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It is the study of the ecology of infectious diseases. It includes population and community level studies of the interactions between hosts and their pathogens and parasites and covers diseases of both humans and wildlife.

ecological epidemiology

is the study of toxins (poisons) and their effects, particularly on living systems because many substances are known to be poisonous to life (whether plant, animal, or microbial).

ecotoxicology

are immune-activating agents. Some _____ act as antigens directly; that is, white blood cells recognize them as foreign and stimulate the production of specific antibodies.

allergens

suppress the immune system. Dead animals contained high levels of pesticide residues, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and other contaminants that are suspected of disrupting the immune system and making it susceptible to a variety of opportunistic infections.

immune system depressants

are chemicals that disrupt the natural activity of hormones. Hormones are chemicals released by cells into the bloodstreams in one part of the body toregulate the function and development of tissues and organs in the body. We realize nowthat some of the most gradual, yet harmful effects of persistent chemicals such as dioxinsand P.C.B.s are that they interfere with healthy growth, development, and physiology of avariety of animals—including humans—at shallow doses.

edocrine disruptors

is known to be a hormone mimic used for plastic products ranging from water bottles to tooth- protecting sealants.

BPA

are a particular class of metabolic poisons that individually attack nerve cells (neurons). The nervous system has an essential function in controlling the body activities,especially to a fast-acting and devastating events.

neurotoxins

are agents that damage or modify the genetic material (D.N.A.) in cells, such as chemicals and radiation.

mutagens

are chemicals substance or other factors which cause different abnormalitiesduring embryonic growth and development. Some chemicals that are usually not dangerous may cause a severe problem at these vulnerable stages of life. Alcohol is probably the most popular teratogen in the world. Drinking during pregnancy can lead tofetal alcohol syndrome—a cluster of complications that persist throughout a child’s life,including craniofacial abnormalities, developmental disorder, behavioral problems, and mental defects. Even one alcoholic drink a day has been associated with reduced birth weight during pregnancy.

teratogens

are substances that cause cancer, invasive, and out-of-control cell growthresulting in malignant tumors. Cancer rates rose over the twentieth century in most developed nations, and cancer is now the second leading cause of death in the U.S., killingmore than half a million people in 2002.

carcinogens

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Scarlet Fox · 57問 · 1年前

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