記憶度
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問題一覧
1
What does BiP do
Binds unfolded polypeptide to prevent aggregation of newly created protein.
2
What does Oligosaccharyl transferase do?
Adds sugar to peptide.
3
What does PDI do
Catalyzes the formation of S-S bond in peptide to fold the protein.
4
What is Glycosylation
Can make proteins more hydrophilic and is less likely to aggregate.
5
What is the core of N-acetyl glucosamines
3 glucoses, 9 mannoses, 2 N-acetyl-glucosamine
6
What is Calreticulin cycle?
To fully fold, protein needs to be modified by sugar thoroughly.
7
What is ERAD
Degradation process.
8
What happens to misfolded glycoproteins
The misfolded glycoprotein is fixed or removed
9
What triggers UPR
The accumulation of misfolded proteins.
10
Ways of lipid transport
• Flippase in ER • P4-type ATPase
11
Sources of cholesterol
1. De novo synthesis 2. Endocytosis of lipoprotein particles
12
Whether SREBP is stuck in ER membrane or moves to nucleus controls what?
Whether cell makes new cholesterol.
13
What are the ways of lipid movement?
1. Laterally diffuse 2. Flip 3. By cytosolic lipid transfer protein 4. By membrane bound transport carriers
14
Secretory membrane system
ER,Golgi apparatus and plasma membrane
15
What are the two mechanisms of the secretory membrane system?
Lipid-based sorting mechanism Protein-based sorting mechanism.
16
What does the lipid-based sorting mechanism do
To create a gradient of phospholipid composition.
17
What does the protein-based sorting mechanism do
By transport carriers with concentrated proteins
18
Where are sphingolipids created?
Golgi
19
Cholesterol and glycerphospholipids are created in
ER
20
Where does the lipid-based sorting mechanism generate different lipid environments?
ER, Golgi, plasma membrane.
21
What does protein storing and transporting depend on
Several proteins
22
What are the four critical steps?
Transport carrier, Motor protein, Tethering factors, Fusion proteins.
23
VTC is detached from
ER export domain
24
VTC merge with Golgi at cis entry face called
CGN
25
The leave region of Golgi is called
TGN
26
What happens to Hydrolytic enzymes
directed to endosome by binding with M6P
27
Secretory granule formation involve
sorting,selective retention,condensation
28
Most of the surface of TGN is
Consumed by iSM
29
What does H-ATPase do in secretory granule
Lower pH
30
Three different mechanisms
• Selective packaging of apical or basolaterally proteins into different carriers • Random delivery to both surface followed by selective retention or depletion • Delivery to basolateral,followed by sorting in the endosome
31
The regulated secretion can be divided into
Docking,priming,fusion
32
Function of Golgi
• Act as carbohydrate factory • Function as protein sorting station • Serves as a site for sphingomyelin and Glycosphingolipids creation
33
The Golgi morphology
Stacked,flattened and membrane enclosed cisternae structure
34
The Golgi exhibit a cis to trans polarity reflects
Passage of cargo through it
35
The microtubule
dynamic change,especially during mitosis
36
Golgi is the place for
correct glycosylation of protein/lipid
37
Types of linked oilgosaccharides in Golgi
N, O
38
Five ways of endocytosis
Phagocytosis, macropinocytosis, clathrin-mediated endocytosis, caveolae-dependent uptake, and caveolae-independent uptake
39
What does Phagocytosis do
Eat large particles
40
What does Phagocytosis eat
• Bacteria • Deads cells • Foreign bodies
41
Four critical steps for phagocytosis
Attachment, engulfment, fusion with lysosome, and degradation.
42
Examples of phagocytosis
Macrophage,dendritic cells,neutrophils
43
What does Macropinocytosis do
ingest extracellular fluid in bubbles
44
What are Caveolae
are small, flask-shaped pockets on the cell surface.
45
Caveolae are specially abundant in
Endothelial cells
46
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis is essential for the
Uptake Iron and cholesterol
47
Cathrin forms a three-legged structure termed
Triskeliop
48
Clathrin formation
involves AP2 binding, clathrin cage formation, pit deepening, vesicle budding by dynamin, and clathrin coat removal.
49
What is AP2
Assemble protein
50
What is EE
newly formed proteins are first sent to EE
51
What is recycling endosome
is mainly for receptor return.
52
What is multivesicular body
is of acquire of internal membrane of EE
53
What is LE
is mature endosome and will fusion with lysosome
54
EE membrane easily
Fuse together
55
The V-ATP proton pump
Is important for protein sorting
56
EE effects
Protein sorting and lipid sorting
57
What is Exosome
MVB can fusion with plasma membrane and release to extracellular
58
Exosome can be hijacked by
HIV as a type of "Trojan horse"