* A systamatic, often chronological narrative of significant events as relating to a particular people, country, or period, often including an explanation of their causes. * The study of past events.

* The art or practice of designing and constructing buildings. * The style in which a building is designed and constructed, especially about a specific period, place, or culture.

KINDS OF ENVIRONMENT IN ARCHITECTURE

Traces the changes in Design of various building type and functions, structure, construction methods, and other architecure elements through various traditions, pegions, styliste trands from the primitive phases until the contemporary day.

* Various elements of building and how these elements are interrelated. * The arrangement of relations between the parts or elements of something complex.

Tekton

The study of the earth and its lands, features, inhabitants and phenomena.

The science and study of physical matter that canstitutes the Earth.

Encompasses the stastics of temperature, humidity, atmospheric portice cun raina, atmospherie and other meteorological elements in a given region over long periods of time.

a source of spiritual inspirations
for creativity and human culture joins the humanity and divinity in the way custom and myth.

Architecture is a public activity, it is political.

the different period of different time.

PRE - HISTORIC ARCHITECTURE - describes Structures made of large stones, utilizing an interlocking System without the mortar or cement. - Before 9000 BC, nomadic life of hunting & food gathering.

STONE AGE- MATERIALS, CONSTRUCTION, SYSTEM, AND TECHNIQUES - Where people used crude stone for
their implements. - Man was a hunter and a food gatherer. - Got their food through food gathering, hunting ond fishing .

STONE AGE - INTRODUCTION Residential building and settlements varied between early and new Stone Age periods.

STONE AGE- MATERIALS, CONSTRUCTION, SYSTEM, AND TECHNIQUES - Spanned from 9000 BC to 4000 BC - the appearance of a small stone characterizes this Mesolithic Age - the mesolithic period was a transitional phase between the paleolithic and the neolithic Age.

STONE AGE- MATERIALS, CONSTRUCTION, SYSTEM, AND TECHNIQUES - Lasted from 8000 to 3000 BC - people used polished stone for their implements. - ther methods of housing was made more
permarent with the use of durable materials

PRE-HISTORE ARCHITECTURE: ARCTITECTURAL CHARACTER - Animals Bones and skins - Trees and plants - Stones and rocks

PRE-HISTORE ARCHITECTURE: ARCTITECTURAL CHARACTER - Existing or Excavating caves - Megalithic, most evident in France, England and Ireland

From 3000 BC to 1st century AD

Egypt known as?

abundant building material

made up of clay & chopped stone for pyramids & temples

For roofing

Boats

Mummy cases

•Flat roofs without drainage (no downspout or gutters due to absence of rain -No windows to cut heat penetration and sandstorm Unbroken massive walls protected the interior from the fierce heat of the sun

were built because they believed in "Life after Death" & for the preservation of the dead body

is not only king but also "god" both political & religious ruler, when he dies he becomes "Osiris" ,god of dead.

in theory &”polytheistic" in practice

chief god

symbol of the sun, hope for eternal life

World creator

God of the death

wife of OSIRIS

sky god, son of Osiris, also reincarnation of" Ra" himself

dead god of evil, brother of pleasure

ibis headed god of wisdom

jackal headed god of death

god of craftsmen

Bull god

Form of government

King of Egypt, ruler, highest priest inEgypt

King's most powerful official

controls the royal treasuries, granaries & supervises the census

in charge of the King's personal estate & household

Egyptian: Architectural character

inclination from base to top of the facade.

used as ornaments, pictures & writings from the walls

an ancient cursive writing of the Egyptians written in a papyrus.

mouldings such as "gorge" or "hollow and roll" was inspired by reeds; Tofus moulding

POST & HINTEL COLUMNAR OR TRABEATED

Immensely thick, and in important buildings were of granite, while in the less important they were of brick faced with granite.

These were all square-headed and covered with massive lintels, for the style being essentially 4896. trabeated.

These were composed of massive blocks of stone courted by the enclosing walls and the closely spaced

Hollow and bead

This was symbolical, and was an important element in the style, including such features as the solar disc or globe and the vulture with outspread wings, as a symbol of protection, while diaper patterns, spirals and the feather ornament were largely used. The scarab, or sacredbeetle, was considered by the Egyptians as the sign of their religion,

built by IMHOTEP, oldest surviving masonry building structure in the world

Name of the tallest pyramid of giza

The second tallest pyramid of giza

The smallest pyramid of giza

The height of the tallest pyramid of giza

•sanctuaries that only Kings and Priests can penetrate

built for the worship of the gods

Build in honor of pharaoh

a mystical monster with a body of a lion and head of a man

body of a lion & head of a hawk

body lion & head of a ram

manifestly the earliest form of human dwellings.

An American Indian Dwelling, usually of round or Oval shape, formed of poles overbid with bark, rush mats, or animal skins.

A tent of American Indians, made of animal skins laid on a conical frome of long poles and having an opening at the top for ventilation and a flap floor.

A traditional rendered stone dwelling in Apulia, southern Italy, in which square chambers are roofed with conical vaulted roof.

A Navaho Indian dwelling constructed usually of earth and logs and covered with mud and sod.

a stone beehive - shaped but with corbelled roof, commonly associated with the trish coastline.

An Eskimo house, usually built of blocks of hard snow or ice in the shape of a dome, or when permanent of sod, wood, or stone.

- Tomb of standing stone usually consisting of 3 or more upright Stones capped with a large flat horizontal capstone. - A tup of single - chamber megalithic tomb, usually consisting of two or more vertical megalithic supporting a large flat horizontal capstone or "Haok".

STONE AGE - INTRODUCTION Residential building and settlements varied between early and new Stone Age periods.