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The Central Nervous System

The Central Nervous System
111問 • 1年前
  • Bear4
    • 通報

    問題一覧

  • 1

    CNS consists of

    Brain & Spinal Cord

  • 2

    Highest level reached in human brain ●Resulted in increased number of neurons

    Cephalization

  • 3

    Telencephalon gives rise to 2

    Cerebral Hemispheres (Cerebrum)

  • 4

    Diencephalon becomes the

    Epithalamus, Thalamus, Hypothalamus, & Retina

  • 5

    Mesencephalon remains the

    Midbrain

  • 6

    Metencephalon becomes the

    Pons & Cerebellum

  • 7

    Myelencephalon becomes

    Medulla Oblongata

  • 8

    Central cavity of neural tube becomes the

    Ventricles

  • 9

    short, nonmyelinated neurons & cell bodies

    Gray Matter

  • 10

    myelinated & nonmyelinated axons

    White Matter

  • 11

    Basic pattern found in CNS: central cavity surrounded by gray matter surrounded

    by white matter

  • 12

    Fluid-filled chambers that are continuous to one another & to central canal of spinal cord

    Ventricles

  • 13

    Cerebral Hemispheres

    Account for 83% of brain mass

  • 14

    Gyri

    ridges

  • 15

    Sulci

    shallow grooves

  • 16

    Fissures

    deep grooves

  • 17

    Central Sulcus separates

    Precentral Gyrus of Frontal Lobe & Postcentral Gyrus of Parietal Lobe

  • 18

    separates Occipital & Parietal Lobes

    Parieto-Occipital Sulcus

  • 19

    Basal Nuclei

    deep within white matter

  • 20

    Cerebral Cortex

    “executive suite” of brain

  • 21

    Four general considerations of Cerebral Cortex:

    Contains three types of functional areas: ●Motor: control voluntary movement ●Sensory: conscious awareness of sensation ●Association: integrate diverse information, Each hemisphere is concerned with contralateral (opposite) side of body, Lateralization (specialization) of cortical function can occur in only one hemisphere, Conscious behavior involves entire cortex in one way or another

  • 22

    Motor Areas Located in

    Frontal Lobe

  • 23

    large neurons that allow conscious control of precise, skilled, skeletal muscle movements

    Pyramidal Cells

  • 24

    all muscles of body can be mapped to area on primary motor cortex

    Somatotopy

  • 25

    Helps plan movements, staging area for skilled motor activities –Controls learned, repetitious, or patterned motor skills –Coordinates simultaneous or sequential actions –Controls voluntary actions that depend on sensory feedback

    Premotor Cortex

  • 26

    Present in one hemisphere (usually the left) ●Motor speech area that directs muscles of speech production ●Active in planning speech & voluntary motor activities

    Broca’s Area

  • 27

    Posterior part of Insula & adjacent Parietal Cortex –Conscious awareness of balance (position of head in space)

    Vestibular Cortex

  • 28

    Primary Olfactory (smell)

    OIfactory Cortex

  • 29

    Conscious perception of _____ sensations, such as upset stomach or full bladder

    Visceral Sensory Area

  • 30

    Damage to the _____ results in functional blindness

    Primary Visual Cortex

  • 31

    may cause mental & personality disorders, including loss of judgment, attentiveness, & inhibitions

    Tumors/lesions of the Anterior Association Area

  • 32

    Responsible for communication between cerebral areas, & between cortex & lower CNS

    Cerebral White Matter

  • 33

    vertical fibers that connect hemispheres with lower brain or spinal cord

    Projection Fibers:

  • 34

    are disorders of the Basal Nuclei

    Parkinson’s Disease & Huntington’s Disease

  • 35

    Consists of three paired gray-matter structures that enclose the Third Ventricle: –Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Epithalamus

    Diencephalon

  • 36

    Bilateral egg-shaped nuclei that form superolateral walls of third ventricle •Makes up 80% of Diencephalon

    Thalamus

  • 37

    relay station for information coming into cortex

    Thalamus

  • 38

    Located below Thalamus

    Hypothalamus

  • 39

    Contains many important nuclei such as: –Mammillary bodies: paired anterior nuclei that act as olfactory relay stations –Infundibulum: stalk that connects to Pituitary Gland •Main visceral control & regulating center that is vital to homeostasis –Controls Autonomic Nervous System (ANS):

    Hypothalamus

  • 40

    Severe body wasting, Obesity, Sleep disturbances, Dehydration, Emotional imbalances •Can be damaged by tumors, radiation, surgery or trauma

    Hypothalamus

  • 41

    Most dorsal portion of Diencephalon Forms roof of Third Ventricle •Contains Pineal Gland (body)

    Epithalamus

  • 42

    Extends from posterior border –Secretes melatonin that helps regulate sleep-wake cycle

    Pineal Gland (body)

  • 43

    Blends into Spinal Cord at Foramen Magnum

    Medulla Oblongata

  • 44

    Contains 4th Ventricle –Continuation of Central Canal of Spinal Cord –Medulla & Pons form ventral wall –Contains Choroid Plexus: capillary-rich membrane that forms CSF

    Medulla Oblongata

  • 45

    (Pyramids)two ventral longitudinal ridges formed by pyramidal tracts from motor cortex (Decussation of the Pyramids) point where pyramidal tracts cross over to opposite side of body (Olives) swellings caused by underlying Inferior Olivary Nuclei that relay stretch information from muscles & joints to cerebellum –CNs VIII (Vestibulocochlear), IX (Glossopharyngeal), X (Vagus), & XII (Hypoglossal) (Vestibular & Cochlear Nuclei) mediate responses that maintain equilibrium (Nucleus Cuneatus & Nucleus Gracilis) relay ascending sensory information from spinal cord

    Medulla Oblongata

  • 46

    Cardiovascular Center Respiratory Centers Various other centers

    Medulla Oblongata

  • 47

    11% of brain mass dorsal to Pons & Medulla •Processes input from cortex, brain stem, & sensory receptors to provide precise, coordinated movements of skeletal muscles & plays a major role in balance

    Cerebellum

  • 48

    fiber tract that links Limbic System regions –Includes parts of Diencephalon & some cerebral structures that encircle brain stem

    Fornix

  • 49

    recognizes angry or fearful facial expressions, assesses danger, & elicits fear response

    Amygdaloid Body

  • 50

    plays role in expressing emotions via gestures & resolves mental conflict

    Cingulate Gyrus

  • 51

    puts emotional responses to odors –Example: skunks smell bad

    Limbic System

  • 52

    Most output relayed via _____ plays role in Psychosomatic Illnesses

    hypothalamus

  • 53

    also play a role in memory

    Hippocampus & Amygdaloid Body

  • 54

    –Govern brain arousal ●Motor function of reticular formation helps control coarse limb movements ●Reticular autonomic centers regulate visceral motor functions –Vasomotor, Cardiac, Respiratory centers

    Reticular Formation

  • 55

    –Sends impulses to cerebral cortex to keep it conscious & alert –Filters out repetitive, familiar, or weak stimuli (~99% of all stimuli is not relayed) –Inhibited by sleep centers, alcohol, drugs –Severe injury can result in permanent unconsciousness (coma)

    Reticular Activating System (RAS)

  • 56

    involved in understanding spoken & written words ●Patients with lesions in Wernicke’s can speak –Words are non-sensible

    Wernicke’s Area

  • 57

    involved in speech production ●Patients with lesions in Broca’s understand words –Cannot speak

    Broca’s Area

  • 58

    of facts (names, faces, words, dates)

    Declarative Memory

  • 59

    of skills (playing piano)

    Procedural Memory

  • 60

    involves fitting new facts into categories already stored in cerebral cortex •Hippocampus, temporal cortical areas, Thalamus, & Prefrontal Cortex are involved in consolidatio

    Memory consolidation

  • 61

    consolidated memories are not lost; new inputs are not associated with old one ●Person lives in the here & now ●Memory of conversations from just 5 minutes before would not be remembered

    Anterograde Amnesia

  • 62

    loss of memories formed in distant past

    Retrograde Amnesia

  • 63

    records electrical activity in Hertz (Hz/sec), that accompanies brain function –Each person's brain waves are unique –Patterns change with age, sensory stimuli, brain disease, & chemical state of body –Used for diagnosing Epilepsy & Sleep Disorders –Localizes lesions, tumors, infarcts, infections, abscesses –Used in research & also to determine brain death –Electrodes placed on scalp measure electrical potential differences between various cortical areas

    Electroencephalogram (EEG)

  • 64

    regular & rhythmic

    Alpha Waves

  • 65

    rhythmic, less regular

    Beta Waves

  • 66

    more irregular ●common in children & uncommon in awake adults

    Theta Waves

  • 67

    Delta Waves

    high-amplitude waves of deep sleep & when reticular activating system is suppressed, as during anesthesia ●brain damage in awake adult

  • 68

    torrent of electrical discharges by groups of neurons; prevents any other messages from getting through –Victim of epilepsy may lose consciousness, fall stiffly, & have uncontrollable jerking –Epilepsy is not associated with intellectual impairments –Epilepsy occurs in 1% of population ●Genetic factors play a role, but brain injuries, stroke, infections, or tumors can also be causes

    Epileptic Seizure

  • 69

    Types of Sleep

    Non–Rapid Eye Movement (NREM) sleep

  • 70

    related condition, person can lose muscle tone while awake

    Cataplexy

  • 71

    –Cover & protect CNS: blood vessels & enclose venous sinuses –Contain Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) –Form partitions in skull: three layers (from external to internal): –Dura Mater, Arachnoid Mater, & Pia Mate

    Meninges

  • 72

    true external covering of brain ●Extends into Vertebral Canal as Spinal Dura Mater –Dural Venous Sinuses: layers are mostly fused, but separate in certain areas •Sinuses collect venous blood from brain, empty into jugular veins of neck

    Meningeal Layer

  • 73

    attaches to inner surface of skull ●Found only in Brain, not Spinal Cord

    Periosteal Layer

  • 74

    Middle layer with spiderweb-like extensions –Separated from dura mater by Subdural Space –Subarachnoid Space contains CSF & largest blood vessels of brain –Arachnoid Granulations protrude through dura mater into superior sagittal sinus ●Permit reabsorption of CSF back into venous blood

    Arachnoid Mater

  • 75

    Delicate connective tissue that clings tightly to brain, following every convolution ●Contains many tiny blood vessels that feed brain

    Pia Mater

  • 76

    Inflammation of the meninges –May spread to CNS, which would lead to inflammation of the brain, referred to as encephalitis –Meningitis is usually diagnosed by observing microbes in a sample of CSF obtained via lumbar puncture

    Meningitis

  • 77

    obstruction blocks CSF circulation or drainage, resulting in increased pressure •In newborns, skull bones are unfused, so increased pressure causes head to enlarge

    Hydrocephalus

  • 78

    Helps maintain stable environment for brain –Chemical changes could lead to uncontrollable neuron firings

    Blood Brain Barrier

  • 79

    tissue deprived of blood supply, leading to death of brain tissue –Can be caused by blockage of cerebral artery by blood clot –Glutamate acts as excitotoxin, worsening condition

    Ischemia

  • 80

    (paralysis on one side) or sensory & speech deficits may result

    Hemiplegia

  • 81

    Early: wild, jerky “flapping” movements

    Huntington’s Disease

  • 82

    Cortical gray matter: • Localizes and interprets sensory inputs • Controls voluntary and skilled skeletal muscle activity • Functions in intellectual and emotional processing Basal nuclei (ganglia)

    Cerebral Hemispheres

  • 83

    LIGHT PURPLE • Relays sensory impulses to cerebral cortex for interpretation • Relays impulses between cerebral motor cortex and lower (subcortical) motor centers, including cerebellum • Involved in memory processing

    Thalamus

  • 84

    DARK PURPLE • Chief integration center of autonomic (involuntary) nervous system • Regulates body temperature, food intake, water balance, thirst, and biological rhythms and drives • Regulates hormonal output of anterior pituitary gland • Acts as an endocrine organ, producing posterior pituitary hormones ADH and oxytocin

    Hypothalamus

  • 85

    • Includes cerebral and diencephalon structures (e.g., hypothalamus and anterior thalamic nuclei) • Mediates emotional response • Involved in memory processing

    Limbic system

  • 86

    DARK-LIGHT GREEN • Contains visual (superior colliculi) and auditory (inferior colliculi) reflex centers • Contains subcortical motor centers (substantia nigra and red nuclei) • Contains nuclei for cranial nerves Ill and IV " Contains projection fibers (e.g., fibers of the pyramidal tracts)

    Midbrain

  • 87

    LIGHT GREEN a Relays information from the cerebrum to the cerebellum • Cooperates with the medullary respiratory centers to control respiratory rate and depth « Contains nuclei of cranial nerves V-VII • Contains projection fibers

    Pons

  • 88

    DARK GREEN • Relays ascending sensory pathway impulses from skin and proprioceptors through nuclei cuneatus and gracilis • Contains visceral nuclei controlling heart rate, blood vessel diameter, respiratory rate, vomiting, coughing, etc. • Relays sensory information to the cerebellum through inferior olivary nuclei Contains nuclei of cranial nerves VIII-X and XII

    Medulla oblongata

  • 89

    • Maintains cerebral cortical alertness (reticular activating system) • Filters out repetitive stimuli • Helps regulate skeletal and visceral muscle activity

    Reticular formation

  • 90

    • Processes information from cerebral motor cortex, proprioceptors, and visual and equilibrium pathways a Provides "instructions" to cerebral motor cortex and subcortical motor centers, resulting in smooth, coordi- nated skeletal muscle movements • Responsible for balance and posture

    Cerebellum

  • 91

    Spinal Cord is enclosed in

    Vertebral Column

  • 92

    Begins at the Foramen Magnum & ends at L1 or L2 Vertebra –Provides two-way communication to/from brain & body –Major reflex center: reflexes are initiated & completed at spinal cord

    Vertebral Column

  • 93

    one layer thick & does not attach to vertebrae

    Spinal Dura Mater

  • 94

    Spinal cord terminates in cone-shaped structure

    Conus Medullaris

  • 95

    Fibrous extension of conus extends to coccyx anchoring the spinal cord, covered with Pia Mater

    Filum Terminale

  • 96

    Extensions of Pia Mater that secure cord to Dura Mater

    Denticulate Ligaments

  • 97

    Blue

    Epidural space

  • 98

    Red

    Pia mater

  • 99

    Yellow

    Dura mater

  • 100

    Purple

    Dorsal root ganglion

    • Muscles

    Muscles

    Bear4 · 28問 · 1年前

    Muscles

    Muscles

    28問 • 1年前
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    Muscles Lab 3

    Muscles Lab 3

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    Muscles Lab 3

    Muscles Lab 3

    102問 • 1年前
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    Functions of Nervous System

    Functions of Nervous System

    Bear4 · 231問 · 1年前

    Functions of Nervous System

    Functions of Nervous System

    231問 • 1年前
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    Chapter 13 The Peripheral Nervous System & Reflex

    Chapter 13 The Peripheral Nervous System & Reflex

    Bear4 · 94問 · 1年前

    Chapter 13 The Peripheral Nervous System & Reflex

    Chapter 13 The Peripheral Nervous System & Reflex

    94問 • 1年前
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    Part B: The Peripheral Nervous System & Reflex Activity

    Part B: The Peripheral Nervous System & Reflex Activity

    Bear4 · 31問 · 1年前

    Part B: The Peripheral Nervous System & Reflex Activity

    Part B: The Peripheral Nervous System & Reflex Activity

    31問 • 1年前
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    Part C: The Peripheral Nervous System & Reflex Activity

    Part C: The Peripheral Nervous System & Reflex Activity

    Bear4 · 71問 · 1年前

    Part C: The Peripheral Nervous System & Reflex Activity

    Part C: The Peripheral Nervous System & Reflex Activity

    71問 • 1年前
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    Part D: The Peripheral Nervous System & Reflex

    Part D: The Peripheral Nervous System & Reflex

    Bear4 · 55問 · 1年前

    Part D: The Peripheral Nervous System & Reflex

    Part D: The Peripheral Nervous System & Reflex

    55問 • 1年前
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    Chapter 14: The Autonomic Nervous System

    Chapter 14: The Autonomic Nervous System

    Bear4 · 84問 · 1年前

    Chapter 14: The Autonomic Nervous System

    Chapter 14: The Autonomic Nervous System

    84問 • 1年前
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    Unit 1

    Unit 1

    Bear4 · 82問 · 1年前

    Unit 1

    Unit 1

    82問 • 1年前
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    Unit 3

    Unit 3

    Bear4 · 122問 · 1年前

    Unit 3

    Unit 3

    122問 • 1年前
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    Unit 4

    Unit 4

    Bear4 · 33問 · 1年前

    Unit 4

    Unit 4

    33問 • 1年前
    Bear4

    問題一覧

  • 1

    CNS consists of

    Brain & Spinal Cord

  • 2

    Highest level reached in human brain ●Resulted in increased number of neurons

    Cephalization

  • 3

    Telencephalon gives rise to 2

    Cerebral Hemispheres (Cerebrum)

  • 4

    Diencephalon becomes the

    Epithalamus, Thalamus, Hypothalamus, & Retina

  • 5

    Mesencephalon remains the

    Midbrain

  • 6

    Metencephalon becomes the

    Pons & Cerebellum

  • 7

    Myelencephalon becomes

    Medulla Oblongata

  • 8

    Central cavity of neural tube becomes the

    Ventricles

  • 9

    short, nonmyelinated neurons & cell bodies

    Gray Matter

  • 10

    myelinated & nonmyelinated axons

    White Matter

  • 11

    Basic pattern found in CNS: central cavity surrounded by gray matter surrounded

    by white matter

  • 12

    Fluid-filled chambers that are continuous to one another & to central canal of spinal cord

    Ventricles

  • 13

    Cerebral Hemispheres

    Account for 83% of brain mass

  • 14

    Gyri

    ridges

  • 15

    Sulci

    shallow grooves

  • 16

    Fissures

    deep grooves

  • 17

    Central Sulcus separates

    Precentral Gyrus of Frontal Lobe & Postcentral Gyrus of Parietal Lobe

  • 18

    separates Occipital & Parietal Lobes

    Parieto-Occipital Sulcus

  • 19

    Basal Nuclei

    deep within white matter

  • 20

    Cerebral Cortex

    “executive suite” of brain

  • 21

    Four general considerations of Cerebral Cortex:

    Contains three types of functional areas: ●Motor: control voluntary movement ●Sensory: conscious awareness of sensation ●Association: integrate diverse information, Each hemisphere is concerned with contralateral (opposite) side of body, Lateralization (specialization) of cortical function can occur in only one hemisphere, Conscious behavior involves entire cortex in one way or another

  • 22

    Motor Areas Located in

    Frontal Lobe

  • 23

    large neurons that allow conscious control of precise, skilled, skeletal muscle movements

    Pyramidal Cells

  • 24

    all muscles of body can be mapped to area on primary motor cortex

    Somatotopy

  • 25

    Helps plan movements, staging area for skilled motor activities –Controls learned, repetitious, or patterned motor skills –Coordinates simultaneous or sequential actions –Controls voluntary actions that depend on sensory feedback

    Premotor Cortex

  • 26

    Present in one hemisphere (usually the left) ●Motor speech area that directs muscles of speech production ●Active in planning speech & voluntary motor activities

    Broca’s Area

  • 27

    Posterior part of Insula & adjacent Parietal Cortex –Conscious awareness of balance (position of head in space)

    Vestibular Cortex

  • 28

    Primary Olfactory (smell)

    OIfactory Cortex

  • 29

    Conscious perception of _____ sensations, such as upset stomach or full bladder

    Visceral Sensory Area

  • 30

    Damage to the _____ results in functional blindness

    Primary Visual Cortex

  • 31

    may cause mental & personality disorders, including loss of judgment, attentiveness, & inhibitions

    Tumors/lesions of the Anterior Association Area

  • 32

    Responsible for communication between cerebral areas, & between cortex & lower CNS

    Cerebral White Matter

  • 33

    vertical fibers that connect hemispheres with lower brain or spinal cord

    Projection Fibers:

  • 34

    are disorders of the Basal Nuclei

    Parkinson’s Disease & Huntington’s Disease

  • 35

    Consists of three paired gray-matter structures that enclose the Third Ventricle: –Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Epithalamus

    Diencephalon

  • 36

    Bilateral egg-shaped nuclei that form superolateral walls of third ventricle •Makes up 80% of Diencephalon

    Thalamus

  • 37

    relay station for information coming into cortex

    Thalamus

  • 38

    Located below Thalamus

    Hypothalamus

  • 39

    Contains many important nuclei such as: –Mammillary bodies: paired anterior nuclei that act as olfactory relay stations –Infundibulum: stalk that connects to Pituitary Gland •Main visceral control & regulating center that is vital to homeostasis –Controls Autonomic Nervous System (ANS):

    Hypothalamus

  • 40

    Severe body wasting, Obesity, Sleep disturbances, Dehydration, Emotional imbalances •Can be damaged by tumors, radiation, surgery or trauma

    Hypothalamus

  • 41

    Most dorsal portion of Diencephalon Forms roof of Third Ventricle •Contains Pineal Gland (body)

    Epithalamus

  • 42

    Extends from posterior border –Secretes melatonin that helps regulate sleep-wake cycle

    Pineal Gland (body)

  • 43

    Blends into Spinal Cord at Foramen Magnum

    Medulla Oblongata

  • 44

    Contains 4th Ventricle –Continuation of Central Canal of Spinal Cord –Medulla & Pons form ventral wall –Contains Choroid Plexus: capillary-rich membrane that forms CSF

    Medulla Oblongata

  • 45

    (Pyramids)two ventral longitudinal ridges formed by pyramidal tracts from motor cortex (Decussation of the Pyramids) point where pyramidal tracts cross over to opposite side of body (Olives) swellings caused by underlying Inferior Olivary Nuclei that relay stretch information from muscles & joints to cerebellum –CNs VIII (Vestibulocochlear), IX (Glossopharyngeal), X (Vagus), & XII (Hypoglossal) (Vestibular & Cochlear Nuclei) mediate responses that maintain equilibrium (Nucleus Cuneatus & Nucleus Gracilis) relay ascending sensory information from spinal cord

    Medulla Oblongata

  • 46

    Cardiovascular Center Respiratory Centers Various other centers

    Medulla Oblongata

  • 47

    11% of brain mass dorsal to Pons & Medulla •Processes input from cortex, brain stem, & sensory receptors to provide precise, coordinated movements of skeletal muscles & plays a major role in balance

    Cerebellum

  • 48

    fiber tract that links Limbic System regions –Includes parts of Diencephalon & some cerebral structures that encircle brain stem

    Fornix

  • 49

    recognizes angry or fearful facial expressions, assesses danger, & elicits fear response

    Amygdaloid Body

  • 50

    plays role in expressing emotions via gestures & resolves mental conflict

    Cingulate Gyrus

  • 51

    puts emotional responses to odors –Example: skunks smell bad

    Limbic System

  • 52

    Most output relayed via _____ plays role in Psychosomatic Illnesses

    hypothalamus

  • 53

    also play a role in memory

    Hippocampus & Amygdaloid Body

  • 54

    –Govern brain arousal ●Motor function of reticular formation helps control coarse limb movements ●Reticular autonomic centers regulate visceral motor functions –Vasomotor, Cardiac, Respiratory centers

    Reticular Formation

  • 55

    –Sends impulses to cerebral cortex to keep it conscious & alert –Filters out repetitive, familiar, or weak stimuli (~99% of all stimuli is not relayed) –Inhibited by sleep centers, alcohol, drugs –Severe injury can result in permanent unconsciousness (coma)

    Reticular Activating System (RAS)

  • 56

    involved in understanding spoken & written words ●Patients with lesions in Wernicke’s can speak –Words are non-sensible

    Wernicke’s Area

  • 57

    involved in speech production ●Patients with lesions in Broca’s understand words –Cannot speak

    Broca’s Area

  • 58

    of facts (names, faces, words, dates)

    Declarative Memory

  • 59

    of skills (playing piano)

    Procedural Memory

  • 60

    involves fitting new facts into categories already stored in cerebral cortex •Hippocampus, temporal cortical areas, Thalamus, & Prefrontal Cortex are involved in consolidatio

    Memory consolidation

  • 61

    consolidated memories are not lost; new inputs are not associated with old one ●Person lives in the here & now ●Memory of conversations from just 5 minutes before would not be remembered

    Anterograde Amnesia

  • 62

    loss of memories formed in distant past

    Retrograde Amnesia

  • 63

    records electrical activity in Hertz (Hz/sec), that accompanies brain function –Each person's brain waves are unique –Patterns change with age, sensory stimuli, brain disease, & chemical state of body –Used for diagnosing Epilepsy & Sleep Disorders –Localizes lesions, tumors, infarcts, infections, abscesses –Used in research & also to determine brain death –Electrodes placed on scalp measure electrical potential differences between various cortical areas

    Electroencephalogram (EEG)

  • 64

    regular & rhythmic

    Alpha Waves

  • 65

    rhythmic, less regular

    Beta Waves

  • 66

    more irregular ●common in children & uncommon in awake adults

    Theta Waves

  • 67

    Delta Waves

    high-amplitude waves of deep sleep & when reticular activating system is suppressed, as during anesthesia ●brain damage in awake adult

  • 68

    torrent of electrical discharges by groups of neurons; prevents any other messages from getting through –Victim of epilepsy may lose consciousness, fall stiffly, & have uncontrollable jerking –Epilepsy is not associated with intellectual impairments –Epilepsy occurs in 1% of population ●Genetic factors play a role, but brain injuries, stroke, infections, or tumors can also be causes

    Epileptic Seizure

  • 69

    Types of Sleep

    Non–Rapid Eye Movement (NREM) sleep

  • 70

    related condition, person can lose muscle tone while awake

    Cataplexy

  • 71

    –Cover & protect CNS: blood vessels & enclose venous sinuses –Contain Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) –Form partitions in skull: three layers (from external to internal): –Dura Mater, Arachnoid Mater, & Pia Mate

    Meninges

  • 72

    true external covering of brain ●Extends into Vertebral Canal as Spinal Dura Mater –Dural Venous Sinuses: layers are mostly fused, but separate in certain areas •Sinuses collect venous blood from brain, empty into jugular veins of neck

    Meningeal Layer

  • 73

    attaches to inner surface of skull ●Found only in Brain, not Spinal Cord

    Periosteal Layer

  • 74

    Middle layer with spiderweb-like extensions –Separated from dura mater by Subdural Space –Subarachnoid Space contains CSF & largest blood vessels of brain –Arachnoid Granulations protrude through dura mater into superior sagittal sinus ●Permit reabsorption of CSF back into venous blood

    Arachnoid Mater

  • 75

    Delicate connective tissue that clings tightly to brain, following every convolution ●Contains many tiny blood vessels that feed brain

    Pia Mater

  • 76

    Inflammation of the meninges –May spread to CNS, which would lead to inflammation of the brain, referred to as encephalitis –Meningitis is usually diagnosed by observing microbes in a sample of CSF obtained via lumbar puncture

    Meningitis

  • 77

    obstruction blocks CSF circulation or drainage, resulting in increased pressure •In newborns, skull bones are unfused, so increased pressure causes head to enlarge

    Hydrocephalus

  • 78

    Helps maintain stable environment for brain –Chemical changes could lead to uncontrollable neuron firings

    Blood Brain Barrier

  • 79

    tissue deprived of blood supply, leading to death of brain tissue –Can be caused by blockage of cerebral artery by blood clot –Glutamate acts as excitotoxin, worsening condition

    Ischemia

  • 80

    (paralysis on one side) or sensory & speech deficits may result

    Hemiplegia

  • 81

    Early: wild, jerky “flapping” movements

    Huntington’s Disease

  • 82

    Cortical gray matter: • Localizes and interprets sensory inputs • Controls voluntary and skilled skeletal muscle activity • Functions in intellectual and emotional processing Basal nuclei (ganglia)

    Cerebral Hemispheres

  • 83

    LIGHT PURPLE • Relays sensory impulses to cerebral cortex for interpretation • Relays impulses between cerebral motor cortex and lower (subcortical) motor centers, including cerebellum • Involved in memory processing

    Thalamus

  • 84

    DARK PURPLE • Chief integration center of autonomic (involuntary) nervous system • Regulates body temperature, food intake, water balance, thirst, and biological rhythms and drives • Regulates hormonal output of anterior pituitary gland • Acts as an endocrine organ, producing posterior pituitary hormones ADH and oxytocin

    Hypothalamus

  • 85

    • Includes cerebral and diencephalon structures (e.g., hypothalamus and anterior thalamic nuclei) • Mediates emotional response • Involved in memory processing

    Limbic system

  • 86

    DARK-LIGHT GREEN • Contains visual (superior colliculi) and auditory (inferior colliculi) reflex centers • Contains subcortical motor centers (substantia nigra and red nuclei) • Contains nuclei for cranial nerves Ill and IV " Contains projection fibers (e.g., fibers of the pyramidal tracts)

    Midbrain

  • 87

    LIGHT GREEN a Relays information from the cerebrum to the cerebellum • Cooperates with the medullary respiratory centers to control respiratory rate and depth « Contains nuclei of cranial nerves V-VII • Contains projection fibers

    Pons

  • 88

    DARK GREEN • Relays ascending sensory pathway impulses from skin and proprioceptors through nuclei cuneatus and gracilis • Contains visceral nuclei controlling heart rate, blood vessel diameter, respiratory rate, vomiting, coughing, etc. • Relays sensory information to the cerebellum through inferior olivary nuclei Contains nuclei of cranial nerves VIII-X and XII

    Medulla oblongata

  • 89

    • Maintains cerebral cortical alertness (reticular activating system) • Filters out repetitive stimuli • Helps regulate skeletal and visceral muscle activity

    Reticular formation

  • 90

    • Processes information from cerebral motor cortex, proprioceptors, and visual and equilibrium pathways a Provides "instructions" to cerebral motor cortex and subcortical motor centers, resulting in smooth, coordi- nated skeletal muscle movements • Responsible for balance and posture

    Cerebellum

  • 91

    Spinal Cord is enclosed in

    Vertebral Column

  • 92

    Begins at the Foramen Magnum & ends at L1 or L2 Vertebra –Provides two-way communication to/from brain & body –Major reflex center: reflexes are initiated & completed at spinal cord

    Vertebral Column

  • 93

    one layer thick & does not attach to vertebrae

    Spinal Dura Mater

  • 94

    Spinal cord terminates in cone-shaped structure

    Conus Medullaris

  • 95

    Fibrous extension of conus extends to coccyx anchoring the spinal cord, covered with Pia Mater

    Filum Terminale

  • 96

    Extensions of Pia Mater that secure cord to Dura Mater

    Denticulate Ligaments

  • 97

    Blue

    Epidural space

  • 98

    Red

    Pia mater

  • 99

    Yellow

    Dura mater

  • 100

    Purple

    Dorsal root ganglion