surveying

100問 • 1年前

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Taking a general view of, by observation and measurement, determining the boundaries size position, quantity condition, value of land, Estates building farms mines finally presenting the survey data in suitable form

Surveying

The act of making measurement of the relative position of natural and man-made features on earth surface, and the presentation of this information, either graphically or numerically

Surveying

A process of surveying in which it indicates the need to obtain an overall picture of what is required before any type of survey work is undertaken

Taking a general view

This is achieved during the reconnaissance study

Taking a general view

Survey before the actual official survey

Taking a general view

A process of serving where this part of the definition denotes the next stage of any survey, which in land survey, and constitutes the measurement, to determine the relative position, and sizes of natural and artificial features on the land

Observation and measurement

The data collected in any survey must be presented in a form, which allows the information to be clearly interpreted and understood by others

Presentation of data

This presentation may take the form of written report, bills of quantities, data sheets, drawings, and maps, and plan, showing the features on the land in the case of land, surveying

Presentation of data

At classification of surveyors, in which concerned with valuation and investment

General practice surveyors

This surveyors deal with property markets, land and property, values, valuation, procedures, and property law

Valuation surveyors

This surveyors help investors to get the best possible return form property

Investment surveyors

This surveyors, they handle a selection of properties for purchase or sale by pension funds and insurance company. Charities and other major investors. Also specialize in housing policy advice, housing development in management.

General practice surveyors

Concerned with preparing planning applications and negotiating with local authorities planners to obtain planning permission

Planning and development surveyors

Involves advising on the construction maintenance Repair and refurbishment of all types of residential and commercial property

Building surveyors

What is the important part of the building surveyors discipline?

The analysis of building defects

They evaluates project cost and advice in alternative proposals. They also ensure that each element of a project agrees with the cost plan allowance And that the overall project remains with the budget

The quantity surveyors

They planned a development and future of mineral workings. They work with local authorities, and the landowners and planning applications in appeals mining loss and working rights mining subsidence in damage, the environmental effects of land and rehabilitation of the elect land and deep, underground minds.

Mineral surveyors

Advice is land owners, farmers, and others with interest in the countryside

Rural practice surveyors

Responsible for the management of country, estates informs, the planning and execution of development, schemes for agriculture, forest recreation, sales of properties, and livestock

Rural practice surveyors

They measure land and it’s physical features accurately and record them in the form of a map or plan for the purpose of planning new building and by local authorities in managing roads housing states in other facilities

Land surveyors

They also undertake the positioning and monitoring for construction works

Land surveyors

Classification of surveyors

General practice surveyors open( valuation surveyors, investment surveyors), Planning and development, surveyors, building surveyors, the quantity surveyors, mineral, surveyors, land surveyors, rural practice surveyors.

What are the branches of surveying?

Aerial Survey, Hydro-survey, Topogrpahic Survey, Cadastral Survey, Plane Survey, Geodetic Survey, Engineering Survey

A branch surveying which are undertaken by using photographs, taken with special cameras, bounded in an aircraft viewed in pairs

Aerial Surveying

The photographs produce _____ of ground features from which maps are numerical, data can be produced usually With the aid of ___ machines and computers

three-dimensional images, stereo plotting

Hydro survey is also known as

Hydrographic surveying

It’s undertaken to gather information in the marine environment, such as mapping out the coast, lines, and seeded in order to produce navigational charts

Hydrographic, surveying

Used for offshore oil, exploration, and production design, construction and maintenance of harbors, inland water, routes, river, and sea defense, pollution, control, and ocean studies

Hydro survey

It involves representation of the surface of the ocean floor

Hydro survey

What is the final product of Hydro survey?

Navigational chart

There are surveys where the physical features on the Earth, or measure and maps are plants prepared to show the relative positions, both horizontally and vertically

Topographical survey

Most often the data necessary for such an operation will be provided by the use of areal photography

Topographical survey

There are surveys undertaken to define in the boundary of properties, legislative area, and even countries

Cadastral Surveying

It may be almost entirely to graphical where features define boundaries with the topographical details, appearing in ordinance, survey maps

Cadastral surveying

Accurately survey, beacons or markers, define boundaries, corner, line points, points, and little account may be taken of the photograph features

cadastral surveying

Relatively small areas are involved in the area under consideration is taking to be a horizontal plane

Plane, surveying

Large areas of the Earth are involved. Usually a national basis or survey stations are precisely located. Large distances apart account is taken of the curvature of earth. Hence it involves advanced mathematical theory and precise measurements are required to be made.

Geodetic survey

Can be used to map out in entire continent, measure the size of the shape of the Earth, or in carrying scientific studies, such as determination of the earths, magnetic field and direction of continental drift

Geodetic survey stations

In order to assure high accuracy, the effect of factors like _____ on observations must be considered, and the necessary corrections applied

Curvature of the Earth

These are surveys which are mandatory for the preparation of design drawings relating to construction work, such as rams or airports. The surveys are normally at a large scale with scales One is the 500 and one is the 1000 being the most popular

Engineering survey

It is the simplest and easiest method for measuring distance

Pacing

It is a process of walking the distance, and counting the number of steps or paces, to cover the distance

Pacing

The distance is determined by multiplying the number of steps undertaken between two points by _____

pace factor

It refers to the distance, covered by a person in one step

Pace Factor

Determined by pacing or walking a measure distance, usually 300 to 500’ several times, and determining the average length of every pace or step

Pace Factor

Unit of pace factor

Ft/Pace or Meter/Pace

Factors affecting pace factor

Terrain, Slope of the Ground, Surface roughness, Fatigue, Footwear, Types of vegetation, And other environmental factors

It refers to a process of associating numbers with physical quantities and phenomena

Measurements

Quantity that has both number and a unit

Measurements

It refers to the closeness of a measured or calculated value to the true or accepted value of whatever is being measured

Accuracy

It refers to how close a series of measurements are one another

Precision

It is the closeness with the true value of the quantity being measured

Accuracy

It can be accurate, but not necessarily precise

Measurement

It can be determined with a single measurement

Accuracy

It may be affected with systematic error

Accuracy

Accurate values have to be precise in most cases

Accuracy

It is a degree of conformity

Accuracy

Is a measure of the reproducibility of the measurement

Precision

It needs several measurements to be determined

Precision

It may be affected with random error

Precision

Precise values may or may not be accurate

Precision

Degree of reproducibility

Precision

In the context of measurements and calculations, it refers to the difference between a measured or calculated value, and a true value or accepted value of a quantity

Error

It indicates the deviation of discrepancy between the obtained, resolved and expected of ideal result

Error

It can arise from various sources, including instrumental, limitation human mistakes, environmental factors, and inherent variability in the phenomenon being measured

Error

Give at least five sources of errors

Human mistakes, instrumental, limitations, environmental factors, inherent variability in the phenomenon being measured

What is the formula of error?

Error = Measured Value - True Value/ Accepted Value

It is the absolute value of the error divided by the accepted value multiplied by hundred percent

Percent error

What is the formula for percent error

Percent error equals absolute value of error over accepted value times 100%

Give at least three types of error

Gross error, systematic or cumulative error, random error

This are referred to mistakes or blenders by either the surveyor or his assistance due to carelessness or incompetence

Gross error

Construction sites. Mistakes are frequently made by an experience engineers or surveyors, who familiar with equipment and method they are using.

Gross error

Give an example of gross error

Miscounting the number of tapes, length, wrong booking, siding, wrong, target, measuring, anticlockwise, reading, training, instruments, correctly, displacement of arrows or stations mark

It can occur at an stage of survey when observing booking, computing or plotting, and they would have a damaging effect on the results of left and corrected

Gross errors

It can be eliminated only by careful methods of observing booking and constantly checking both operations

Gross error

This errors are cumulative, and effect at are caused by badly adjusted instrument, and the physical condition at the time of measurement must be considered in this respect

Systematic error

What EDM stands for?

Electronic Distance Measurement

It have the same magnitude and sign in a series of measurements that are repeated under the same condition does contributing negatively, or positively to the reading, hence makes the reading shorter longer

Systematic error

Systematic error can be eliminated from a measurement using blank

Corrections

Give one way or method and removing systematic errors

Calibrate the observing equipment and quantified error, allowing corrections to be made to further observations

Another way of eliminating, systematic error

Observation of procedures by remeasuring the quantity with an entirely different method using different instrument, can also be used

This area can usually caused by human, limitation in reading or handling of instruments

Random error

It cannot be removed from observation, but methods can be adopted to ensure that they are kept within an acceptable limits

Random error

How to analyze random errors or variable

Statistical principles must be used, and in serving the effects may be reduced by increasing the number of observations, and finding their mean it is, therefore important to assume those random variables are normal distributed

It can arise from factors, such as the sensitivity of the measuring instrument fluctuations in the environment, human limitations, and making precise readings for other and predictable fact

Random errors

How can we minimize errors?

Calibration, standardization, replication, control of variables, and statistical analysis

The art and science of mapping and measuring land

Land surveying

A type of surveying that takes into account, the true shape of the Earth

Geodetic, surveying

Method of surveying made establish the horizontal vertical positions of arbitrary points

Control survey

Made the determine the length and direction of land lines, and establish the position of this lines on the ground

Boundary survey

Made together data to produce a topographic map, showing the configuration of the terrain indication of natural and man-made objects

Topographic survey

The survey of bodies of water made for the purpose of navigation, water supply or sub, acus construction

Hydrographic survey

Made the control, locate and map, underground and surface bricks related to mining operations

Mining survey

Made the layout locate and monitor public and private engineering works

Construction survey

Refers to those control, topographic construction surveys, necessary for the location and construction of highways, railroads panels, transmission, lines, and pipelines

Route survey

Made to utilize the principles of aerial photography, which measurements maids and photographs are used to determine the position of photograph objects

Photogrammetric Survey

Generally involved imaging or mapping of regions of the sky using telescopes

Astronomical survey

It is the common angular units being employed in the United States

Sexagesimal System

System uses angular notation in increments of 60 by dividing the circle into 360° degrees in the minutes and minutes into 60 seconds

Sexagesimal System

100

When was EDM developed?

1950s

Materials

ユーザ名非公開 · 100問 · 2年前

Materials