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Chapter 14: The Autonomic Nervous System

Chapter 14: The Autonomic Nervous System
84問 • 1年前
  • Bear4
    • 通報

    問題一覧

  • 1

    Subconscious control; consists of motor neurons

    Automatic Nervous System

  • 2

    Innervate smooth muscles, cardiac muscle, & glands

    Automatic Nervous System

  • 3

    –Make adjustments to ensure optimal support for body activities •Shunts blood to areas that need it & adjusts heart rate, blood pressure, digestive processes, etc. •Also called Involuntary Nervous System or General Visceral Motor System

    Automatic Nervous System

  • 4

    Both have motor fibers but differ in

    Effectors

  • 5

    ______ NS innervates skeletal muscles

    Somatic

  • 6

    ______ innervates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, & glands

    ANS

  • 7

    Both have motor fibers but differ in… (ANS versus Somatic Nervous System) (3answers)

    Effectors, Efferent pathways & ganglia, Target organ responses to neurotransmitters

  • 8

    ______: cell body is in CNS, & a single, thick myelinated axon extends in Spinal/Cranial Nerves directly to skeletal muscle

    Somatic NS

  • 9

    _____: two-neuron chain Preganglionic Neuron & Postganglionic Neuron

    ANS

  • 10

    Somatic NS: cell body is in CNS, & a single ________ axon extends in Spinal/Cranial Nerves directly to skeletal muscle

    thick myelinated

  • 11

    Preganglionic Neuron: cell body in CNS with ______

    thin lightly myelinated

  • 12

    ______extending to ganglion

    Preganglionic Axon

  • 13

    Postganglionic (ganglionic) Neuron (outside CNS): cell body synapses with preganglionic axon in Autonomic Ganglion with _____

    non-myelinated

  • 14

    ______(outside CNS): cell body synapses with preganglionic axon in Autonomic Ganglion

    Postganglionic (ganglionic) Neuron

  • 15

    _____ Axon that extends to effector organ

    Postganglionic

  • 16

    All release stimulatory acetylcholine (ACh)

    Somatic Nervous System

  • 17

    release ACh

    Preganglionic

  • 18

    release NE or ACh at effectors ●Effect is either stimulatory or inhibitory, depending on type of receptors

    Postganglionic

  • 19

    -Higher brain centers regulate & coordinate both systems –Most spinal & many cranial nerves contain both somatic & autonomic fibers –Adaptations usually involve both skeletal muscles & visceral organs ●Ex: Active muscles require more oxygen & glucose, so ANS nerves speed up heart rate & open airways

    Overlap of Somatic & Autonomic Function

  • 20

    Two Divisions of _____ (Parasympathetic Division & Sympathetic Division)

    Autonomic Nervous System

  • 21

    promotes maintenance functions, conserves energy

    Parasympathetic Division

  • 22

    mobilizes body during activity

    Sympathetic Division

  • 23

    ____ all visceral organs are served by both divisions, but these divisions cause opposite effects ●Dynamic Antagonism between two divisions maintains homeostasis

    Dual Innervation

  • 24

    Referred to as “Rest-and-Digest” system –Keeps body energy use as low as possible, even while carrying out maintenance activities ●Directs digestion, diuresis, defecation –Ex: person relaxing & reading after a meal •Blood pressure, heart rate, & respiratory rates are low •Gastrointestinal tract activity is high •Pupils constricted, lenses accommodated for close vision

    Parasympathetic Division

  • 25

    Referred to as “Fight-or-Flight” system –Mobilizes body during activity –Exercise, excitement, emergency, embarrassment activates sympathetic system ●Increased heart rate; dry mouth; cold, sweaty skin; dilated pupils –During vigorous physical activity: •Shunts blood to skeletal muscles & heart •Dilates bronchioles •Causes liver to release glucose

    Sympathetic Division

  • 26

    Parasympathetic fibers are _____; originate in brain & sacral spinal cord

    Craniosacral

  • 27

    Sympathetic fibers are ______; originate in thoracic & lumbar regions of spinal cord

    Thoracolumbar

  • 28

    has long preganglionic & short postganglionic fibers

    Parasympathetic

  • 29

    has short preganglionic & long postganglionic

    Sympathetic

  • 30

    ganglia are located in or near the their visceral effector organ

    Parasympathetic

  • 31

    ganglia lie close to spinal cord

    Sympathetic

  • 32

    fibers originate from brain stem & sacral regions or cord

    Craniosacral Division

  • 33

    Postganglion cell bodies located in _____ within eye orbitals

    Ciliary Ganglia

  • 34

    Originates from neurons in S2–S4 & serves pelvic organs & distal half of large intestine •Axons travel in Ventral Root of Spinal Nerves –Branch off to form _____

    Pelvic Splanchnic Nerves

  • 35

    SNS also called

    Thoracolumbar Division

  • 36

    Preganglionic fibers pass through ______ & enter Sympathetic Trunk (Chain or Paravertebral) Ganglia

    White Rami Communicantes

  • 37

    There are ___ Paravertebral Ganglia in the Sympathetic Trunk (chain) –3 Cervical, 11 Thoracic, 4 Lumbar, 4 Sacral, 1 Coccygeal

    23

  • 38

    1.Synapse with ganglionic neuron in same trunk ganglion 2.Ascend or descend sympathetic trunk to synapse in another trunk ganglion, or

    Synapse in Trunk Ganglia

  • 39

    3.Pass through trunk ganglion & emerge without synapsing in trunk (only in abdomen & pelvis) –Synapse outside of trunk in Collateral Ganglia

    Synapse in Collateral Ganglia

  • 40

    Synapse outside of trunk in

    Collateral Ganglia

  • 41

    Postganglionic axons enter ventral rami via

    Gray Rami Communicantes

  • 42

    nonmyelinated postganglionic fibers

    Gray Rami Communicantes

  • 43

    myelinated preganglionic fibers

    White Rami Communicantes

  • 44

    White & gray rami communicantes contain _____ system neuron only

    sympathetic

  • 45

    These fibers innervate sweat glands, arrector pili muscles, & vascular smooth muscle via pathways to the

    head & thorax

  • 46

    Splanchnic nerves interweave, forming ______ that contain several important ganglia –Celiac & Superior & Inferior Mesenteric Ganglia

    Abdominal Aortic Plexuses

  • 47

    Postganglionic fibers serve the stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, & kidneys

    Pathways to the Abdomen

  • 48

    Postganglionic fibers serve distal half of large intestine, urinary bladder, & reproductive organs ●Primarily inhibit activity of muscles & glands in abdominopelvic visceral organs

    Pathways to the Pelvis

  • 49

    Some preganglionic fibers pass directly to _____ without synapsing

    Adrenal Medulla

  • 50

    ______ & Adrenal Medulla arise from same tissue –Adrenal medulla can be considered “misplaced” sympathetic ganglion

    Sympathetic Ganglia

  • 51

    chemical changes, stretch, temperature & irritation of viscera –Cell bodies are located in Dorsal Root Ganglia & in Sensory Ganglia of CN

    Visceral Sensory Neurons

  • 52

    Visceral sensory neurons can converge on same second-order sensory neurons that receive input from _____ so play a role in referred pain Ex. of visceral reflex: reflexes that empty rectum & bladder

    somatic sensory neurons

  • 53

    Major neurotransmitters of ANS are

    Acetylcholine (ACh) & Norepinephrine (NE)

  • 54

    ACh is released by ______ at: ●All ANS preganglionic axons & all Parasympathetic postganglionic axons

    Cholinergic Fibers

  • 55

    NE is released by ____ at: ●Almost all Sympathetic postganglionic axons, except those at sweat glands (release ACh)

    Adrenergic Fibers

  • 56

    Two types of cholinergic receptors bind ____ 1.Nicotinic receptors 2.Muscarinic receptors ●Named after drugs that bind to them & mimic ___ effects: nicotine & muscarine (mushroom poison)

    ACh

  • 57

    Both ANS divisions are partially active, resulting in a basal _____ –One division usually predominates, but in a few cases, divisions have a cooperative effect

    Sympathetic & Parasympathetic Tone

  • 58

    allows for precise control of visceral activity

    Dynamic Antagonism

  • 59

    division increases heart & respiratory rates & inhibits digestion & elimination

    Sympathetic

  • 60

    division decreases heart & respiratory rates & allows for digestion & discarding of wastes

    Parasympathetic

  • 61

    Almost all blood vessel smooth muscle is entirely innervated by ____ fibers only, so this division controls blood pressure, even at rest

    sympathetic

  • 62

    continual state of partial constriction of blood vessels

    Sympathetic (Vasomotor) Tone

  • 63

    always slightly active - slows the heart & dictates normal activity levels of digestive & urinary tracts

    Parasympathetic Tone

  • 64

    Drugs that block _____ responses increase heart rate & cause fecal & urinary retention

    parasympathetic

  • 65

    Best example of cooperation between two divisions seen in control of _______ –Parasympathetic fibers cause vasodilation & are responsible for erection of penis or clitoris –Sympathetic fibers cause ejaculation of semen in males & reflex contraction of a female's vagina

    external genitalia

  • 66

    Parasympathetic fibers cause vasodilation

    are responsible for erection of penis or clitoris

  • 67

    Sympathetic fibers cause

    ejaculation of semen in males & reflex contraction of a female's vagina

  • 68

    Adrenal medulla, sweat glands, arrector pili muscles, kidneys, & almost all blood vessels receive only

    sympathetic fibers

  • 69

    -Thermoregulatory responses to heat -Release of renin from kidneys -Metabolic effects

    Unique Roles of the Sympathetic Division

  • 70

    tends to elicit short-lived & highly localized control over effectors –ACh is quickly destroyed by acetylcholinesterase

    Parasympathetic division

  • 71

    tends to be longer-lasting with bodywide effects –NE is inactivated more slowly than ACh –NE & epinephrine hormones from adrenal medulla have prolonged effects that last even after ______ signals stop

    Sympathetic division

  • 72

    damage to autonomic nerves that is a common complication of diabetes mellitus –Early signs include sexual dysfunction –Other frequent symptoms include dizziness after standing suddenly (poor blood pressure control), urinary incontinence, sluggish eye pupil reactions, & impaired sweating

    Autonomic Neuropathy

  • 73

    under control of CNS centers: Brain Stem & Spinal Cord, Hypothalamus (main integrative center), & Cerebral Cortex

    ANS

  • 74

    _____ input may modify ANS but subconsciously

    Cerebral

  • 75

    Hypothalamic Controls –Anterior region

    parasympathetic functions

  • 76

    Posterior region ●Control may be direct or indirect through reticular system or spinal cord

    sympathetic functions

  • 77

    3 ●Heart activity, blood pressure, temperature of body, water balance, & endocrine activity ●Emotional responses (rage, fear, pleasure) activated through limbic system signal hypothalamus to activate fight-or-flight system

    Centers of Hypothalamus controls

  • 78

    –Connections of hypothalamus to limbic lobe allow cortical influence on ANS –Voluntary cortical control of some visceral activities is possible ●Biofeedback –Awareness of physiological conditions with goal of consciously influencing them –Biofeedback training allows some people to control migraines & manage stress

    Cortical Controls

  • 79

    Emotional input

    Limbic system

  • 80

    Frontal lobe

    Cerebral cortex

  • 81

    Many ___ disorders involve deficient control of smooth muscle activity -Hypertension -Raynaud’s Disease -Autonomic Dysreflexia

    ANS

  • 82

    Painful, exaggerated vasoconstriction in fingers & toes –Digits turn pale, then cyanotic –Treated with vasodilators

    Raynaud’s Disease

  • 83

    (high blood pressure) ●Overactive Sympathetic vasoconstrictor response to stress ●Heart must work harder, & artery walls are subject to increased wear & tear

    Hypertension

  • 84

    Life-threatening, uncontrolled activation of autonomic neurons in quadriplegics & people with spinal cord injuries above T6 ●Blood pressure skyrockets, posing increased risk for stroke

    Autonomic Dysreflexia

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    問題一覧

  • 1

    Subconscious control; consists of motor neurons

    Automatic Nervous System

  • 2

    Innervate smooth muscles, cardiac muscle, & glands

    Automatic Nervous System

  • 3

    –Make adjustments to ensure optimal support for body activities •Shunts blood to areas that need it & adjusts heart rate, blood pressure, digestive processes, etc. •Also called Involuntary Nervous System or General Visceral Motor System

    Automatic Nervous System

  • 4

    Both have motor fibers but differ in

    Effectors

  • 5

    ______ NS innervates skeletal muscles

    Somatic

  • 6

    ______ innervates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, & glands

    ANS

  • 7

    Both have motor fibers but differ in… (ANS versus Somatic Nervous System) (3answers)

    Effectors, Efferent pathways & ganglia, Target organ responses to neurotransmitters

  • 8

    ______: cell body is in CNS, & a single, thick myelinated axon extends in Spinal/Cranial Nerves directly to skeletal muscle

    Somatic NS

  • 9

    _____: two-neuron chain Preganglionic Neuron & Postganglionic Neuron

    ANS

  • 10

    Somatic NS: cell body is in CNS, & a single ________ axon extends in Spinal/Cranial Nerves directly to skeletal muscle

    thick myelinated

  • 11

    Preganglionic Neuron: cell body in CNS with ______

    thin lightly myelinated

  • 12

    ______extending to ganglion

    Preganglionic Axon

  • 13

    Postganglionic (ganglionic) Neuron (outside CNS): cell body synapses with preganglionic axon in Autonomic Ganglion with _____

    non-myelinated

  • 14

    ______(outside CNS): cell body synapses with preganglionic axon in Autonomic Ganglion

    Postganglionic (ganglionic) Neuron

  • 15

    _____ Axon that extends to effector organ

    Postganglionic

  • 16

    All release stimulatory acetylcholine (ACh)

    Somatic Nervous System

  • 17

    release ACh

    Preganglionic

  • 18

    release NE or ACh at effectors ●Effect is either stimulatory or inhibitory, depending on type of receptors

    Postganglionic

  • 19

    -Higher brain centers regulate & coordinate both systems –Most spinal & many cranial nerves contain both somatic & autonomic fibers –Adaptations usually involve both skeletal muscles & visceral organs ●Ex: Active muscles require more oxygen & glucose, so ANS nerves speed up heart rate & open airways

    Overlap of Somatic & Autonomic Function

  • 20

    Two Divisions of _____ (Parasympathetic Division & Sympathetic Division)

    Autonomic Nervous System

  • 21

    promotes maintenance functions, conserves energy

    Parasympathetic Division

  • 22

    mobilizes body during activity

    Sympathetic Division

  • 23

    ____ all visceral organs are served by both divisions, but these divisions cause opposite effects ●Dynamic Antagonism between two divisions maintains homeostasis

    Dual Innervation

  • 24

    Referred to as “Rest-and-Digest” system –Keeps body energy use as low as possible, even while carrying out maintenance activities ●Directs digestion, diuresis, defecation –Ex: person relaxing & reading after a meal •Blood pressure, heart rate, & respiratory rates are low •Gastrointestinal tract activity is high •Pupils constricted, lenses accommodated for close vision

    Parasympathetic Division

  • 25

    Referred to as “Fight-or-Flight” system –Mobilizes body during activity –Exercise, excitement, emergency, embarrassment activates sympathetic system ●Increased heart rate; dry mouth; cold, sweaty skin; dilated pupils –During vigorous physical activity: •Shunts blood to skeletal muscles & heart •Dilates bronchioles •Causes liver to release glucose

    Sympathetic Division

  • 26

    Parasympathetic fibers are _____; originate in brain & sacral spinal cord

    Craniosacral

  • 27

    Sympathetic fibers are ______; originate in thoracic & lumbar regions of spinal cord

    Thoracolumbar

  • 28

    has long preganglionic & short postganglionic fibers

    Parasympathetic

  • 29

    has short preganglionic & long postganglionic

    Sympathetic

  • 30

    ganglia are located in or near the their visceral effector organ

    Parasympathetic

  • 31

    ganglia lie close to spinal cord

    Sympathetic

  • 32

    fibers originate from brain stem & sacral regions or cord

    Craniosacral Division

  • 33

    Postganglion cell bodies located in _____ within eye orbitals

    Ciliary Ganglia

  • 34

    Originates from neurons in S2–S4 & serves pelvic organs & distal half of large intestine •Axons travel in Ventral Root of Spinal Nerves –Branch off to form _____

    Pelvic Splanchnic Nerves

  • 35

    SNS also called

    Thoracolumbar Division

  • 36

    Preganglionic fibers pass through ______ & enter Sympathetic Trunk (Chain or Paravertebral) Ganglia

    White Rami Communicantes

  • 37

    There are ___ Paravertebral Ganglia in the Sympathetic Trunk (chain) –3 Cervical, 11 Thoracic, 4 Lumbar, 4 Sacral, 1 Coccygeal

    23

  • 38

    1.Synapse with ganglionic neuron in same trunk ganglion 2.Ascend or descend sympathetic trunk to synapse in another trunk ganglion, or

    Synapse in Trunk Ganglia

  • 39

    3.Pass through trunk ganglion & emerge without synapsing in trunk (only in abdomen & pelvis) –Synapse outside of trunk in Collateral Ganglia

    Synapse in Collateral Ganglia

  • 40

    Synapse outside of trunk in

    Collateral Ganglia

  • 41

    Postganglionic axons enter ventral rami via

    Gray Rami Communicantes

  • 42

    nonmyelinated postganglionic fibers

    Gray Rami Communicantes

  • 43

    myelinated preganglionic fibers

    White Rami Communicantes

  • 44

    White & gray rami communicantes contain _____ system neuron only

    sympathetic

  • 45

    These fibers innervate sweat glands, arrector pili muscles, & vascular smooth muscle via pathways to the

    head & thorax

  • 46

    Splanchnic nerves interweave, forming ______ that contain several important ganglia –Celiac & Superior & Inferior Mesenteric Ganglia

    Abdominal Aortic Plexuses

  • 47

    Postganglionic fibers serve the stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, & kidneys

    Pathways to the Abdomen

  • 48

    Postganglionic fibers serve distal half of large intestine, urinary bladder, & reproductive organs ●Primarily inhibit activity of muscles & glands in abdominopelvic visceral organs

    Pathways to the Pelvis

  • 49

    Some preganglionic fibers pass directly to _____ without synapsing

    Adrenal Medulla

  • 50

    ______ & Adrenal Medulla arise from same tissue –Adrenal medulla can be considered “misplaced” sympathetic ganglion

    Sympathetic Ganglia

  • 51

    chemical changes, stretch, temperature & irritation of viscera –Cell bodies are located in Dorsal Root Ganglia & in Sensory Ganglia of CN

    Visceral Sensory Neurons

  • 52

    Visceral sensory neurons can converge on same second-order sensory neurons that receive input from _____ so play a role in referred pain Ex. of visceral reflex: reflexes that empty rectum & bladder

    somatic sensory neurons

  • 53

    Major neurotransmitters of ANS are

    Acetylcholine (ACh) & Norepinephrine (NE)

  • 54

    ACh is released by ______ at: ●All ANS preganglionic axons & all Parasympathetic postganglionic axons

    Cholinergic Fibers

  • 55

    NE is released by ____ at: ●Almost all Sympathetic postganglionic axons, except those at sweat glands (release ACh)

    Adrenergic Fibers

  • 56

    Two types of cholinergic receptors bind ____ 1.Nicotinic receptors 2.Muscarinic receptors ●Named after drugs that bind to them & mimic ___ effects: nicotine & muscarine (mushroom poison)

    ACh

  • 57

    Both ANS divisions are partially active, resulting in a basal _____ –One division usually predominates, but in a few cases, divisions have a cooperative effect

    Sympathetic & Parasympathetic Tone

  • 58

    allows for precise control of visceral activity

    Dynamic Antagonism

  • 59

    division increases heart & respiratory rates & inhibits digestion & elimination

    Sympathetic

  • 60

    division decreases heart & respiratory rates & allows for digestion & discarding of wastes

    Parasympathetic

  • 61

    Almost all blood vessel smooth muscle is entirely innervated by ____ fibers only, so this division controls blood pressure, even at rest

    sympathetic

  • 62

    continual state of partial constriction of blood vessels

    Sympathetic (Vasomotor) Tone

  • 63

    always slightly active - slows the heart & dictates normal activity levels of digestive & urinary tracts

    Parasympathetic Tone

  • 64

    Drugs that block _____ responses increase heart rate & cause fecal & urinary retention

    parasympathetic

  • 65

    Best example of cooperation between two divisions seen in control of _______ –Parasympathetic fibers cause vasodilation & are responsible for erection of penis or clitoris –Sympathetic fibers cause ejaculation of semen in males & reflex contraction of a female's vagina

    external genitalia

  • 66

    Parasympathetic fibers cause vasodilation

    are responsible for erection of penis or clitoris

  • 67

    Sympathetic fibers cause

    ejaculation of semen in males & reflex contraction of a female's vagina

  • 68

    Adrenal medulla, sweat glands, arrector pili muscles, kidneys, & almost all blood vessels receive only

    sympathetic fibers

  • 69

    -Thermoregulatory responses to heat -Release of renin from kidneys -Metabolic effects

    Unique Roles of the Sympathetic Division

  • 70

    tends to elicit short-lived & highly localized control over effectors –ACh is quickly destroyed by acetylcholinesterase

    Parasympathetic division

  • 71

    tends to be longer-lasting with bodywide effects –NE is inactivated more slowly than ACh –NE & epinephrine hormones from adrenal medulla have prolonged effects that last even after ______ signals stop

    Sympathetic division

  • 72

    damage to autonomic nerves that is a common complication of diabetes mellitus –Early signs include sexual dysfunction –Other frequent symptoms include dizziness after standing suddenly (poor blood pressure control), urinary incontinence, sluggish eye pupil reactions, & impaired sweating

    Autonomic Neuropathy

  • 73

    under control of CNS centers: Brain Stem & Spinal Cord, Hypothalamus (main integrative center), & Cerebral Cortex

    ANS

  • 74

    _____ input may modify ANS but subconsciously

    Cerebral

  • 75

    Hypothalamic Controls –Anterior region

    parasympathetic functions

  • 76

    Posterior region ●Control may be direct or indirect through reticular system or spinal cord

    sympathetic functions

  • 77

    3 ●Heart activity, blood pressure, temperature of body, water balance, & endocrine activity ●Emotional responses (rage, fear, pleasure) activated through limbic system signal hypothalamus to activate fight-or-flight system

    Centers of Hypothalamus controls

  • 78

    –Connections of hypothalamus to limbic lobe allow cortical influence on ANS –Voluntary cortical control of some visceral activities is possible ●Biofeedback –Awareness of physiological conditions with goal of consciously influencing them –Biofeedback training allows some people to control migraines & manage stress

    Cortical Controls

  • 79

    Emotional input

    Limbic system

  • 80

    Frontal lobe

    Cerebral cortex

  • 81

    Many ___ disorders involve deficient control of smooth muscle activity -Hypertension -Raynaud’s Disease -Autonomic Dysreflexia

    ANS

  • 82

    Painful, exaggerated vasoconstriction in fingers & toes –Digits turn pale, then cyanotic –Treated with vasodilators

    Raynaud’s Disease

  • 83

    (high blood pressure) ●Overactive Sympathetic vasoconstrictor response to stress ●Heart must work harder, & artery walls are subject to increased wear & tear

    Hypertension

  • 84

    Life-threatening, uncontrolled activation of autonomic neurons in quadriplegics & people with spinal cord injuries above T6 ●Blood pressure skyrockets, posing increased risk for stroke

    Autonomic Dysreflexia