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Part D: The Peripheral Nervous System & Reflex

Part D: The Peripheral Nervous System & Reflex
55問 • 1年前
  • Bear4
    • 通報

    問題一覧

  • 1

    PNS elements that activate effectors by releasing neurotransmitters

    Motor endings

  • 2

    These element innervate skeletal muscle, visceral muscle, & glands

    Motor ending

  • 3

    Peripheral Motor Ending Innervation of Skeletal Muscles at

    Neuromuscular Junction

  • 4

    Neurotransmitter ______ is released when nerve impulse reaches Axon Terminal

    Acetylcholine (ACh)

  • 5

    ____ binds to receptors, resulting in: -Depolarization: Movement of & K+ across membrane -An End Plate Potential, spreads to adjacent areas of sarcolemma, which triggers opening of oltage-Gated Channels - Results in an Action Potential, which leads to muscle contraction

    ACh

  • 6

    Movement of & K+ across membrane

    Depolarization

  • 7

    An _____ spreads to adjacent areas of sarcolemma, which triggers opening of oltage-Gated Channels

    End Plate Potential

  • 8

    Results in an _____ which leads to muscle contraction

    Action Potential

  • 9

    ____ are simpler than somatic junctions

    Autonomic motor endings & visceral effectors

  • 10

    Branches form synapses en passant (“synapses in passing”) with effector cells via

    varicosities

  • 11

    Ach & NE act indirectly via second messengers:

    Visceral response is slower

  • 12

    are the ultimate planners & coordinators of complex motor activities

    Cerebellum & basal nuclei

  • 13

    _____ depends on complex patterns of control * Segmental Level * Projection Level * Pre-command Level

    Complex motor behavior

  • 14

    Highest ~ Level of Motor Control

    Pre-command Level

  • 15

    Middle ~ Level of Motor Control Upper Motor Neurons that initiate direct (pyramidal) system to produce voluntary skeletal muscle movements –_______ send information to lower motor neurons & keep higher command levels informed of what is happening

    Projection Level

  • 16

    Lowest ~ Level of Motor Control Consists of reflexes & automatic movements

    Segmental Level

  • 17

    Neurons in _____ –Regulate motor activity –Precisely start or stop movements –Coordinate movements with posture –Block unwanted movements –Monitor muscle tone –Perform unconscious planning & discharge in advance of willed movements

    Cerebellum & Basal Nuclei

  • 18

    –Acts on motor pathways through projection areas of brain stem –Acts on motor cortex via thalamus to fine-tune motor activity

    Cerebellum

  • 19

    Inhibit various motor centers under resting conditions

    Basal Nuclei

  • 20

    rapid, involuntary, predictable motor response to stimulus –Ex: modifiable by learning & conscious effort maintain posture, control visceral activities

    Inborn (Intrinsic) Reflex

  • 21

    result from practice or repetition –Ex: driving skills

    Learned (Acquired) Reflexes

  • 22

    site of stimulus action

    Receptor

  • 23

    transmits afferent impulses to CNS

    Sensory Neuron

  • 24

    Mono- or Polysynaptic region within CNS

    Integration Center

  • 25

    conducts efferent impulses to effector organ

    Motor Neuron

  • 26

    muscle fiber/gland cell that responds to impulses by contracting/secreting

    Effector

  • 27

    Activate skeletal muscle

    Somatic Reflexes

  • 28

    Activate visceral effectors (smooth, cardiac muscle, glands)

    Autonomic (Visceral) Reflexes

  • 29

    occur without direct involvement of brain –Brain is advised of reflex activity & may have an effect on the reflex

    Spinal Reflexes

  • 30

    Smoothly coordinate skeletal muscle, nervous system must receive _____ regarding -Length of muscle -Amount of tension in muscle -Intrafusal Muscle Fibers -Extrafusal Muscle Fibers

    proprioceptor input

  • 31

    Regular effector fibers of muscle

    Extrafusal Muscle Fibers

  • 32

    3–10 modified skeletal muscle fibers that are enclosed in a connective tissue capsule –Central regions of ______ lack myofilaments & are non-contractile but end regions contain Actin/Myosin myofilaments & can contract

    Intrafusal Muscle Fibers

  • 33

    Information sent from tendon organs

    Amount of tension in muscle

  • 34

    Information sent from muscle spindles

    Length of muscle

  • 35

    force lengthens entire muscle

    External stretch

  • 36

    motor neurons stimulate spindle ends to contract, thereby stretching spindle Stretching results in increased rate of impulses to spinal cord

    Internal stretch

  • 37

    Brain sets muscle’s length

    Stretch Reflex

  • 38

    * Stretch reflexes maintain muscle tone in large postural muscles & adjust it reflexively * Causes muscle contraction on side of spine in response to increased muscle length (stretch) on other side of spine Ex:_______stretch reflex that keeps knees from buckling when you stand upright

    Knee-Jerk Reflex

  • 39

    * Stretch activates muscle spindle * Sensory neurons synapse directly with motor neurons in spinal cord * A motor neurons cause extrafusal muscles of stretched muscle to contract

    How stretch reflex works

  • 40

    ______ also occurs—afferent fibers synapse with interneurons inhibiting motor neurons of antagonistic muscles ●Ex: Patellar Reflex, stretched muscle (quadriceps) contracts, & antagonists (hamstrings) relax

    Reciprocal Inhibition

  • 41

    All stretch reflexes are _______ (motor activity is on same side of body)

    monosynaptic & ipsilateral

  • 42

    Stretch reflexes can be ____ or absent if peripheral nerve damage or ventral horn injury has occurred

    hypoactive

  • 43

    Reflexes are absent in people with ______ or neurosyphilis & during coma

    chronic diabetes mellitus

  • 44

    Stretch reflexes can be ____ if lesions of corticospinal tract reduce inhibitory effect of brain on spinal cord

    hyperactive

  • 45

    polysynaptic reflexes –Helps prevent damage due to excessive stretch –Important for smooth onset & termination of muscle contraction –Produces muscle relaxation (lengthening) in response to tension

    Tendon Reflex

  • 46

    Contracting muscle relaxes; antagonist contracts…

    Reciprocal Activation

  • 47

    initiated by painful stimulus -Automatic withdrawal of threatened body part -Protective & important to survival Brain can override ●Ex: Knowing a finger stick for blood test is coming, brain overrides pulling arm away

    Flexor (Withdrawal) Reflex

  • 48

    Occurs with flexor reflexes in weight-bearing limbs to maintain balance

    Crossed Extensor Reflex

  • 49

    are elicited by gentle cutaneous stimulation of area

    Superficial Reflexes

  • 50

    Tests integrity of cord from L4 to S2 –Stimulus: stroke lateral aspect of sole of foot –Response: downward flexion of toes –Damage to motor cortex or corticospinal tracts causes abnormal response known as Babinski’s sign •Hallux dorsiflexes; smaller toes fan laterally •Normal in infancy to age of ~1 year because myelination is still incomplete

    Plantar Reflex

  • 51

    Tests integrity of cord from T8 to T12 –Stimulus: stroking skin of lateral abdomen above, below, or to side of umbilicus –Response: contraction of abdominal muscles & movement of umbilicus toward stimulus –Vary in intensity from one person to another –Absent when corticospinal tract lesions are present

    Abdominal Reflexes

  • 52

    stroking skin of lateral abdomen above, below, or to side of umbilicus

    Stimulus

  • 53

    contraction of abdominal muscles & movement of umbilicus toward stimulus

    Response

  • 54

    If Primary Motor Cortex or Corticospinal Tract is damaged, Plantar Reflex is replaced by an abnormal reflex called _____ –The great toe dorsiflexes & smaller toes fan laterally

    Babinski’s sign

  • 55

    Infants exhibit _____until they are about a year old because nervous systems are not completely myelinated Although clinical relevant, physiological mechanism of ____ is not understood

    Babinski’s Sign

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    問題一覧

  • 1

    PNS elements that activate effectors by releasing neurotransmitters

    Motor endings

  • 2

    These element innervate skeletal muscle, visceral muscle, & glands

    Motor ending

  • 3

    Peripheral Motor Ending Innervation of Skeletal Muscles at

    Neuromuscular Junction

  • 4

    Neurotransmitter ______ is released when nerve impulse reaches Axon Terminal

    Acetylcholine (ACh)

  • 5

    ____ binds to receptors, resulting in: -Depolarization: Movement of & K+ across membrane -An End Plate Potential, spreads to adjacent areas of sarcolemma, which triggers opening of oltage-Gated Channels - Results in an Action Potential, which leads to muscle contraction

    ACh

  • 6

    Movement of & K+ across membrane

    Depolarization

  • 7

    An _____ spreads to adjacent areas of sarcolemma, which triggers opening of oltage-Gated Channels

    End Plate Potential

  • 8

    Results in an _____ which leads to muscle contraction

    Action Potential

  • 9

    ____ are simpler than somatic junctions

    Autonomic motor endings & visceral effectors

  • 10

    Branches form synapses en passant (“synapses in passing”) with effector cells via

    varicosities

  • 11

    Ach & NE act indirectly via second messengers:

    Visceral response is slower

  • 12

    are the ultimate planners & coordinators of complex motor activities

    Cerebellum & basal nuclei

  • 13

    _____ depends on complex patterns of control * Segmental Level * Projection Level * Pre-command Level

    Complex motor behavior

  • 14

    Highest ~ Level of Motor Control

    Pre-command Level

  • 15

    Middle ~ Level of Motor Control Upper Motor Neurons that initiate direct (pyramidal) system to produce voluntary skeletal muscle movements –_______ send information to lower motor neurons & keep higher command levels informed of what is happening

    Projection Level

  • 16

    Lowest ~ Level of Motor Control Consists of reflexes & automatic movements

    Segmental Level

  • 17

    Neurons in _____ –Regulate motor activity –Precisely start or stop movements –Coordinate movements with posture –Block unwanted movements –Monitor muscle tone –Perform unconscious planning & discharge in advance of willed movements

    Cerebellum & Basal Nuclei

  • 18

    –Acts on motor pathways through projection areas of brain stem –Acts on motor cortex via thalamus to fine-tune motor activity

    Cerebellum

  • 19

    Inhibit various motor centers under resting conditions

    Basal Nuclei

  • 20

    rapid, involuntary, predictable motor response to stimulus –Ex: modifiable by learning & conscious effort maintain posture, control visceral activities

    Inborn (Intrinsic) Reflex

  • 21

    result from practice or repetition –Ex: driving skills

    Learned (Acquired) Reflexes

  • 22

    site of stimulus action

    Receptor

  • 23

    transmits afferent impulses to CNS

    Sensory Neuron

  • 24

    Mono- or Polysynaptic region within CNS

    Integration Center

  • 25

    conducts efferent impulses to effector organ

    Motor Neuron

  • 26

    muscle fiber/gland cell that responds to impulses by contracting/secreting

    Effector

  • 27

    Activate skeletal muscle

    Somatic Reflexes

  • 28

    Activate visceral effectors (smooth, cardiac muscle, glands)

    Autonomic (Visceral) Reflexes

  • 29

    occur without direct involvement of brain –Brain is advised of reflex activity & may have an effect on the reflex

    Spinal Reflexes

  • 30

    Smoothly coordinate skeletal muscle, nervous system must receive _____ regarding -Length of muscle -Amount of tension in muscle -Intrafusal Muscle Fibers -Extrafusal Muscle Fibers

    proprioceptor input

  • 31

    Regular effector fibers of muscle

    Extrafusal Muscle Fibers

  • 32

    3–10 modified skeletal muscle fibers that are enclosed in a connective tissue capsule –Central regions of ______ lack myofilaments & are non-contractile but end regions contain Actin/Myosin myofilaments & can contract

    Intrafusal Muscle Fibers

  • 33

    Information sent from tendon organs

    Amount of tension in muscle

  • 34

    Information sent from muscle spindles

    Length of muscle

  • 35

    force lengthens entire muscle

    External stretch

  • 36

    motor neurons stimulate spindle ends to contract, thereby stretching spindle Stretching results in increased rate of impulses to spinal cord

    Internal stretch

  • 37

    Brain sets muscle’s length

    Stretch Reflex

  • 38

    * Stretch reflexes maintain muscle tone in large postural muscles & adjust it reflexively * Causes muscle contraction on side of spine in response to increased muscle length (stretch) on other side of spine Ex:_______stretch reflex that keeps knees from buckling when you stand upright

    Knee-Jerk Reflex

  • 39

    * Stretch activates muscle spindle * Sensory neurons synapse directly with motor neurons in spinal cord * A motor neurons cause extrafusal muscles of stretched muscle to contract

    How stretch reflex works

  • 40

    ______ also occurs—afferent fibers synapse with interneurons inhibiting motor neurons of antagonistic muscles ●Ex: Patellar Reflex, stretched muscle (quadriceps) contracts, & antagonists (hamstrings) relax

    Reciprocal Inhibition

  • 41

    All stretch reflexes are _______ (motor activity is on same side of body)

    monosynaptic & ipsilateral

  • 42

    Stretch reflexes can be ____ or absent if peripheral nerve damage or ventral horn injury has occurred

    hypoactive

  • 43

    Reflexes are absent in people with ______ or neurosyphilis & during coma

    chronic diabetes mellitus

  • 44

    Stretch reflexes can be ____ if lesions of corticospinal tract reduce inhibitory effect of brain on spinal cord

    hyperactive

  • 45

    polysynaptic reflexes –Helps prevent damage due to excessive stretch –Important for smooth onset & termination of muscle contraction –Produces muscle relaxation (lengthening) in response to tension

    Tendon Reflex

  • 46

    Contracting muscle relaxes; antagonist contracts…

    Reciprocal Activation

  • 47

    initiated by painful stimulus -Automatic withdrawal of threatened body part -Protective & important to survival Brain can override ●Ex: Knowing a finger stick for blood test is coming, brain overrides pulling arm away

    Flexor (Withdrawal) Reflex

  • 48

    Occurs with flexor reflexes in weight-bearing limbs to maintain balance

    Crossed Extensor Reflex

  • 49

    are elicited by gentle cutaneous stimulation of area

    Superficial Reflexes

  • 50

    Tests integrity of cord from L4 to S2 –Stimulus: stroke lateral aspect of sole of foot –Response: downward flexion of toes –Damage to motor cortex or corticospinal tracts causes abnormal response known as Babinski’s sign •Hallux dorsiflexes; smaller toes fan laterally •Normal in infancy to age of ~1 year because myelination is still incomplete

    Plantar Reflex

  • 51

    Tests integrity of cord from T8 to T12 –Stimulus: stroking skin of lateral abdomen above, below, or to side of umbilicus –Response: contraction of abdominal muscles & movement of umbilicus toward stimulus –Vary in intensity from one person to another –Absent when corticospinal tract lesions are present

    Abdominal Reflexes

  • 52

    stroking skin of lateral abdomen above, below, or to side of umbilicus

    Stimulus

  • 53

    contraction of abdominal muscles & movement of umbilicus toward stimulus

    Response

  • 54

    If Primary Motor Cortex or Corticospinal Tract is damaged, Plantar Reflex is replaced by an abnormal reflex called _____ –The great toe dorsiflexes & smaller toes fan laterally

    Babinski’s sign

  • 55

    Infants exhibit _____until they are about a year old because nervous systems are not completely myelinated Although clinical relevant, physiological mechanism of ____ is not understood

    Babinski’s Sign