HOA exam2

108問 • 1年前

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Beginning in the late Bronze Age, the kings were buried outside the city in great beehive—or tholos—tombs, monumental symbols of wealth and power.

treasury of atreus

Mycenae, Greece. Part of the citadel palace of Agamemnon; Cyclopean walls of boulders weighing 5-6 tons were eased into alignment with pebbles.

the lion gate

City on the height." In classical Greek architecture, a city stronghold or fortress constructed on higher ground than surrounding urban fabric.

acropolis

Athens, Greece. Ictinus and Callicrates. Built from 447-438 B.C. in honor of Athena, the city‘s patron goddess. Used the proportion 2n+1 in determining the number of columns on the sides of a temple.

parthenon

Athens, Greece. Callicrates.

temple of athena nike

Ictinus. Bassae. The Corinthian order used for the first time; Built of fine-grained, brittle grey limestone; details in marble, roof of thin marble slabs.

temple of apollo epicurius

Tyre, Lebanon. A market or meeting place in a Greek city, the hub of public life where the most important public buildings were situated.

agora

Athens, Greece. Mnesikles.

erechtheion

Theatre of Dionysus Eleuthereus. Designed for the presentation of plays in which choral songs and dances were prominent features. Open-air, usually hollowed out of the slope of a hillside with a tiered seating area around and facing a circular orchestra backed by the skene, a building for the actor‘s use.

theatron

An ancient Greek portico, usually detached and of considerable length, used as a promenade or meeting place around public places.

stoa

Senate house; A public town hall for the citizens of ancient Greece, containing state banquet halls and hospitality suites.

prytaneion

Council chamber with rows of stepped benches surrounding a central platform.

bouleuterion

An ancient Greek elongated sports venue with rounded ends, surrounded on all sides by banked spectator stands; venue for foot racing.

stadion

Vaison-la-Romaine. Wrestling house; A place used for the instruction and practice of wrestling and athletics.

palaestra

An ancient Greek centre for sports, with buildings, playing areas and baths.

gymnasion

pycnostyle

systyle

eustyle

diastyle

araeostyle

An early Greek dwelling type. A long rectangular central hall in a Mycenaean palace complex, which may have served as a temple. Parts consists of an open porch, a vestibule, and a large hall with a central hearth and a throne.

megaron

A Greek dwelling-type entered from the street via a passage to an open courtyard, around which all spaces are arranged; the principal rooms are accessed via a niche-like anteroom or prostas.

prostas

A dwelling-type from the classical period of northern Greece, 423–348 BC, with a courtyard in the centre of the south side and deep columned veranda or pastas affording access to rooms.

pastas

A Greek dwelling-type whose open courtyard is surrounded by colonnades on all sides, often more luxurious than a prostas or pastas house.

peristyle

Delphi, Greece, c.525 BC;

treasure of siphnos

Venice, Italy, 1300–1400;

palazzo ducale

Padua, Italy, 1566, Andrea Palladio

palazzo valmorana

Oldest, simplest and most massive of the three Greek orders. • Developed in Greece in the 7th century

doric

Developed in the Ionian Islands (now western Turkey) in the 6th century B.C. Used for smaller buildings and interiors.

ionic

Named after the city of Corinth, where sculptor Callimachus supposedly invented it after he spotted boblet surrounded by leaves. Similar to the Ionic order in its base, column, andentablature, but its capital is more ornate, carved withtwo tiers of curly acanthus leaves.

corinthian

Senate house; Greek Prytaneion.

curia

A Roman building-type, rectangular in shape with an apse at either end, used as a meeting place, courthouse, marketplace, and lecture hall.

basilica

The public square or marketplace of an ancient Roman city, the center of judicial and business affairs, and a place of assembly for the people, usually including a basilica and a temple.

forum

Establishments that were built for washing, as well as exercising, entertaining, and conducting business.

thermae

Centre for sports, with buildings, playing areas and baths.

gymnasium

A classical arena for gladiatorial contests and spectacles consisting of an oval or round space surrounded by tiered seating for spectators.

amphitheater

Pompeii, Italy. A Roman theatre building or structure; a building or arena with a stage and auditorium for the production and performance of theatrical works.

theatrum

A large arched monument constructed in a public urban place to commemorate a great event, usually a victory in war.

triumphal arch

In Roman architecture, a long U-shaped or enclosed arena for chariot and horse racing; Greek hippodrome.

circus

A bridge or other structure designed to convey fresh water, usually a canal or channel called ―SPECUS‖ or river supported by piers and arches, or a tunnel; from the Latin, aquae ductus, ‗conveyance of water‘.

aqueduct

Main storm drainage system; one of the world‘s earliest sewage system.

drainage

Simple, solid and practical construction designed to resist the current of the water.

pons

Bridge of Augustus, Rimini, Italy. striking features of ancient & modern Rome Types : a)―Lacus‖ or Locus – designed similar to a large basin of water. b)―Salientes‖ – similar to a large basin of water with spouting jets.

fountain

Diocletian‘s Palace is part fortified camp, part city, and part villa. It is in the form of a slightly irregular rectangle (175 by 216 meters) protected by walls and gates, with towers projecting from the western, northern, and eastern facades

palace

Pantheon, Rome, Italy. The world's largest unreinforced concrete dome. It served as a temple, church, and tomb for the past centuries. The building was sited in an area north of the old city center known as Campus Martius.

tempe

The patrician townhouse; Has party walls on its flanks and an enclosed back area, its principal opening to the exterior is located on the street front.

domus

A Roman masonry and concrete tenement block for the labouring classes, often a multistorey structure with commercial premises and workshops (tabernae) at street level; originally the plot of land bounded by urban streets, on which one was built.

insula

A large classical Roman country house with an estate; originally divided into two parts, the pars urbana, or living area, and pars rustica or working area.

villa

A Roman dwelling type in which the building mass surrounds a main central space, the atrium, open to the sky.

atrium house

Wrote De architectura (On architecture), known today as the ―Ten Books on Architecture‖. firmitas, utilitas, venustas (durability, usefulness, and beauty)

vitruvius

(fl. 2570 BC) was an ancient Egyptian prince who is believed to have been the architect of the Great Pyramid of Giza.

hemuinu

the architects of the Parthenon, the largest Doric temple on the Greek mainland.

ictinus and callicrates

A monumental gateway to a sacred enclosure, fortification, town or square.

propylaea

The sacred area or enclosure surrounding a classical Greek citadel.

temenos

Structures were generally rough and massive. The capital is ornamented with a square abacus, and a circular bulbous echinus. Cyclopean walls: large stones without mortar, on clay bedding. Megaron: single-storey dwelling with a central room and porticoed entrance; columns support roof; thalamus (bedroom).

AEGEAN PERIOD

The Etruscans‘ simplified version of the Doric Order with smooth-shafted columns, a simple capital, base and entablature.

tuscan

A classical Roman order, a hybrid of Ionian and Corinthian, with fluted columns, a capital with both volutes and acanthus leaves, a base and an entablature with dentils.

composite

Combined volcanic ash - called pozzolana - and lime with sand, water, and gravel.

roman concrete

Plural opera, ―work‖ (Latin); an artistic composition or pattern, especially as used in relation to Roman stonework and walling construction.

opus

A curved structure for spanning an opening, designed to support a vertical load primarily by axial compression.

arch

An arched structure of stone, brick, or reinforced concrete, forming a ceiling or roof over a hall room, or other wholly or partially enclosed space.

vault

Number of columns- 1

hemostyle

Number of columns- 2

distyle

Number of columns- 3

tristyle

Number of columns- 4

tetrastyle

Number of columns- 5

pentastyle

Number of columns- 6

hexastyle

Number of columns- 7

heptastyle

Number of columns- 8

octastyle

Number of columns- 9

enneastyle

Number of columns- 10

decastyle

Number of columns- 12

dodecastyle

The triangular space enclosed by the horizontal and raking cornices of a pediment, often recessed and decorated with sculpture.

tympanum

A pedestal for a sculpture or ornament at the apex or at each of the lower corners of a pediment. Also called Acroterion.

acroterium

colossal winged bulls

a mystical monster with a body of a lion and head of a man

Androsphinx

body of a lion & head of a hawk

Hieracosphinx

body lion & head of a ram

Criosphinx

An American Indian Dwelling, usually of round or Oval shape, formed of poles overbid with bark, rush mats, or animal skins.

wigman

manifestly the earliest form of human dwellings.

rock caves

A tent of American Indians, made of animal skins laid on a conical frame of long poles and having an opening at the top for ventilation and a flap door.

tipi/ tepee/ teepee

A traditional rendered stone dwelling in Apulia, southern Italy, in which square chambers are roofed with conical vaulted roof.

trullo

A Navaho Indian dwelling constructed usually of earth and logs and covered with mud and sod.

hogan

a stone beehive - shaped but with corbelled roof, commonly associated with the trish coastline.

CLOCHAN OR BEEHIVE HUTS

An Eskimo house, usually built of blocks of hard snow or ice in the shape of a dome, or when permanent of sod, wood, or stone.

igloo

- Tomb of standing stone usually consisting of 3 or more upright Stones capped with a large flat horizontal capstone. - A tup of single - chamber megalithic tomb, usually consisting of two or more vertical megalithic supporting a large flat horizontal capstone or "Haok".

dolmen

Monotheism  system of ethical forces, believers of good and evil

persia

sturdy, warlike, but cruel people  conquering monarchs took thousands of prisoners

assyrians

One of the world's oldest city.  A hilltop city; citizens lived in stone houses with plaster floors, surrounded by high walls and towers.

jericho

One of the earliest Neolithic village.  Utilized a complex architectural system built according to a preconceived plan, suggesting a structured social organizati Houses, built in limestone, had a circular plan, the exterior diameter of which varied from about 2 to 9 meters.

khirokitia

Largest and most well- preserved Neolithic village. - Consisted of rectangular flat- roofed houses packed together into a single architectural mass - No streets or passageways

catal huyuk

Oldest continually inhabited city.

damascus

constantine ll

began the additions to the Temple of Ammon, Karnak through architect Ineni

thotmes l

queen of Egypt, famous for her funerary temple at Mt. Deir el Bahari

hatshepsut

erected the Colossi of Memnon, one of the wonders of the ancient world

amenophis lll

began the construction of the Great Hypostyle Hall, Karnak

rameses l

finished the construction of the Hypostyle Hall & erection of the Rock Temple, Abu Simbel

rameses ll

built the Pharaohs or the “Light House”

ptolemy ll

100

founded the “Greatest Serapeum” at Alexandria

ptolemy lll

WT 3

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WT 3