involve interdisciplinary activities with contributions from different segments of an industrial enterprise including design, materials and manufacturing, finance, legal, sales, and marketing. This is because in addition to satisfying the technical requirements, a successful product should also be esthetically pleasing, safe to use, economically competitive, and compliant with legal and environmental constraints.

7 stages of product and development

A statement describing the function, main features, gener shape, and essential fea- tures of the product is normally followed by a feasibility study that addresses market environment, customer views, technical specifications, economic analysis, as well as social, environmental, safety, and legal issues.

involves a survey to evaluate competing produgs and their n characteristics in addition to identifying the customer needs.

Identification of needs and customer views is an important first step in the development and design of a new product.

is a structured process for translating customer requirements and market research into quantifiable product characteristics and specifications to be met by the product design.

Product specifications are then used to develop different product concépts that satisfy customer needs. Some of the concepts may be generated by the development team as novel solutions but others may be based on existing solutions or patents. The different concepts are then compared in order to select the most promising option

method useful as an initial concept screening tool.

constructed in Pugh Method where each of the characteristics of a given concept is compared against a base/reference concept, and the result is recorded

provides an economic model that estimates: the development costs, the initial investment that will be needed, the manufacturing costs, and the income that will result for each of the selected concepts.

estimates sources and cost of financing based on the rate of interest and

Final stage of the feasibility study identifies an optimum solution

helped combine each team members ideas and concepts in order to come up with two designs to continue with which were both better than the original team design.

is usually based on economics as well as technical specifications, since the product is exper to satisfy the customer needs at an acceptable price.

It should be acceptable not only to the consumer of the product but als the society in general.

The exploration of and decisions about what the components and subsystems are and what their function will be; the basic geometry of the different pieces and how they will be arranged, including location, orientation, and grouping; and how the pieces will connect or interface together and with the environment.

focuses on aesthetics, user interface, ease of use, and safety features

focuses with the level and type of technology on which it is based, performance, efficiency, energy consumption, and environmental issues.

represented by blocks.

are divided into subsystems or subassemblies, each performing a part of the product's overall function.

made to determine if a subassembly is manufactured specifically (in-house) or if a standard alternative is available (to purchase).

translated to system-level design, describing the product's appearance, architecture, and technical specifications.

the focus is on static and dynamic forces and their effect on the performance of the component under the expected service conditions.

represent an important part of each phase of the design process. They provide an opportunity to identify and correct problems before they can seriously affect the successful completion of the design.

a phase is normally carried out as part of the R&D function of the company

are tested to ensure that the product works as intended and that it satisfies its main requirements. Built from parts with the same geometry and material as the final product but not necessarily using the same manufacturing processes

may be built to ensure reliability of the product and to mea sure its level of performance.

covers the activities of planning and scheduling, manufacturing the product, marketing, and arranging for after-sales services. This stage is best organized on the basis of planning and scheduling schemes, which are drawn to meet the product delivery times, as discussed in this section.

To avoid delays and in view of the complexity of many of the engineering projects, planning and scheduling should play an important role in project development.

The _____ step in planning is to identify the activities that need to be controlled. The usual way to do that is to start with the entire system and identify the major tasks.

describing the activities of installing and preparing

defined as the creation of new products, either from raw materials or components.

represents an important activity in manufacturing. It could vary from 100% inspection of produced parts to statistical sample inspection, depending on the application and the number of parts produced. In some applications, it may be necessary to test subassemblies and assemblies to ensure that the product performs its function according to specifications.

been an integral part of society for centuries and this looks to continue for as long as humans need products ranging from food and clothes to vehicles and pharmaceuticals.

is meant to protect the finished product during its shipping to the consumer. Secondary functions of packaging include advertising and sales appeal, which are important aspects of marketing the product, especially in the case of consumer goods

Continues to be an import aspect of industry, not just to provide goods for the marketplace, but also to drive the economy. As manufacturing processes continue to advance, so the skills required have also developed, with this trend set to continue in the future.

The _________ should be involved in the various stages of product development to allow them to develop the publicity material that will help in selling the product. In addition to publicity material, installation and maintenance instructions need to be prepared and distributed with the product. Clear installation, operation, and maintenance instructions will make it ea for the user to achieve the optimum performance of the product.

Most products require either regular or emergency service during their useful life. The accuracy and speed of delivering the needed service and the availability of spare parts could affect the company's reputation and the sales volume of the product.

an important factor to be considered in making an improved version of a product and in developing a new product.

In a free enterprise, the price of goods and services is ultimately determined by supply and demand.

shows the relationship between the quantity of a product that customers are willing to buy and the price of the product.

shows the relationship between the quantity of a product that vendors will offer for sale and the price of the product.

The intersection of the two curves determines both the _______ and ______in the free market.

is meant to-compete directly with the existing products.

is already established, and the problem is to work backward from it to determine the cost of each of the product elements.

An understanding of the elements that make up the cost of a product is, therefore, essential in ensuring that the product will be competitive economically as well as technically. This means that the selling price has to be low enough to be competitive but sufficiently high for the company to make a profit.

The ____________ is usually charged to the number of products to be sold within a given period. Each department has direct labor and overhead rates per hour for each class of work charged to the product.

a failure under mechanical loading where Manufacturers are using materials closer to their limits of performance, which increases the probability of failure.

a failure under mechanical loading where Using stronger materials can reduce weight but increases the tendency for buckling and brittle fracture.

a type of failure under mechanical loading where Engineering materials have established ranges of applications and exceeding them could lead to failure.

a failure under mechanical loading where Underutilizing material capabilities results in uneconomic products.

This chapter discusses the causes of different types of failures under mechanical loading and ways to avoid them

type of mechanical loading that subjects the material to stresses, which, if sufficiently high, can cause yielding of the component material.

a mechanical loading which can cause fracture of a component if the amount of energy it delivers is higher than the toughness of the material.

a mechanical loading that can cause failure by fatigue fracture, especially in the presence of material defects or stress raisers

type of mechanical loading that Causes the Material to Creep When the creep strain exceeds allowable tolerances, it can cause interference of parts. - In extreme cases, failure can occur through the ______ of the component subjected to creep. - In bolted joints and similar applications, failure can occur when the initial stressing has relaxed below allowable limits, resulting in loose joints or leakage.

a type of loading that Causes wear in the material - Excessive wear can lead to unacceptable play in bearings and loss of accuracy of movement.

Other types of wear failure include galling and seizure of parts - ____ is primarily a surface phenomenon

3 effects of imperfections in component materials

Types of Mechanical Loading

Imperfections can cause local stress concentrations, impacting the performance and integrity of components.

Engineering components can contain potential sites for cracks in the form of discontinuities, heterogencities, flaws, inclusions, or microstructural defects.

Predicting the fracture strength of a component requires knowledge of both the severity of the stress concentration and the fracture toughness of the material.

are used to determine the flaw size, orientation, and distribution in components

Enumerate the non destructive methods of crack detection

liquids that enter surface discontinuities by capillary action are first applied to the surface and then wiped off. A developer is then applied to help delineate the areas where the liquid has penetrated.

- X-rays and y-rays are used to penetrate materials and are then caught on a sensitized film. Cavities or inclusions absorb the rays differently from the rest of the material and are delineated on the developed film.

- a liquid containing iron powder is first brushed on the surface, and the part is then placed in a strong magnetic field. The particles pile up at discontinuities.

- ultrasonic vibrations that are transmitted through the material are reflected back at an internal discontinuity earlier than when reaching the opposite surface. The difference between the reflected waves is used to locate the position of the discontinuity.

Application: Radiographs show the size and shape of discontinuities (ASTM E 94)

Application: Detects surface cracks in magnetic materials (ASTM E 109 and E 138)

Application: Internal defects in ferrous and nonferrous metals and alloys (ASTM E 127)

- a coil is excited to induce eddy currents in the component to be inspected. In turn, this excitation induces a current in the coil. The presence of defects affects the induction of the component, which affects the current in the coil.

Application: Used for the inspection of surface and subsurface defects in electrically conducting materials

are commonly used for transmitting motion and power to shafts with short center distances, and may be operated with small pulley diameters

drive a power transmission device, which consists of one or more V-belts, mounted two or more V-pulleys

Majority in the Philippines uses machinery that have?

Engineering Materials - V-belts and Pulleys for Agricultural Machines - Specifications Band Applications

a wheel with one or more grooved rims used to transmit motion and power by means of one or more V-belts

- a type of machinery that produces good quality corn grits

a type of huller composed of feeding, husking and separating the coffee bean and impurities

a heavy duty machine that separates coco fibers (coir/ cocopeat) from coconut husk through crushing action from a conveyor to sieve.

a type of crusher that can grind, pulverize, crush various commodities specially corn livestock feeding.

a machine that cuts or slices cassava that produces fine chips suitable for high quality cassava flour productions.

2 types of v-pulley

True or False A v- belt is constructed of cords (cotton, rayon, synthetic, or steel) and fabric impregnated with rubbers

- The following information shall be marked on the V-belt:

In designing belt drives, it should be recognized that the use of ____ pulley diameters will rest in ______ bearing loads and can result in the use of smaller and less expensive belt cross-section

Formula of length calculation

In length calculation, these values means: L C Ds DL

Center distance calculation formula

value of b in center distance calculation

Used to Transmit rotary motion and power between two shafts, which flat on the face of its corresponding pulley

I will having flat or crown face used to transmit motion and power by means of flat belts

A power transmission device used to transmit power and motion between two shafts, consisting of flat belts which ride in flat pulley

Outside diameter of the pulley

Stretch out length of the belt

Ratio of the angular velocities of the police, making no allowance for slip and creep

The linear speed of the belt calculated by multiplying the RPM and the diameter of the driver, pulley and to the value of pi

PAES 302 is named?