Nonpolar molecules in water reduce their surface area to avoid water

Amino group,a carbon, carboxyl group

Uncharged, polar uncharged, charged

Changes made to a protein after it's made

Long chains consist of 20 unique amino acids, and their 3D structure is determined by the amino acid sequence.

Amino acid sequence

L amino acid

The amino acid chains in proteins fold into complex 3D shape,to avoid water,the hydrophobic parts hide inside the protein

The process by which a polypeptide chain acquires its 3D structure

Independent units within proteins that have specific functions like binding to DNA,RNA,other proteins

1. A base of one or two cyclin rings of carbon and nitrogen atoms 2. Five carbon sugar 3. One or more phosphate groups

• Purines which are bigger with 2 rings A,G • Pyrimidine which are smaller with 1 ring C,T,U

A,G,C

DNA has T and RNA has U

DNA has h, RNA has oh

Nucleoside has base+sugar, Nucleotide has extra phosphate

Chemical reactions that involves breaking a chemical bond using water

Allows scientists to rapidly sequence huge amounts of dna or rna

Medical approach using a persons genetic information to guide treatment plans