Binds unfolded polypeptide to prevent aggregation of newly created protein.

Adds sugar to peptide.

Catalyzes the formation of S-S bond in peptide to fold the protein.

Can make proteins more hydrophilic and is less likely to aggregate.

3 glucoses, 9 mannoses, 2 N-acetyl-glucosamine

To fully fold, protein needs to be modified by sugar thoroughly.

Degradation process.

The misfolded glycoprotein is fixed or removed

The accumulation of misfolded proteins.

• Flippase in ER • P4-type ATPase

1. De novo synthesis 2. Endocytosis of lipoprotein particles

Whether cell makes new cholesterol.

1. Laterally diffuse 2. Flip 3. By cytosolic lipid transfer protein 4. By membrane bound transport carriers

ER,Golgi apparatus and plasma membrane

Lipid-based sorting mechanism Protein-based sorting mechanism.

To create a gradient of phospholipid composition.

By transport carriers with concentrated proteins

Golgi

ER

ER, Golgi, plasma membrane.

Several proteins

Transport carrier, Motor protein, Tethering factors, Fusion proteins.

ER export domain

CGN

TGN

directed to endosome by binding with M6P

sorting,selective retention,condensation

Consumed by iSM

Lower pH

• Selective packaging of apical or basolaterally proteins into different carriers • Random delivery to both surface followed by selective retention or depletion • Delivery to basolateral,followed by sorting in the endosome

Docking,priming,fusion

• Act as carbohydrate factory • Function as protein sorting station • Serves as a site for sphingomyelin and Glycosphingolipids creation

Stacked,flattened and membrane enclosed cisternae structure

Passage of cargo through it

dynamic change,especially during mitosis

correct glycosylation of protein/lipid

N, O

Phagocytosis, macropinocytosis, clathrin-mediated endocytosis, caveolae-dependent uptake, and caveolae-independent uptake

Eat large particles

• Bacteria • Deads cells • Foreign bodies

Attachment, engulfment, fusion with lysosome, and degradation.

Macrophage,dendritic cells,neutrophils

ingest extracellular fluid in bubbles

are small, flask-shaped pockets on the cell surface.

Endothelial cells

Uptake Iron and cholesterol

Triskeliop

involves AP2 binding, clathrin cage formation, pit deepening, vesicle budding by dynamin, and clathrin coat removal.

Assemble protein

newly formed proteins are first sent to EE

is mainly for receptor return.

is of acquire of internal membrane of EE

is mature endosome and will fusion with lysosome

Fuse together

Is important for protein sorting

Protein sorting and lipid sorting

MVB can fusion with plasma membrane and release to extracellular