Unit 3

Bacterial Cell Structure

Unit 3

122問 • 1年前

Bacterial Cell Structure

Bear4

通報

問題一覧

____ are a type of Prokaryotic life

Bacteria

Cytoplasm = cytosol --- all bacteria have Nucleoid region ---- all bacteria have Ribosomes --- all bacteria have Inclusion bodies --- some bacteria have Endospore/spore --- some bacteria have Plasmid --- some bacteria have

Internal structures

= cytosol

Cytoplasm - Internal structures

Nucleoid region - Internal structures

all bacteria have

Ribosomes - Internal structures

all bacteria have

Inclusion bodies - Internal structures

some bacteria have

Endospore/spore - Internal structures

some bacteria have

Plasmid- Internal structures

some bacteria have

… simply is the watery fluid Inside the bacterium which contains everything inside the cell (such as DNA, ribosomes, any internal structure)

Cytoplasm = Cytosol

… is free inside the cell … has NO phospholipid nuclear membrane … is Usually in form of single strand, circular DNA … is often called the nucleoid region

Bacterial DNA

are structures that make proteins … have a large and small subunit … large and small subunit lock onto mRNA to make a protein (look like a snowman with only 2 circles)

Ribosomes

often in scope photos look like grains in the cytoplasm

Ribosomes

______ of bacteria are smaller in size than ______ of eukaryotic life this difference in size of bacterial ______ from our ______ is why some antibiotics harm the bacteria and do not harm us

Ribosomes

The small subunit is called 30S The large subunit is called 50 S The entire ____ is called 70 S

Ribosomes of bacteria

Are storage areas inside the bacterium … can be made of any substance the bacterium stores for later use

Inclusion bodies

can be made of lipids, starch or other compounds (can be used for C source/ food)… gas (will enable photosynthetic bacteria to float to surface of lake toward light) (example here = cyanobacteria)

Inclusion Bodies

Important is _____ Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) … which is found in bacterium Azotobacter

Inclusion Body

is a lipid substance … and can be put in some plastics to help them degrade better in environment (some water bottles, etc.) … can also help identify Azotobacter under a microscope

Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB)

Are survival structures for bacteria (when environmental conditions become harsh the bacterium forms an endospore)

Bacterial endospores (spores)

Are spore forming bacteria. (In contrast – E. coli, Staph & Strep are Not spore formers)

Bacillus and Clostridium

are resistant to (can survive & germinate later) Drying Heat Radiation & Lethal Chemicals, such as alcohols peroxide, bleach, and more. Spores are resistant to many things

Bacterial spores

… has very little water inside … due to little water = very low metabolism … with almost no metabolism there is not much harm that can be done to cell … also has special compound in spore called Dipicolinic Acid (they think has some effect)

Why is bacterial spore to resistant to harsh environments?

1) Bac encounters harsh environment Spore – 1 only per bacterial cell 2) Bacterium forms spore inside itself 3) Bacterial cell disintegrates Leaves the 1 spore behind

Bacterial spores - formation

1) Bacterial spore encounters good environment for growth (may now have food May now have needed level of oxygen, etc.) 2) The 1 spore becomes 1 bacterial vegetative cell

Bacterial spores - germination

Means eats food Replicates reproduces

Bacterial vegetative cell

Spore = green dots Cells = red bacilli

Schaefer Fulton Spore Stain

are small, circular extrachromosomal pieces of DNA in the cytoplasm … they replicate independently/autonomously of the core DNA (extrachromosomal means are not in the core DNA chromosome/ nucleoid region)

Bacterial Plasmids

are Not necessary for life for the bacterium (the bacterium runs its life off its core chromosomal DNA / nucleoid region)

Bacterial Plasmids

plasmids do code for a few extra traits for the bacterium Plasmids can code for - Toxins Antibiotic resistance

Bacterial Plasmids

DNA

Bacterial Plasmids

Cell membrane Integral proteins Peripheral proteins Cell Wall Capsule fimbriae Pili flagella

Bacterial structures that are the border or at the border of bacteria

Controls what is allowed to enter Or leave A cell Is semipermeable (water/O2 can enter at will but food cannot)

Cell Membrane

Is the border between self of cell versus Rest of the world/environment Is made of individual units called phospholipids These phospholipids (Legos) automatically Arrange themselves into a double layer called a phospholipid bilayer

Cell Membrane

Cell Membrane phospholipids (Legos) automatically Arrange themselves into a double layer called a ____.

phospholipid bilayer

phospholipids

Legos

The 2 layers of this phospholipid bilayer _____. The phospholipid bilayer (membrane) is Able to expand and contract (is somewhat flexible) Books call this membrane (& these ideas) the fluid mosaic model (of membrane structure) (fluid because layers flow as noted above)

Flow laterally over each other

A glycerol head - that is hydrophilic Linked to 2 fatty acids tails/chains - that are hydrophobic (Hydrophilic = means likes water Hydrophobic = means avoids water)

Phospholipid unit has 2 major parts.

glycerol head - cell membrane

that is hydrophilic

2 fatty acids tails/chains - cell membrane

that are hydrophobic

these phospholipids self-assemble to orient the glycerol head out toward water, •(outside and inside) •the fatty acid tails toward each other (forming a barrier)

Cell Membrane Phospholipid Bilayer

go all the way through the phospholipid bilayer

Integral Proteins

are loosely attached to one side or the other of the phospholipid bilayer

Peripheral Proteins

Cell Membrane Other Components - There are 2 types of proteins to know

Integral proteins & Peripheral proteins

_____ Cell Wall is outside of the Cell Membrane

Bacterial

____ Cell Wall is rigid and strong

Bacterial

protect the cell from effects of environmental osmotic pressure (keep bacterial cell from lysing)

Bacterial Cell Walls

Most ____ are grouped into 2 types Based on type of Cell Wall There are Gram positive bacteria Or Gram negative bacteria

bacteria

Name of special substance embedded within all bacterial cell walls

Peptidoglycan

____ is made of 2 units/ 2 Legos • N-acetylglucosamine or NAG • N-acetylmuramic acid or NAM these 2 units are similar to glucose

Peptidoglycan

NAM-NAG bars are

Strong like pencils

The “ropes’ tying the NAM-NAG bars together

4 amino acids tied to 4 amino acids

(“ropes”) Tie the bars of NAM-NAG together

Tetrapeptides

NAM-NAG bars Tied together with the Tetrapeptide (ropes)

The peptidoglycan is complete And very rigid / strong

One thick layer of peptidoglycan unique substance called Teichoic acids (Remember bacterial cell wall is outside the cell membrane)

Gram Positive Cell Wall

____ the peptidoglycan layer Is directly exposed to the outside environment (this exposure can have consequences for the bacterium such as Antibiotics can reach the peptidoglycan layer of ____ more easily

G+ CW

Outer membrane Periplasmic space Thin layer of peptidoglycan embedded in the Periplasmic space Inner membrane Lipopolysaccharide with head part called Lipid A

G- Cell Wall

The periplasmic space Is located between The outer membrane & The inner membrane (Periplasmic space contains the peptidoglycan layer And some digestive enzymes)

Gram- Cell Wall

Release of Lipid A (from a dead, fragmenting G- bacterium) can cause (but might not cause) •Fever, vasodilation •Inflammation, shock & blood clotting •Anaphylactic shock •Thus, killing Gram negative bacteria in the host (human), can cause sickness in the patient by release of

G- Cell Wall

bacteria are not lysed than Lipid A stays embedded inside the intact _____ CW … And it not released into the patient … And cannot affect them.

G-

Parts of Bacterium Outside the Cell Wall

Glycocalyx

also called the capsule or slime layer (this class tends to emphasize capsule form) (Some bacteria have this part And others do not)

Glycocalyx - Parts of Bacterium Outside the Cell Wall

means one can see where the sugary layer of capsule ends and where the environment begins

Capsule type of Glycocalyx

means one cannot tell where the sugary layer of slime ends and where the environment begins

Slime type of Glycocalyx

_____ in either form = means “sugar” Purpose: • ..to protect bacterium from drying out • ..to protect (hide or slide away) from host immune cells • ..to enable adhesion/ begin biofilm •Examples = begins cavities

Glycocalyx

Streptococcus mutans - Outside the Cell Wall Capsule

Begins biofilm on teeth = helps form cavities (microbes release acids as waste product, erodes teeth)

if gain access to capillaries or blood vessels Can travel to the heart and colonize the human heart Theses ____ have patterns on their surfaces called Antigens That are similar to patterns on surface of human heart cells (mimicry)

Strep mutans & Strep pyogenes (Strep throat)

Strep mutans & Strep pyogenes …….not all ____ can cause this heart issue

Streptococci bacteria

Effects of Capsules Special Case ..capsules enable bacterium to stick to and infect lungs =

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Ways capsule infection 1) Enable bacterium to stick to target and being biofilm (here lung cells) 2) Capsule is generic type of sugar that can be found in other parts of the human body Thus – when macrophage detects glob of capsule sugar The macrophage does not know there is a bacterium buried inside that goo And macrophage goes on by Protection thus = camouflage 3) Capsule is a slippery outer layer and if Macrophage attempts to phagocytize bacterium – Macrophage may obtain some capsular goo But the pathogen can slide away/ free

Strep pneumoniae (or other bacteria that have capsule)

can also have a capsule & also cause pneumonia.

Klebsiella pneumoniae

Purpose = movement (to move bacterium toward food or light or to move away from harmful environments) •Can be used identify bacteria by how arranged •Some bacteria have and others do not have Rotates 360 like boat propeller •Is rigid (like metal) •Not flexible like a whip

Outside the Cell Wall Part called Flagella

Extend from cell into environment. Are long & straw-like (hollow in center) Composed of protein subunits called flagellin. Lengthens by extruding molecules of flagellin through the hollow center & pushing flagellin through the outer tip.

filament

Filament inserts/ connects into cell via hood Is curved structure at base of filament

hook

Anchors filament & hook to the cell wall & cell membrane Ties filament to cell wall & cell membrane Anchors via Rod Either 2 rings of proteins G+ Or, 4 rings of proteins G-

basal body

Basal body, filament, hook

Structure of Flagella

When bacteria do move by flagella they move in ways called

Runs & Tumbles

means bacterium rolls around mostly in 1 area (isn’t really going anywhere --- But when finishes will have changed its direction of movement)

tumbles

means bacterium is moving in a straight line in one direction

runs

•…are for attachment •…are shorter than flagella •…are rodlike, protein & sticky bristle-like projections from cell •… can release electrical signals and thereby enable some bacteria in a biofilm to communicate with each other •(this is not the major way bacteria communicate in a biofilm)

Outside the Cell Wall part called Fimbriae

Can be important in biofilms ..can be one of the ways biofilms adhere to a surface (capsule sticking - generates more biofilms than _____)

Outside the Cell Wall part called Fimbriae

Attachment can relate to pathogenic abilities Example = Neisseria gonorrhoeae (disease gonorrhea) ..if bacteria lack ______ they cannot cause this disease

Outside the Cell Wall part called Fimbriae

•…are unique structures for archaea •…shaped like a grappling hook at end, with barbs on strand before the hook end (barbed wire) •…is a helical filament made of protein •…can have more than 100 extending from the surface •…serve to attach archaea to biological & inanimate surfaces

Hami

_____ Cells - Have nucleus - Have internal membrane-bound organelles - Are larger, 10-100 um in diameter - Have more complex structure - Composed of algae, protozoa, fungi, animals, and plants

Eukaryotic

Cytosol •Similar to cytosol of prokaryotes • ..consists of water containing, • proteins, ions, carbohydrates, lipids, wastes

Cytoplasm of Eukaryotes

Eukaryotic Cells - Nonmembranous Organelles

Ribosomes, Cytoskeleton

Eukaryotic Cells - 2 Types of Ribosomes

Free & Attached

within the cytosol •...are larger than prokaryotic ribosomes

Free

Ribosomes ______ to the endoplasmic reticulum • (are part of the RER)

Attached

Is internal network of fibers & tubules •…anchors organelles •…serves in cytoplasmic streaming •..ie., helps move organelles within the cytosol

Cytoskeleton

Present in some cells, Enables cell to contract •..moves the cell membrane during endocytosis & amoeboid action •..results in basic shape of the cell

Cytoskeleton

•Nucleus •Endoplasmic reticulum •Golgi Body •Vacuoles/vesicles, lysosomes, peroxisomes •Mitochondria •Chloroplasts

Eukayotic Membranous Organelles

•…usually are the largest organelle (spherical to ovoid shape) •…contains the cell’s genetic instructions (ie., DNA) •…eukaryotic cells can have 1 or multiple (multinucleate) nuclei •…some eukaryotic cells can lost the nucleus •..Ex., red blood cells (rbc) •..consequence, rbc can only live a few months •..rbcs cannot make more rbcs

Nucleus

•…surrounds the nucleus •…is made of 2 phospholipid bilayers (equal to 4 phospholipid layers) •…contains nuclear pores • ..nuclear pores control entrance & exit of substances to & from the nucleus

Nuclear Envelope

•…is continuous with the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope •…is a netlike arrangement of flattened, hollow tubes •…traverses (crosses) the cytoplasm •…functions as a transport system •…has 2 forms: smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) & rough endoplasmic reticulum RER)

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Serves as transport system Serves roles in lipid synthesis

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

Is ‘Rough’ because has ribosomes adhering to its outer surfaces •…proteins made by the ribosomes are sent to the central, hollow canal (lumen) of the RER •..once proteins are in the lumen, they are transported throughout the cell

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

Are a series of flattened hollow sacs surrounded by a phospholipid bilayer •…are the ‘shipping depot’ of the cell •…receive, process (& modify), & package large molecules for export from the cell •…packages molecules into secretions

Golgi Body

Secretions are packaged into sacs called secretory vesicles • ..secretory vesicles fuse with the cell membrane • ..secretory vesicles release their contents outside the cell via exocytosis…secretions are packaged into sacs called secretory vesicles • ..secretory vesicles fuse with the cell membrane • ..secretory vesicles release their contents outside the cell via exocytosis

Golgi Body

•…are membranous sacs that store & transfer chemicals within eukaryotic cells •…are found in plant & algal cells •…are storage organelles for starch, lipids & other substances •…can be very large

Vacules/Vesicles, Lysosomes & Peroxisomes

100

vesicle & vacuole means

sac

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Unit 1

Unit 1

Unit 4

Unit 4

問題一覧

____ are a type of Prokaryotic life

Bacteria

Internal structures

= cytosol

Cytoplasm - Internal structures

Nucleoid region - Internal structures

all bacteria have

Ribosomes - Internal structures

all bacteria have

Inclusion bodies - Internal structures

some bacteria have

Endospore/spore - Internal structures

some bacteria have

Plasmid- Internal structures

some bacteria have

… simply is the watery fluid Inside the bacterium which contains everything inside the cell (such as DNA, ribosomes, any internal structure)

Cytoplasm = Cytosol

… is free inside the cell … has NO phospholipid nuclear membrane … is Usually in form of single strand, circular DNA … is often called the nucleoid region

Bacterial DNA

are structures that make proteins … have a large and small subunit … large and small subunit lock onto mRNA to make a protein (look like a snowman with only 2 circles)

Ribosomes

often in scope photos look like grains in the cytoplasm

Ribosomes

______ of bacteria are smaller in size than ______ of eukaryotic life this difference in size of bacterial ______ from our ______ is why some antibiotics harm the bacteria and do not harm us

Ribosomes

The small subunit is called 30S The large subunit is called 50 S The entire ____ is called 70 S

Ribosomes of bacteria

Are storage areas inside the bacterium … can be made of any substance the bacterium stores for later use

Inclusion bodies

can be made of lipids, starch or other compounds (can be used for C source/ food)… gas (will enable photosynthetic bacteria to float to surface of lake toward light) (example here = cyanobacteria)

Inclusion Bodies

Important is _____ Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) … which is found in bacterium Azotobacter

Inclusion Body

is a lipid substance … and can be put in some plastics to help them degrade better in environment (some water bottles, etc.) … can also help identify Azotobacter under a microscope

Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB)

Are survival structures for bacteria (when environmental conditions become harsh the bacterium forms an endospore)

Bacterial endospores (spores)

Are spore forming bacteria. (In contrast – E. coli, Staph & Strep are Not spore formers)

Bacillus and Clostridium

are resistant to (can survive & germinate later) Drying Heat Radiation & Lethal Chemicals, such as alcohols peroxide, bleach, and more. Spores are resistant to many things

Bacterial spores

Why is bacterial spore to resistant to harsh environments?

1) Bac encounters harsh environment Spore – 1 only per bacterial cell 2) Bacterium forms spore inside itself 3) Bacterial cell disintegrates Leaves the 1 spore behind

Bacterial spores - formation

1) Bacterial spore encounters good environment for growth (may now have food May now have needed level of oxygen, etc.) 2) The 1 spore becomes 1 bacterial vegetative cell

Bacterial spores - germination

Means eats food Replicates reproduces

Bacterial vegetative cell

Spore = green dots Cells = red bacilli

Schaefer Fulton Spore Stain

Bacterial Plasmids

are Not necessary for life for the bacterium (the bacterium runs its life off its core chromosomal DNA / nucleoid region)

Bacterial Plasmids

plasmids do code for a few extra traits for the bacterium Plasmids can code for - Toxins Antibiotic resistance

Bacterial Plasmids

DNA

Bacterial Plasmids

Cell membrane Integral proteins Peripheral proteins Cell Wall Capsule fimbriae Pili flagella

Bacterial structures that are the border or at the border of bacteria

Controls what is allowed to enter Or leave A cell Is semipermeable (water/O2 can enter at will but food cannot)

Cell Membrane

Cell Membrane phospholipids (Legos) automatically Arrange themselves into a double layer called a ____.

phospholipid bilayer

phospholipids

Legos

Flow laterally over each other

A glycerol head - that is hydrophilic Linked to 2 fatty acids tails/chains - that are hydrophobic (Hydrophilic = means likes water Hydrophobic = means avoids water)

Phospholipid unit has 2 major parts.

glycerol head - cell membrane

that is hydrophilic

2 fatty acids tails/chains - cell membrane

that are hydrophobic

these phospholipids self-assemble to orient the glycerol head out toward water, •(outside and inside) •the fatty acid tails toward each other (forming a barrier)

Cell Membrane Phospholipid Bilayer

go all the way through the phospholipid bilayer

Integral Proteins

are loosely attached to one side or the other of the phospholipid bilayer

Peripheral Proteins

Cell Membrane Other Components - There are 2 types of proteins to know

Integral proteins & Peripheral proteins

_____ Cell Wall is outside of the Cell Membrane

Bacterial

____ Cell Wall is rigid and strong

Bacterial

protect the cell from effects of environmental osmotic pressure (keep bacterial cell from lysing)

Bacterial Cell Walls

Most ____ are grouped into 2 types Based on type of Cell Wall There are Gram positive bacteria Or Gram negative bacteria

bacteria

Name of special substance embedded within all bacterial cell walls

Peptidoglycan

____ is made of 2 units/ 2 Legos • N-acetylglucosamine or NAG • N-acetylmuramic acid or NAM these 2 units are similar to glucose

Peptidoglycan

NAM-NAG bars are

Strong like pencils

The “ropes’ tying the NAM-NAG bars together

4 amino acids tied to 4 amino acids

(“ropes”) Tie the bars of NAM-NAG together

Tetrapeptides

NAM-NAG bars Tied together with the Tetrapeptide (ropes)

The peptidoglycan is complete And very rigid / strong

One thick layer of peptidoglycan unique substance called Teichoic acids (Remember bacterial cell wall is outside the cell membrane)

Gram Positive Cell Wall

G+ CW

Outer membrane Periplasmic space Thin layer of peptidoglycan embedded in the Periplasmic space Inner membrane Lipopolysaccharide with head part called Lipid A

G- Cell Wall

The periplasmic space Is located between The outer membrane & The inner membrane (Periplasmic space contains the peptidoglycan layer And some digestive enzymes)

Gram- Cell Wall

G- Cell Wall

bacteria are not lysed than Lipid A stays embedded inside the intact _____ CW … And it not released into the patient … And cannot affect them.

G-

Parts of Bacterium Outside the Cell Wall

Glycocalyx

also called the capsule or slime layer (this class tends to emphasize capsule form) (Some bacteria have this part And others do not)

Glycocalyx - Parts of Bacterium Outside the Cell Wall

means one can see where the sugary layer of capsule ends and where the environment begins

Capsule type of Glycocalyx

means one cannot tell where the sugary layer of slime ends and where the environment begins

Slime type of Glycocalyx

Glycocalyx

Streptococcus mutans - Outside the Cell Wall Capsule

Begins biofilm on teeth = helps form cavities (microbes release acids as waste product, erodes teeth)

Strep mutans & Strep pyogenes (Strep throat)

Strep mutans & Strep pyogenes …….not all ____ can cause this heart issue

Streptococci bacteria

Effects of Capsules Special Case ..capsules enable bacterium to stick to and infect lungs =

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Strep pneumoniae (or other bacteria that have capsule)

can also have a capsule & also cause pneumonia.

Klebsiella pneumoniae

Outside the Cell Wall Part called Flagella

filament

Filament inserts/ connects into cell via hood Is curved structure at base of filament

hook

Anchors filament & hook to the cell wall & cell membrane Ties filament to cell wall & cell membrane Anchors via Rod Either 2 rings of proteins G+ Or, 4 rings of proteins G-

basal body

Basal body, filament, hook

Structure of Flagella

When bacteria do move by flagella they move in ways called

Runs & Tumbles

means bacterium rolls around mostly in 1 area (isn’t really going anywhere --- But when finishes will have changed its direction of movement)

tumbles

means bacterium is moving in a straight line in one direction

runs

Outside the Cell Wall part called Fimbriae

Can be important in biofilms ..can be one of the ways biofilms adhere to a surface (capsule sticking - generates more biofilms than _____)

Outside the Cell Wall part called Fimbriae

Attachment can relate to pathogenic abilities Example = Neisseria gonorrhoeae (disease gonorrhea) ..if bacteria lack ______ they cannot cause this disease

Outside the Cell Wall part called Fimbriae

Hami

_____ Cells - Have nucleus - Have internal membrane-bound organelles - Are larger, 10-100 um in diameter - Have more complex structure - Composed of algae, protozoa, fungi, animals, and plants

Eukaryotic

Cytosol •Similar to cytosol of prokaryotes • ..consists of water containing, • proteins, ions, carbohydrates, lipids, wastes

Cytoplasm of Eukaryotes

Eukaryotic Cells - Nonmembranous Organelles

Ribosomes, Cytoskeleton

Eukaryotic Cells - 2 Types of Ribosomes

Free & Attached

within the cytosol •...are larger than prokaryotic ribosomes

Free

Ribosomes ______ to the endoplasmic reticulum • (are part of the RER)

Attached

Is internal network of fibers & tubules •…anchors organelles •…serves in cytoplasmic streaming •..ie., helps move organelles within the cytosol

Cytoskeleton

Present in some cells, Enables cell to contract •..moves the cell membrane during endocytosis & amoeboid action •..results in basic shape of the cell

Cytoskeleton

•Nucleus •Endoplasmic reticulum •Golgi Body •Vacuoles/vesicles, lysosomes, peroxisomes •Mitochondria •Chloroplasts

Eukayotic Membranous Organelles

Nucleus

Nuclear Envelope

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Serves as transport system Serves roles in lipid synthesis

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

Golgi Body

Vacules/Vesicles, Lysosomes & Peroxisomes

100

vesicle & vacuole means

sac