Greek letter ______ σ. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 146

The loudest, most prominent position within a syllable is called the _______. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 146

The remaining phones in the syllable (if any) make up the margins: the ____ on the left of the nucleus and the ______ on the right. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 146

In syllables, margin with only one phone is called ________, and a margin with two or more phones is called _______. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 146

Syllable structure is often shown graphically in a tree diagram. Sometimes, the word level is also shown explicitly above the syllables, abbreviated as ___. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 146

Syllable structure can be notated in plain text without tree diagrams using ____-notation. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 147

A syllable with no coda, such as CV or V syllable, is often referred to as an ____ (open/closed) syllable. On the other hand, syllable with a coda, such as VC or CVC, is a _____ (open/closed) syllable. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 147-148

A syllable with no onset, such as V or VC, is called ________. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 148

The way that phones are associated to appropriate positions in syllable structure is called _________ion. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 148

The s______ity of the phones is an abstract measure of the relative prominence of the phones that corresponds roughly to loudness. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 148

A sonority h_______chy is an ordering of phones by their sonority. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 148

Based on a language's own senority hierarchy, its syllables usually obey the senority __________ __________ (SSP), which requires senority to rise through the onset of a syllable, hit its peak in the nucleus, and then fall through the coda. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 148-149

Sonority p_____u happens when two adjacent segments have the same sonority. For example, the English word act [ækt] is with two voiceless plosives in the coda. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 149

If syllables are s______sed, it gives them more prominence in the linguistic signal. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 152

The highest degree of stress is called ______ stress, marked in the IPA with an upper tick mark [ ˈ ]. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 152

All other stressed syllables can be said to have secondary stress, which is marked in the IPA with a ____ tick mark [ ˌ ]. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 152

Stress is commonly marked instead with non-IPA diacritics. The _____ accent [ ́] for primary stress and the _____ accent [ ̀] for secondary and sometimes also the _____ accent [ ̆ ] for unstressed, if it needs to be explicitly marked. Example: bunny hug [bʌ́nihʌ̀ɡ] or [bʌ́nĭhʌ̀ɡ] Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 153

Many spokena languages have l____l stress, which means that the placement of stress is mostly unpredictable and must be memorized each word. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 153

Stress on the first syllable is called ______ stress. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 153

Stress on the second syllable is called ______ stress. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 153

Stress on the final syllable is called _______ stress. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 153

The stress on the second syllable from the end is called _______ stress. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 153

The f________ f________ (typically abbreviated as F0) is when talking specifically about the physical vibration of the vocal folds. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 156

P____ is when talking about our auditory perception of the vocal folds' vibration. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 156

If pitch is manipulated at the level of syllables or entire words to make completely different meanings, it is called t____. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 156

If pitch is manipulated as combination of words (phrases and sentences) to have different kinds of conversational functions (statements versus questions, for example), it is called in______. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 156

The tone diacritics are normally used, with the _______ accent representing a high tone and the _____ accent representing a low tone. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 156

________ letters iconically represent the height of the tone with a horizontal line connected to a vertical supporting base, with [ ˥ ] representing a high tone and [ ˩ ] representing a low tone. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 156 to 157

___-IPA superscript n_____rs on a 1 to 5 scale or sometimes used instead with the highest number [ ⁵ ] representing a high tone and the lowest number [ ¹ ] representing a low tone. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 157

Mid tones are represented with an IPA diacritic, the m____n acent [ ̄ ]. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 157

L_____ tones, whic is high tone, mid tone, and low tone have relatively stable pitch from beginning to end. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 159

C______ tones change in pitch during the course of the syllable. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 159

A contour tone that starts high tone ends low tone. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 159

It's a contour tone that start low and ends high. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 159

Falling tones are represented with an ipa diacritic, the c____ accent [ ̂], while rising tones are h____k accent [ ̌]. Source: Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Pg. 159