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Methods of Microbiology Analysis

Methods of Microbiology Analysis
100問 • 2年前
  • Butter 張國榮
    • 通報

    問題一覧

  • 1

    Which of the following microbiological tests produces non-parametric data?

    Conventional tests for Salmonella spp.

  • 2

    Which of the following are examples of quantitative microbiological analysis of foods?

    colony forming units (cfu), direct cell count (cells/mL), most probable number (mpn)

  • 3

    Colony forming units (cfu) is used for

    YMC, APC, Coliform Count, Staphylococcus aureus Count

  • 4

    direct cell count (cells/ml) is used for

    Amoeba

  • 5

    Most Probable Number (MPN) is used for

    Total Coliform, Fecal Coliform, E.coli

  • 6

    The following describes the qualitative microbiological analysis of foods:

    Salmonella in 25g, presence/absence of certain pathogens, binary information, gram-positive/gram-negative, biochemical test

  • 7

    Culture-Dependent Methods

    conventional, slow & labor-intensive, gold-standard, benchmark method available, FDA AOAC approved, Salmonella Analysis

  • 8

    Culture-Independent Method

    rapid, quick and easy, costly, not widely accepted standard, somehow novel

  • 9

    3 things required to grow microorganisms in the laboratory

    inoculum, growth conditions, growth media

  • 10

    Examples of Inoculum or Source of Microorganisms

    isolated microorganisms, food, environment

  • 11

    Examples of Growth Conditions

    time, temperature, oxygen, gas composition, relative humidity, pressure, light

  • 12

    necessary nutrients for microorganisms to grow

    macronutrients, micronutrients, vitamins, heme

  • 13

    makes up 96% of the cell by element

    macronutrients

  • 14

    makes up 4% of microbial cell by element

    micronutrients

  • 15

    contains 55% and the highest component of microbial cell by biomolecule

    Protein

  • 16

    contains highest component of microbial cell by element with 50%

    Carbon (C)

  • 17

    Phosphorus is present in which of the following cell components?

    AOTA

  • 18

    main form of energy in the cell

    ATP

  • 19

    moves around ATP

    Magnesium

  • 20

    for osmotic balance of microorganisms

    Na, K, Cl

  • 21

    involved in oxygen utilisation which is oresent in living cell/eukaryotes

    Fe

  • 22

    include all the nutrients necessary to grow a particular microorganisms

    Laboratory Culture Media

  • 23

    diluent commonly used in food microbiology but are toxic to Vibrio spp.

    Phosphate-Buffered Saline (PBS)

  • 24

    Liquid Media

    broth, faster growth, oxygen gradient on top, dissolved in water, uniform continuous growth

  • 25

    Solid Media

    suspended with solidifying agent, agar, slower growth, consistent oxygen supply, distinct colonies grow

  • 26

    Complex Media

    ingredients digests of animal, plant, or microbial products, most common, PCA

  • 27

    complex medium generally used to cultivate total bacteria

    Plate Count Agar

  • 28

    Defined Media

    specific chemical ingredients, precisely-known composition, characterization, isolation with well known growing requirements, SCA

  • 29

    defined medium that is used to characterize Enterobacteriaceae as part of the iMViC tests

    Simmons' Citrate Agar

  • 30

    encouraging microorganisms while inhibiting unwanted microbes

    Selective Media

  • 31

    selects for coliforms through action of bile salts and ----

    Brilliant Green Lactose Broth

  • 32

    Eosin Methylene Blue

    Selective Media

  • 33

    Brilliant Green Lactose Broth

    Selective Media

  • 34

    Yeast and Molds

    Selective Media

  • 35

    MacConkey Agar

    Selective Media

  • 36

    differentiates microorganisms by giving selected microorganisms distinct observable characteristics

    Differential Media

  • 37

    Differential media are commonly also selective

    True

  • 38

    Baird Parker Agar

    Differential Media

  • 39

    dyes for specific colony characteristics

    Differential Media

  • 40

    Streptococcuseosin methylene blue (EMB)

    Differential Media

  • 41

    Blood Agar

    Differential Media

  • 42

    Acidified Potato Dextrose Agar

    Solid, Complex, Selective

  • 43

    Nutrient Broth

    Liquid, Complex

  • 44

    set of routine measures used to prevent contamination in the microbiological laboratory activities

    Aseptic Technique

  • 45

    Aseptique Technique Objectives

    sterile environment, contamination of samples prevention, prevent contamination of environment, cross-contamination prevention

  • 46

    Sterile Work Space: Sanitize work surface ______, _______, and ______ during laboratory work

    before, after, regularly

  • 47

    sanitization of work surfaces includes the use of combined

    alcohol, hypochlorite, heat, UV, flame

  • 48

    Sterile Work Space: prevent air contamination during laboratory work by

    work inside a biosafety cabinet, use open flame to create aseptic areas, work using a chemical fume hood

  • 49

    All materials must be sanitized/sterilized before going in or out of a sterile work space

    True

  • 50

    Sterile Materials: Moist Heat Method

    >=121 C, 15 psi, 15 minutes, reusable materials, media, reagents, glassware, PCA, peptone water, autoclave

  • 51

    Sterile Materials: Dry Heat

    oven, metalware, glassware, heat-resistant materials that cannot be sterilized, 170 - 150 C, 60 - 150 minutes

  • 52

    0,2 to 0,45 um condition applied to heat-sensitive nonviscous media and reagents; antibiotics

    Filtration

  • 53

    Sterile Materials: Plastic petri plates, centrifuge tubes, pipette tips

    Gamma Irradiation

  • 54

    Sterile Materials: Method applied for external surfaces and use for table and gloves

    Chemical

  • 55

    Gingersnap enumerated the APC of a balut sample with a known microbial load of 4.5 x 10^3 cfu/g. However, Gingersnap got a result of 6.0 x 10^5 cfu/g. The following reasons can explain this discrepancy except:

    Plate Count Agar used was autoclaved at >=121 C, 15 psi for 150 minutes

  • 56

    Leslie wants to conduct real-time analysis on the amount of yeasts in a kombucha sample. Which of the following methods is most appropriate for this use?

    Direct microscopic count

  • 57

    Which of the following sample preparation steps is most likely to lead to a false-negative rest if a food product is to be tested for Campylobacter jejuni?

    product packaging was already compromised a day before analysis

  • 58

    Jellypop forgot to counterstain with safranin during the Gram staining of a pure E. Coli sample. Which of the following are they most likely to observe?

    No clear image of the bacterial cells

  • 59

    What is the maximum allowable number of Salmonella spp.-positive samples in five sample of frozen raw crabs?

    0

  • 60

    main goal is to ensure that sample is collected is representative of the entire

    Sampling

  • 61

    What is the best way to collect sample?

    edible, even proportions

  • 62

    final result is quantitative usually used for research and QA

    Variable Sampling

  • 63

    final result is qualitative and binary (pass/fail) usually used for standards and QC

    Attribute Sampling

  • 64

    number of samples collected

    n

  • 65

    maximum number of marginally acceptable samples

    c

  • 66

    level for marginal acceptability

    m

  • 67

    level for rejection

    M

  • 68

    relies on growth of microorganisms from food in culture media for observation

    Conventional (Culture-Dependent Methods)

  • 69

    state wherein some live microorganisms are not culturable

    Viable But Not Culturable (VBNC) state

  • 70

    quantitative technique - Conventional Methods

    sampling > serial dilution > inoculation & incubation > enumeration

  • 71

    plate-based

    S. Areus

  • 72

    tube-based

    Vibrio spp.

  • 73

    cfu/g except:

    Campylobacter jejuni

  • 74

    MPN/g

    Vibrio spp.

  • 75

    Absence in 25g except:

    Vibrio spp.

  • 76

    possible causes of spreader growth

    wet plates, numerous microorganism, microorganisms who like spreading - bacillus spp.

  • 77

    All quantitative plate-based techniques follow the general process flow of

    sampling and homogenization, serial dilution, inoculation and incubation, enumeration

  • 78

    Variations in Quantitative Plate-based Techniques

    plating methods, culture media, incubation conditions

  • 79

    Plating Methods

    Pour Plate, Spread Plate

  • 80

    Culture Media is based on

    Growth factors, Inhibitors

  • 81

    Incubation conditions

    Aerobic, Anaerobic

  • 82

    Most commonly-used method for enumeration of microorganisms in food samples

    Pour-plate method

  • 83

    During inoculation on pour plate method _____ inoculumis added to empty petri dish

    1.0 ml

  • 84

    Pour-plate method: ___-___ ml sterile agar at __-__°C added to petri dish with inoculum

    15-20 ml * 45-50°C

  • 85

    Pour-plate method: Colonies form

    on the agar surface, within the agar matrix

  • 86

    Alternative to pour-plate for certain tests/culture media and situations

    Spread Plate

  • 87

    gold standard for enumeration of indicators in most foods

    pour plate

  • 88

    enumeration when isolation is required

    spread plate

  • 89

    generally higher in accuracy

    pour plate

  • 90

    generally lower in accuracy

    spread plate

  • 91

    sequence: inoculum ---> liquid agar

    pour plate

  • 92

    sequence: solid agar ---> inoculum

    spread plate

  • 93

    inoculum of 1.0 ml

    pour plate

  • 94

    inoculum: 0.1 ml

    spread plate

  • 95

    heat stress: potential exposure of inoculum to hot agar

    pour plate

  • 96

    growth on surface of and within the agar

    pour plate

  • 97

    surface growth only

    spread plate

  • 98

    spread plate: pouring and setting includes __-__ mL sterile agar at __-__C added to empty petri dish without inoculum

    15-20 mL; 45-50 C

  • 99

    is used to spread inoculum on agar surface

    sterile spreader

  • 100

    stapyloccocus aureus

    spread plate

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    問題一覧

  • 1

    Which of the following microbiological tests produces non-parametric data?

    Conventional tests for Salmonella spp.

  • 2

    Which of the following are examples of quantitative microbiological analysis of foods?

    colony forming units (cfu), direct cell count (cells/mL), most probable number (mpn)

  • 3

    Colony forming units (cfu) is used for

    YMC, APC, Coliform Count, Staphylococcus aureus Count

  • 4

    direct cell count (cells/ml) is used for

    Amoeba

  • 5

    Most Probable Number (MPN) is used for

    Total Coliform, Fecal Coliform, E.coli

  • 6

    The following describes the qualitative microbiological analysis of foods:

    Salmonella in 25g, presence/absence of certain pathogens, binary information, gram-positive/gram-negative, biochemical test

  • 7

    Culture-Dependent Methods

    conventional, slow & labor-intensive, gold-standard, benchmark method available, FDA AOAC approved, Salmonella Analysis

  • 8

    Culture-Independent Method

    rapid, quick and easy, costly, not widely accepted standard, somehow novel

  • 9

    3 things required to grow microorganisms in the laboratory

    inoculum, growth conditions, growth media

  • 10

    Examples of Inoculum or Source of Microorganisms

    isolated microorganisms, food, environment

  • 11

    Examples of Growth Conditions

    time, temperature, oxygen, gas composition, relative humidity, pressure, light

  • 12

    necessary nutrients for microorganisms to grow

    macronutrients, micronutrients, vitamins, heme

  • 13

    makes up 96% of the cell by element

    macronutrients

  • 14

    makes up 4% of microbial cell by element

    micronutrients

  • 15

    contains 55% and the highest component of microbial cell by biomolecule

    Protein

  • 16

    contains highest component of microbial cell by element with 50%

    Carbon (C)

  • 17

    Phosphorus is present in which of the following cell components?

    AOTA

  • 18

    main form of energy in the cell

    ATP

  • 19

    moves around ATP

    Magnesium

  • 20

    for osmotic balance of microorganisms

    Na, K, Cl

  • 21

    involved in oxygen utilisation which is oresent in living cell/eukaryotes

    Fe

  • 22

    include all the nutrients necessary to grow a particular microorganisms

    Laboratory Culture Media

  • 23

    diluent commonly used in food microbiology but are toxic to Vibrio spp.

    Phosphate-Buffered Saline (PBS)

  • 24

    Liquid Media

    broth, faster growth, oxygen gradient on top, dissolved in water, uniform continuous growth

  • 25

    Solid Media

    suspended with solidifying agent, agar, slower growth, consistent oxygen supply, distinct colonies grow

  • 26

    Complex Media

    ingredients digests of animal, plant, or microbial products, most common, PCA

  • 27

    complex medium generally used to cultivate total bacteria

    Plate Count Agar

  • 28

    Defined Media

    specific chemical ingredients, precisely-known composition, characterization, isolation with well known growing requirements, SCA

  • 29

    defined medium that is used to characterize Enterobacteriaceae as part of the iMViC tests

    Simmons' Citrate Agar

  • 30

    encouraging microorganisms while inhibiting unwanted microbes

    Selective Media

  • 31

    selects for coliforms through action of bile salts and ----

    Brilliant Green Lactose Broth

  • 32

    Eosin Methylene Blue

    Selective Media

  • 33

    Brilliant Green Lactose Broth

    Selective Media

  • 34

    Yeast and Molds

    Selective Media

  • 35

    MacConkey Agar

    Selective Media

  • 36

    differentiates microorganisms by giving selected microorganisms distinct observable characteristics

    Differential Media

  • 37

    Differential media are commonly also selective

    True

  • 38

    Baird Parker Agar

    Differential Media

  • 39

    dyes for specific colony characteristics

    Differential Media

  • 40

    Streptococcuseosin methylene blue (EMB)

    Differential Media

  • 41

    Blood Agar

    Differential Media

  • 42

    Acidified Potato Dextrose Agar

    Solid, Complex, Selective

  • 43

    Nutrient Broth

    Liquid, Complex

  • 44

    set of routine measures used to prevent contamination in the microbiological laboratory activities

    Aseptic Technique

  • 45

    Aseptique Technique Objectives

    sterile environment, contamination of samples prevention, prevent contamination of environment, cross-contamination prevention

  • 46

    Sterile Work Space: Sanitize work surface ______, _______, and ______ during laboratory work

    before, after, regularly

  • 47

    sanitization of work surfaces includes the use of combined

    alcohol, hypochlorite, heat, UV, flame

  • 48

    Sterile Work Space: prevent air contamination during laboratory work by

    work inside a biosafety cabinet, use open flame to create aseptic areas, work using a chemical fume hood

  • 49

    All materials must be sanitized/sterilized before going in or out of a sterile work space

    True

  • 50

    Sterile Materials: Moist Heat Method

    >=121 C, 15 psi, 15 minutes, reusable materials, media, reagents, glassware, PCA, peptone water, autoclave

  • 51

    Sterile Materials: Dry Heat

    oven, metalware, glassware, heat-resistant materials that cannot be sterilized, 170 - 150 C, 60 - 150 minutes

  • 52

    0,2 to 0,45 um condition applied to heat-sensitive nonviscous media and reagents; antibiotics

    Filtration

  • 53

    Sterile Materials: Plastic petri plates, centrifuge tubes, pipette tips

    Gamma Irradiation

  • 54

    Sterile Materials: Method applied for external surfaces and use for table and gloves

    Chemical

  • 55

    Gingersnap enumerated the APC of a balut sample with a known microbial load of 4.5 x 10^3 cfu/g. However, Gingersnap got a result of 6.0 x 10^5 cfu/g. The following reasons can explain this discrepancy except:

    Plate Count Agar used was autoclaved at >=121 C, 15 psi for 150 minutes

  • 56

    Leslie wants to conduct real-time analysis on the amount of yeasts in a kombucha sample. Which of the following methods is most appropriate for this use?

    Direct microscopic count

  • 57

    Which of the following sample preparation steps is most likely to lead to a false-negative rest if a food product is to be tested for Campylobacter jejuni?

    product packaging was already compromised a day before analysis

  • 58

    Jellypop forgot to counterstain with safranin during the Gram staining of a pure E. Coli sample. Which of the following are they most likely to observe?

    No clear image of the bacterial cells

  • 59

    What is the maximum allowable number of Salmonella spp.-positive samples in five sample of frozen raw crabs?

    0

  • 60

    main goal is to ensure that sample is collected is representative of the entire

    Sampling

  • 61

    What is the best way to collect sample?

    edible, even proportions

  • 62

    final result is quantitative usually used for research and QA

    Variable Sampling

  • 63

    final result is qualitative and binary (pass/fail) usually used for standards and QC

    Attribute Sampling

  • 64

    number of samples collected

    n

  • 65

    maximum number of marginally acceptable samples

    c

  • 66

    level for marginal acceptability

    m

  • 67

    level for rejection

    M

  • 68

    relies on growth of microorganisms from food in culture media for observation

    Conventional (Culture-Dependent Methods)

  • 69

    state wherein some live microorganisms are not culturable

    Viable But Not Culturable (VBNC) state

  • 70

    quantitative technique - Conventional Methods

    sampling > serial dilution > inoculation & incubation > enumeration

  • 71

    plate-based

    S. Areus

  • 72

    tube-based

    Vibrio spp.

  • 73

    cfu/g except:

    Campylobacter jejuni

  • 74

    MPN/g

    Vibrio spp.

  • 75

    Absence in 25g except:

    Vibrio spp.

  • 76

    possible causes of spreader growth

    wet plates, numerous microorganism, microorganisms who like spreading - bacillus spp.

  • 77

    All quantitative plate-based techniques follow the general process flow of

    sampling and homogenization, serial dilution, inoculation and incubation, enumeration

  • 78

    Variations in Quantitative Plate-based Techniques

    plating methods, culture media, incubation conditions

  • 79

    Plating Methods

    Pour Plate, Spread Plate

  • 80

    Culture Media is based on

    Growth factors, Inhibitors

  • 81

    Incubation conditions

    Aerobic, Anaerobic

  • 82

    Most commonly-used method for enumeration of microorganisms in food samples

    Pour-plate method

  • 83

    During inoculation on pour plate method _____ inoculumis added to empty petri dish

    1.0 ml

  • 84

    Pour-plate method: ___-___ ml sterile agar at __-__°C added to petri dish with inoculum

    15-20 ml * 45-50°C

  • 85

    Pour-plate method: Colonies form

    on the agar surface, within the agar matrix

  • 86

    Alternative to pour-plate for certain tests/culture media and situations

    Spread Plate

  • 87

    gold standard for enumeration of indicators in most foods

    pour plate

  • 88

    enumeration when isolation is required

    spread plate

  • 89

    generally higher in accuracy

    pour plate

  • 90

    generally lower in accuracy

    spread plate

  • 91

    sequence: inoculum ---> liquid agar

    pour plate

  • 92

    sequence: solid agar ---> inoculum

    spread plate

  • 93

    inoculum of 1.0 ml

    pour plate

  • 94

    inoculum: 0.1 ml

    spread plate

  • 95

    heat stress: potential exposure of inoculum to hot agar

    pour plate

  • 96

    growth on surface of and within the agar

    pour plate

  • 97

    surface growth only

    spread plate

  • 98

    spread plate: pouring and setting includes __-__ mL sterile agar at __-__C added to empty petri dish without inoculum

    15-20 mL; 45-50 C

  • 99

    is used to spread inoculum on agar surface

    sterile spreader

  • 100

    stapyloccocus aureus

    spread plate