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cellular organeles and membrane trafficking
58問 • 1年前
  • kiler
  • 通報

    問題一覧

  • 1

    What does BiP do

    Binds unfolded polypeptide to prevent aggregation of newly created protein.

  • 2

    What does Oligosaccharyl transferase do?

    Adds sugar to peptide.

  • 3

    What does PDI do

    Catalyzes the formation of S-S bond in peptide to fold the protein.

  • 4

    What is Glycosylation

    Can make proteins more hydrophilic and is less likely to aggregate.

  • 5

    What is the core of N-acetyl glucosamines

    3 glucoses, 9 mannoses, 2 N-acetyl-glucosamine

  • 6

    What is Calreticulin cycle?

    To fully fold, protein needs to be modified by sugar thoroughly.

  • 7

    What is ERAD

    Degradation process.

  • 8

    What happens to misfolded glycoproteins

    The misfolded glycoprotein is fixed or removed

  • 9

    What triggers UPR

    The accumulation of misfolded proteins.

  • 10

    Ways of lipid transport

    • Flippase in ER • P4-type ATPase

  • 11

    Sources of cholesterol

    1. De novo synthesis 2. Endocytosis of lipoprotein particles

  • 12

    Whether SREBP is stuck in ER membrane or moves to nucleus controls what?

    Whether cell makes new cholesterol.

  • 13

    What are the ways of lipid movement?

    1. Laterally diffuse 2. Flip 3. By cytosolic lipid transfer protein 4. By membrane bound transport carriers

  • 14

    Secretory membrane system

    ER,Golgi apparatus and plasma membrane

  • 15

    What are the two mechanisms of the secretory membrane system?

    Lipid-based sorting mechanism Protein-based sorting mechanism.

  • 16

    What does the lipid-based sorting mechanism do

    To create a gradient of phospholipid composition.

  • 17

    What does the protein-based sorting mechanism do

    By transport carriers with concentrated proteins

  • 18

    Where are sphingolipids created?

    Golgi

  • 19

    Cholesterol and glycerphospholipids are created in

    ER

  • 20

    Where does the lipid-based sorting mechanism generate different lipid environments?

    ER, Golgi, plasma membrane.

  • 21

    What does protein storing and transporting depend on

    Several proteins

  • 22

    What are the four critical steps?

    Transport carrier, Motor protein, Tethering factors, Fusion proteins.

  • 23

    VTC is detached from

    ER export domain

  • 24

    VTC merge with Golgi at cis entry face called

    CGN

  • 25

    The leave region of Golgi is called

    TGN

  • 26

    What happens to Hydrolytic enzymes

    directed to endosome by binding with M6P

  • 27

    Secretory granule formation involve

    sorting,selective retention,condensation

  • 28

    Most of the surface of TGN is

    Consumed by iSM

  • 29

    What does H-ATPase do in secretory granule

    Lower pH

  • 30

    Three different mechanisms

    • Selective packaging of apical or basolaterally proteins into different carriers • Random delivery to both surface followed by selective retention or depletion • Delivery to basolateral,followed by sorting in the endosome

  • 31

    The regulated secretion can be divided into

    Docking,priming,fusion

  • 32

    Function of Golgi

    • Act as carbohydrate factory • Function as protein sorting station • Serves as a site for sphingomyelin and Glycosphingolipids creation

  • 33

    The Golgi morphology

    Stacked,flattened and membrane enclosed cisternae structure

  • 34

    The Golgi exhibit a cis to trans polarity reflects

    Passage of cargo through it

  • 35

    The microtubule

    dynamic change,especially during mitosis

  • 36

    Golgi is the place for

    correct glycosylation of protein/lipid

  • 37

    Types of linked oilgosaccharides in Golgi

    N, O

  • 38

    Five ways of endocytosis

    Phagocytosis, macropinocytosis, clathrin-mediated endocytosis, caveolae-dependent uptake, and caveolae-independent uptake

  • 39

    What does Phagocytosis do

    Eat large particles

  • 40

    What does Phagocytosis eat

    • Bacteria • Deads cells • Foreign bodies

  • 41

    Four critical steps for phagocytosis

    Attachment, engulfment, fusion with lysosome, and degradation.

  • 42

    Examples of phagocytosis

    Macrophage,dendritic cells,neutrophils

  • 43

    What does Macropinocytosis do

    ingest extracellular fluid in bubbles

  • 44

    What are Caveolae

    are small, flask-shaped pockets on the cell surface.

  • 45

    Caveolae are specially abundant in

    Endothelial cells

  • 46

    Clathrin-mediated endocytosis is essential for the

    Uptake Iron and cholesterol

  • 47

    Cathrin forms a three-legged structure termed

    Triskeliop

  • 48

    Clathrin formation

    involves AP2 binding, clathrin cage formation, pit deepening, vesicle budding by dynamin, and clathrin coat removal.

  • 49

    What is AP2

    Assemble protein

  • 50

    What is EE

    newly formed proteins are first sent to EE

  • 51

    What is recycling endosome

    is mainly for receptor return.

  • 52

    What is multivesicular body

    is of acquire of internal membrane of EE

  • 53

    What is LE

    is mature endosome and will fusion with lysosome

  • 54

    EE membrane easily

    Fuse together

  • 55

    The V-ATP proton pump

    Is important for protein sorting

  • 56

    EE effects

    Protein sorting and lipid sorting

  • 57

    What is Exosome

    MVB can fusion with plasma membrane and release to extracellular

  • 58

    Exosome can be hijacked by

    HIV as a type of "Trojan horse"

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    問題一覧

  • 1

    What does BiP do

    Binds unfolded polypeptide to prevent aggregation of newly created protein.

  • 2

    What does Oligosaccharyl transferase do?

    Adds sugar to peptide.

  • 3

    What does PDI do

    Catalyzes the formation of S-S bond in peptide to fold the protein.

  • 4

    What is Glycosylation

    Can make proteins more hydrophilic and is less likely to aggregate.

  • 5

    What is the core of N-acetyl glucosamines

    3 glucoses, 9 mannoses, 2 N-acetyl-glucosamine

  • 6

    What is Calreticulin cycle?

    To fully fold, protein needs to be modified by sugar thoroughly.

  • 7

    What is ERAD

    Degradation process.

  • 8

    What happens to misfolded glycoproteins

    The misfolded glycoprotein is fixed or removed

  • 9

    What triggers UPR

    The accumulation of misfolded proteins.

  • 10

    Ways of lipid transport

    • Flippase in ER • P4-type ATPase

  • 11

    Sources of cholesterol

    1. De novo synthesis 2. Endocytosis of lipoprotein particles

  • 12

    Whether SREBP is stuck in ER membrane or moves to nucleus controls what?

    Whether cell makes new cholesterol.

  • 13

    What are the ways of lipid movement?

    1. Laterally diffuse 2. Flip 3. By cytosolic lipid transfer protein 4. By membrane bound transport carriers

  • 14

    Secretory membrane system

    ER,Golgi apparatus and plasma membrane

  • 15

    What are the two mechanisms of the secretory membrane system?

    Lipid-based sorting mechanism Protein-based sorting mechanism.

  • 16

    What does the lipid-based sorting mechanism do

    To create a gradient of phospholipid composition.

  • 17

    What does the protein-based sorting mechanism do

    By transport carriers with concentrated proteins

  • 18

    Where are sphingolipids created?

    Golgi

  • 19

    Cholesterol and glycerphospholipids are created in

    ER

  • 20

    Where does the lipid-based sorting mechanism generate different lipid environments?

    ER, Golgi, plasma membrane.

  • 21

    What does protein storing and transporting depend on

    Several proteins

  • 22

    What are the four critical steps?

    Transport carrier, Motor protein, Tethering factors, Fusion proteins.

  • 23

    VTC is detached from

    ER export domain

  • 24

    VTC merge with Golgi at cis entry face called

    CGN

  • 25

    The leave region of Golgi is called

    TGN

  • 26

    What happens to Hydrolytic enzymes

    directed to endosome by binding with M6P

  • 27

    Secretory granule formation involve

    sorting,selective retention,condensation

  • 28

    Most of the surface of TGN is

    Consumed by iSM

  • 29

    What does H-ATPase do in secretory granule

    Lower pH

  • 30

    Three different mechanisms

    • Selective packaging of apical or basolaterally proteins into different carriers • Random delivery to both surface followed by selective retention or depletion • Delivery to basolateral,followed by sorting in the endosome

  • 31

    The regulated secretion can be divided into

    Docking,priming,fusion

  • 32

    Function of Golgi

    • Act as carbohydrate factory • Function as protein sorting station • Serves as a site for sphingomyelin and Glycosphingolipids creation

  • 33

    The Golgi morphology

    Stacked,flattened and membrane enclosed cisternae structure

  • 34

    The Golgi exhibit a cis to trans polarity reflects

    Passage of cargo through it

  • 35

    The microtubule

    dynamic change,especially during mitosis

  • 36

    Golgi is the place for

    correct glycosylation of protein/lipid

  • 37

    Types of linked oilgosaccharides in Golgi

    N, O

  • 38

    Five ways of endocytosis

    Phagocytosis, macropinocytosis, clathrin-mediated endocytosis, caveolae-dependent uptake, and caveolae-independent uptake

  • 39

    What does Phagocytosis do

    Eat large particles

  • 40

    What does Phagocytosis eat

    • Bacteria • Deads cells • Foreign bodies

  • 41

    Four critical steps for phagocytosis

    Attachment, engulfment, fusion with lysosome, and degradation.

  • 42

    Examples of phagocytosis

    Macrophage,dendritic cells,neutrophils

  • 43

    What does Macropinocytosis do

    ingest extracellular fluid in bubbles

  • 44

    What are Caveolae

    are small, flask-shaped pockets on the cell surface.

  • 45

    Caveolae are specially abundant in

    Endothelial cells

  • 46

    Clathrin-mediated endocytosis is essential for the

    Uptake Iron and cholesterol

  • 47

    Cathrin forms a three-legged structure termed

    Triskeliop

  • 48

    Clathrin formation

    involves AP2 binding, clathrin cage formation, pit deepening, vesicle budding by dynamin, and clathrin coat removal.

  • 49

    What is AP2

    Assemble protein

  • 50

    What is EE

    newly formed proteins are first sent to EE

  • 51

    What is recycling endosome

    is mainly for receptor return.

  • 52

    What is multivesicular body

    is of acquire of internal membrane of EE

  • 53

    What is LE

    is mature endosome and will fusion with lysosome

  • 54

    EE membrane easily

    Fuse together

  • 55

    The V-ATP proton pump

    Is important for protein sorting

  • 56

    EE effects

    Protein sorting and lipid sorting

  • 57

    What is Exosome

    MVB can fusion with plasma membrane and release to extracellular

  • 58

    Exosome can be hijacked by

    HIV as a type of "Trojan horse"