exam 1

43問 • 1年前

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Romanesque buildings are often of massive thickness with few and comparatively small openings. They are often double shells, filled with rubble.

walls

a row of arches supporting the _____ of the churches.

vaulting

Romanesque _____ are generally of flat square profile and do not project a great deal beyond the wall. In the case of aisled churches, barrel vaults, or half-barrel vaults over the aisles helped to _____ the nave, if it was vaulted.

buttresses

The _____ used in Romanesque architecture are nearly always semicircular, for ______ such as doors and windows, for vaults and for arcades.

ARCHES and OPENINGS.

In Romanesque architecture, _____ were often employed to support arches.

piers

The door, or ____, of a temple or sanctuary carries in itself a powerful symbolism.

ROMANESQUE PORTALS.

BAPTISTERY

Campanile a circular structure 52 feet in diameter ornamented with eight stories of arcades During its erection the foundations gave way, thus causing the tower to lean about 11 feet from the vertical

Bonanno Pisano

is the wall-walk found at the top of a curtain wall and is normally found on the inside of the wall. This allowed guards to look over the top of the wall to look for enemies.

Allure

An important function of a castle was to store weapons for use in war or in times of attack. They needed to be protected so that they didn't fall into enemy hands.

Armory

As part of the Motte and ____ castle, the bailey was the area next to the motte (mound) that was enclosed by a ditch and palisade.

baily

It was very common for there to be a chapel built within the keep or within the bailey of the castle.

chapel

is a masonry wall that divides the keep in two.

cross-wall

This refers to the outer wall of a castle. Technically it means the sections of wall between the towers, but generally it refers to the entire wall including the towers.

curtain wall

are the most common form of defense at a castle. Dug around the outside the walls and the resulting earth used to create banks.

ditches

The passage built into the thickness of the walls that runs around the upper part of the hall of a keep is usually known as a gallery.

galleries

barbican

This is a defensive element that protected an entrance to the castle. Some barbicans consisted of a narrow passage that allowed a limited number of attackers access to a gate, forcing them into a confined area where they could be shot at by defenders.

This is the flat piece of land between the base of the curtain wall and the start of the ditch that protects it.

berm

Rectangular sections of masonry built on the outside of walls to provide extra strength and support. Buttresses become thinner towards the top.

buttress

The hall is possibly the heart of the castle. Over the centuries its design has varied greatly but its purpose has not.

hall

The entrance to the keep needed to be defended and the ____ was designed to do this important job.

fore building

As the main entrance to the castle, the _____ was probably the first part of a castle to be completed.

gatehouse

The _____ was probably the strong-point of the castle and was where the defenders would retreat to if the rest of the castle fell into enemy hands.

keep or donjon

The ___ is the water-filled ditch that surrounds all or parts of a castle. Rivers or springs were diverted to provide the water for the ____ and dams were built to provide a suitable depth of water. _____ made undermining of castles much more difficult as digging a mine beneath the water could mean it getting flooded.

moat

A ____ of earth on which a wooden tower was built to act as defendable position and a look-out point. The ____ was constructed by building up layers of earth and rocks to a height anywhere between 10 and a 100 feet. At the top of the _____ was built a wooden palisade and tower which was usually on stilts. Wooden steps or ladders connected the top of the _____ to the bailey below.

motte

Usually a wooden fence erected around the edge of a bailey or at the top of a motte. The posts were tightly packed so that there were no gaps between them and the tops were pointed.

palisade

an opening between the supporting corbels of a projecting parapet or the vault of a gate, through which stones or burning objects could be dropped on attackers.

machicolation

the solid part of an embattled parapet between two

merlon

an indentation in the battlements of a fort or castle, used for shooting or firing missiles through.

crenel

A _____ is a large wooden gate that was lowered through slots in the gatehouse to defend the entrance to the castle. Made usually from many pieces of horizontal and vertical oak beams with sharp spikes at the bottom, the _____ was strong and very heavy. Counterweights were sometimes used to make it easier to raise a heavy _____.

portcullis

The ____ is a small gate or doorway leading out of the castle and tend to be away from the main gatehouse. They are small allowing just a single person to leave or enter at a time. Their purpose was most likely to allow a small number of people to secretly leave or enter the castle in times of siege.

postern

The foundations of ____ remain at several castles including Goodrich shown above. Horses were the main means of transport in medieval times and it was important to keep them close and safe.

stables

The foundations of stables remain at several castles including Goodrich shown above. Horses were the main means of transport in medieval times and it was important to keep them close and safe.

tilting yard

allowed the castle to be resupplied by sea. This was important when the castle was under siege and was a common feature in the castles built in the north of Wales by Edward I. The Tower of London has a ______ leading to the River Thames and is known as the Traitors' Gate.

watergate

The ____ could be situated in the courtyard or inside the keep. If the ___ was outside, a wooden covering usually protected it from the elements. Water was needed for kitchens and was either located near the kitchen or arrangements were made to get the water to the kitchen.

well

The Tower of London contained a collection of exotic animals including an elephant. The keepers had very little knowledge of how to look after the animals in their care so it is likely that they suffered greatly.

zoo

South France. Notre Dame duPort.

SPAIN. Santiago deCompostela

SPAIN. LoarreCastle.

Notre Dame du Puy, le Puy en Velay, France,

Benedictine Abbey of Corvey

Fountains Abbey, Yorkshire

ENGLAND. Windsor Castle.

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Scarlet Fox · 57問 · 1年前

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