Is a double-stranded molecule, sides are made of sugar phosphate backbone with base pairs determining genetic information

Lamins are rod-shaped proteins having tail domain and globular head that form dimers. These dimers assemble into nuclear lamina

proteins that bind to NLS on cargo proteins. going to nuclear pore to drop it then repeating the process

bridge connects chromosome to spindle fibers,ensuring that chromosomes are properly separated during division (inner connect chromosome , outer connect spindle fibers )

More active form, found in the nucleus.

Indicate proteins to enter nucleus

Cell division is a process where cell divides into 2 daughter cells,each with full genetic information

High cholesterol: SREBP is inactive, no cholesterol creation. Low cholesterol: SCAP senses low cholesterol, SCAP senses low cholesterol, activates SREBP. SREBP enters nucleus, activates cholesterol creates genes.

Chromosomes are made up of DNA, which has genes. Genes are instructions to make proteins

Protects chromosome

Ensures each chromosomes is copied

DNA wrapped around proteins to form a thread-like structure when cell not divide

Making copys of DNA

like unzipping a zipper to connect to new strands to create identical copies for new cells.

• nucleosome core has 8 histone proteins • linker DNA that separates nucleosome core length's can be from a few nucleotide pairs to 80. • double-stranded DNA is 147 nucleotide pairs long • protein core made of eight histone molecules

are protective caps at the ends of chromosomes. They shorten with each cell division, contributing to aging

is the site of ribosome biogenesis.

converts Ran-GTP to Ran-GDP in the cytoplasm

nucleus contains many subnuclear structures,like nucleoli for ribosome production,speckles for RNA processing,PML bodies for gene regulation,Cajal bodies for RNA modification.

protein network that supports nuclear envelope.helps maintain nuclear shape and organizes chromatin.

Genes closer to the centre are less active and vise versa

Importin binds to cargo with NLS and Ran-GTP.enters nucleus. Inside, Ran-GTP is broken to Ran-GDP, releasing the cargo.

When cell about to divide, the chromatin coils tighten

NF-AT is normally inactive in the cytoplasm. When calcium levels rise, calcineurin removes phosphate groups from NF-AT, exposing a nuclear import signal. NF-AT then enters the nucleus and activates gene transcription by binding to DNA.

Less active form, found in the cytoplasm.

protein that converts Ran-GDP to Ran-GTP in the nucleus

a protein network that organizes chromosomes and other nuclear components.

how tightly DNA is packaged and how genes are expressed.

During mitosis,DNA is tightly packed into chromosomes to ensure accurate passing to daughter cells

Regulates cholesterol levels

alters DNA structure. Acetylation loosens, methylation tightens DNA thread.

Scientists use fluorescent probes binding to DNA to visualize chromosome structure,used to study regions of it

Exportin binds to cargo with NES and Ran-GTP.exits nucleus. Outside, Ran-GTP is broken to Ran-GDP, releasing the cargo.

basic structural unit of DNA packaging in eukaryotes

Mutations in lamin A gene can cause various genetic disorders like muscular dystrophies,skeletal abnormalities,accelerated aging,nerve disorders.

FRAP experiments show that chromatin is relatively static, while nucleolar components are highly dynamic.

histone octamer is wrapped around each other to form core.DNA then wrapped around core,forming nucleosome.N-terminal tails of histones stick out from nucleosome and impacting how tightly DNA packaging

DNA wraps around histone proteins to form nucleosomes, which are compacted with non-histone proteins into chromatin, compacting DNA to fit in nucleus

forming higher-order arrays.CENP-B box aids kinetochore assembly needed for division

rDNA transcription

ribosome assembly

One DNA laid end to end, they would reach 2 meters

Separates chromatids during division

Telomerase adds DNA repeats to chromosome ends, maintaining stability and preventing aging.

rRNA processing

binds to importins to release cargo protein

process of organizing DNA into compact structures to fit within nucleus

double membrane that surrounds the nucleus of a cell. It protects the cell's DNA and controls the movement of molecules in and out of the nucleus.

Interact with membrane proteins like LBR, LAP2, Man-1, Emerin, and LAP1 to anchor nuclear lamina to inner nuclear membrane.

DNA loops and domains compact effectively, controlling gene expression, preserving genome structure

are proteins that package DNA into nucleosomes

* Lamins are phosphorylated. * Nuclear envelope breaks down. * Lamins are dephosphorylated. * Nuclear envelope reforms.

protein that controls gene expression.

Telomeres, replication origins, and centromere

Gate that allows molecules to go into nucleus

region of chromosome that holds together sister chromatids