HOA exam 1

77問 • 1年前

問題一覧

* A systamatic, often chronological narrative of significant events as relating to a particular people, country, or period, often including an explanation of their causes. * The study of past events.

history

* The art or practice of designing and constructing buildings. * The style in which a building is designed and constructed, especially about a specific period, place, or culture.

architecture

KINDS OF ENVIRONMENT IN ARCHITECTURE

natural environment, built environment

Traces the changes in Design of various building type and functions, structure, construction methods, and other architecure elements through various traditions, pegions, styliste trands from the primitive phases until the contemporary day.

history of architecture

* Various elements of building and how these elements are interrelated. * The arrangement of relations between the parts or elements of something complex.

structure

Tekton

builder

The study of the earth and its lands, features, inhabitants and phenomena.

geographical

The science and study of physical matter that canstitutes the Earth.

geological

Encompasses the stastics of temperature, humidity, atmospheric portice cun raina, atmospherie and other meteorological elements in a given region over long periods of time.

climate

a source of spiritual inspirations for creativity and human culture joins the humanity and divinity in the way custom and myth.

religion

Architecture is a public activity, it is political.

socio- political

the different period of different time.

historical

PRE - HISTORIC ARCHITECTURE - describes Structures made of large stones, utilizing an interlocking System without the mortar or cement. - Before 9000 BC, nomadic life of hunting & food gathering.

MEGALITHIC SITES IN EUROPE

STONE AGE- MATERIALS, CONSTRUCTION, SYSTEM, AND TECHNIQUES - Where people used crude stone for their implements. - Man was a hunter and a food gatherer. - Got their food through food gathering, hunting ond fishing .

DALEOLITHIC (OLD - STONE AGE)

STONE AGE - INTRODUCTION Residential building and settlements varied between early and new Stone Age periods.

DALEOLITHIC (OLD STONE AGE)

STONE AGE- MATERIALS, CONSTRUCTION, SYSTEM, AND TECHNIQUES - Spanned from 9000 BC to 4000 BC - the appearance of a small stone characterizes this Mesolithic Age - the mesolithic period was a transitional phase between the paleolithic and the neolithic Age.

MESOLITHIC (MIDDLE STONE AGE)

STONE AGE- MATERIALS, CONSTRUCTION, SYSTEM, AND TECHNIQUES - Lasted from 8000 to 3000 BC - people used polished stone for their implements. - ther methods of housing was made more permarent with the use of durable materials

NEOLITHIC (NEW STONE AGE)

PRE-HISTORE ARCHITECTURE: ARCTITECTURAL CHARACTER - Animals Bones and skins - Trees and plants - Stones and rocks

materials

PRE-HISTORE ARCHITECTURE: ARCTITECTURAL CHARACTER - Existing or Excavating caves - Megalithic, most evident in France, England and Ireland

construction system

From 3000 BC to 1st century AD

Egyptian

Egypt known as?

the land of pharaos

abundant building material

stone

made up of clay & chopped stone for pyramids & temples

sun dried bricks

For roofing

date palm

Boats

acacia

Mummy cases

sycamore

•Flat roofs without drainage (no downspout or gutters due to absence of rain -No windows to cut heat penetration and sandstorm Unbroken massive walls protected the interior from the fierce heat of the sun

climate influence

were built because they believed in "Life after Death" & for the preservation of the dead body

pyramid

is not only king but also "god" both political & religious ruler, when he dies he becomes "Osiris" ,god of dead.

Pharaoh

in theory &”polytheistic" in practice

Monotheistic

chief god

AMUN-RA

symbol of the sun, hope for eternal life

RAH

World creator

ATUM

God of the death

OSIRIS

wife of OSIRIS

ISIS

sky god, son of Osiris, also reincarnation of" Ra" himself

HORUS

dead god of evil, brother of pleasure

SET

ibis headed god of wisdom

THOT

jackal headed god of death

ANUBIS

god of craftsmen

PTAH

Bull god

SERAPIS

Form of government

monarch

King of Egypt, ruler, highest priest inEgypt

pharaoh

King's most powerful official

vizier

controls the royal treasuries, granaries & supervises the census

chancelor

in charge of the King's personal estate & household

chief steward

Egyptian: Architectural character

simplicity, monumentality, solidity or massiveness

inclination from base to top of the facade.

battered wall

used as ornaments, pictures & writings from the walls

hieroglyphics

an ancient cursive writing of the Egyptians written in a papyrus.

hieratic

mouldings such as "gorge" or "hollow and roll" was inspired by reeds; Tofus moulding

decorations

POST & HINTEL COLUMNAR OR TRABEATED

system of construction

Immensely thick, and in important buildings were of granite, while in the less important they were of brick faced with granite.

walls

These were all square-headed and covered with massive lintels, for the style being essentially 4896. trabeated.

openings

These were composed of massive blocks of stone courted by the enclosing walls and the closely spaced

roofs

Hollow and bead

mouldings

This was symbolical, and was an important element in the style, including such features as the solar disc or globe and the vulture with outspread wings, as a symbol of protection, while diaper patterns, spirals and the feather ornament were largely used. The scarab, or sacredbeetle, was considered by the Egyptians as the sign of their religion,

ornaments

built by IMHOTEP, oldest surviving masonry building structure in the world

PYRAMID OF KING ZOSER or ISER

Name of the tallest pyramid of giza

pyramid of khufu

The second tallest pyramid of giza

pyramid of khafre

The smallest pyramid of giza

pyramid of menkaure

The height of the tallest pyramid of giza

150

•sanctuaries that only Kings and Priests can penetrate

temple

built for the worship of the gods

cult

Build in honor of pharaoh

mortuary

a mystical monster with a body of a lion and head of a man

Androsphinx

body of a lion & head of a hawk

Hieracosphinx

body lion & head of a ram

Criosphinx

manifestly the earliest form of human dwellings.

rock caves

An American Indian Dwelling, usually of round or Oval shape, formed of poles overbid with bark, rush mats, or animal skins.

wigman

A tent of American Indians, made of animal skins laid on a conical frome of long poles and having an opening at the top for ventilation and a flap floor.

tipi/ tepee/ teepee

A traditional rendered stone dwelling in Apulia, southern Italy, in which square chambers are roofed with conical vaulted roof.

trullo

A Navaho Indian dwelling constructed usually of earth and logs and covered with mud and sod.

hogan

a stone beehive - shaped but with corbelled roof, commonly associated with the trish coastline.

CLOCHAN OR BEEHIVE HUTS

An Eskimo house, usually built of blocks of hard snow or ice in the shape of a dome, or when permanent of sod, wood, or stone.

igloo

- Tomb of standing stone usually consisting of 3 or more upright Stones capped with a large flat horizontal capstone. - A tup of single - chamber megalithic tomb, usually consisting of two or more vertical megalithic supporting a large flat horizontal capstone or "Haok".

dolmen

STONE AGE - INTRODUCTION Residential building and settlements varied between early and new Stone Age periods.

DALEOLITHIC (OLD STONE AGE)

MT 7

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MT 7