Unit 1
Introduction
問題一覧
1
Pre1600’s = mostly myth asked about possible connection between plague & immunity (ancient Athens)
Ancient Greeks
2
– believed in spontaneous generation (frogs from mud)
Aristotle and other Greeks
3
First Beginning of Microbiology = 1600’s…made own microscopes
Antoni van Leewenhoek
4
…applied scopes to pond water & other samples (observed)
…saw & gave 1st reports, on ‘animalcules’ (were what we call, microorganisms today)
Antoni van Leewenhoek
5
were what we call, microorganisms today
animalcules
6
Mid 1800’s to early 1900’s
Final Beginning for Microbiology/ Real Development for Microbiology
7
Fight/ Debate over Spontaneous Generation
beginning of Scientific Method/ new thought process
8
was new concept that microbes could be cause of infectious diseases
Germ theory of disease discovery
9
had experiment with covered jars & flies..put meat in jar
..covered jars/ kept flies out (from laying eggs = maggots)
..previous thought = maggots spontaneously arose from rotting meat
Redi
10
experiment was against spontaneous generation
Redi
11
Anti-Spontaneous Generation researcher
Pasteur
12
responded to wanted to disprove spontaneous generation
..heated broth
..made swam neck flasks (allowed air in, yet settled out dust/bacteria)
..no life = no turbidity in swam neck flasks for 18 months
(some are still in museums today)
Pasteur
13
to prove there was not a flaw in the broth,
..broke some swan neck flasks open, to air
..result = growth/turbidity in broth
Pasteur
14
Emphasis on Pasteur (French) – called ______ Worked on,
…Fermentation
father of microbiology
15
Came out of Pasteur’s wine spoilage experiments which
helped establish Germ theory of disease
16
…started process Pasteurization (wine in his day, milk today)
…also created some vaccines against foul cholera (Pasteurella multocida); anthrax & rabies (these vaccines were 100 years after Jenner) (this info also in Chapter 17, 5th edition)/
Pasteur (French) – called father of microbiology
17
…experimented with bacteria and yeast
…proved yeast produce alcohol from grape juice
…proved bacteria produce acids (acetic acid = vinegar) from grape juice
Pasteur & Fermentation
18
briefly heat liquid at high temperature
…liquid does not stay at high temperature long enough, to change flavor or consistency liquid is at high temperature, long enough to kill pathogens
…liquid can still contain non-pathogenic microbes, that will later grow & spoil fluid
…thus, have expiration dates on milk
Pasteurization (Process)
19
microbe that causes disease
Term, Pathogen
20
…was at same time as Pasteur
…____ responsible for Many important concepts/techniques in microbiology
Koch (German)
21
growing microbes on plates
Koch’s discoveries
22
-concept that colony arises from single cell = 1 species
-use of Petri dishes
-use of steam to sterilize media
-simple staining methods
Koch’s discoveries
23
-that bacteria have different species
-first picture of bacteria in diseased tissue
-techniques to transfer bacteria
Koch’s discoveries
24
_____ also formulated ____ Postulates
Purpose of _____ Postulates = to determine if a particular microbes causes a specific disease
Koch
25
..1) suspected agent must always be found in the sick host, and not in a healthy host
..2) that agent is to be isolated & grown outside the sick host (in lab/using his techniques)
..3) that same agent is to be inoculated into an healthy host, & healthy host must develop disease
..4) the original, suspected agent must then be re-isolated from the 2nd sick, host
Koch Postulates
26
causes malaria
Protozoan Plasmodium
27
_____ are tiny, so small they cannot be filtered out like bacteria
Viruses
28
…separates bacteria into 2 basic groups
…bacteria are (usually)
Gram positive = purple, or
Gram negative = pink
…differences in cell response to staining, due to 2 different types of Cell Wall structures
Gram Stain
29
______ gangrene often developed for surgery patients (no handwashing before surgery/no cleaning of surgical implements)
Pre-microbial knowledge times
30
Streptococcus sp.
women very often died in childbirth (puerperal fever)
31
Semmelweis
handwashing
32
Lister
antisepsis
33
Antisepsis
Lister
34
Handwashing
Semmelweis
35
Nightingale
started Nursing
36
Started Nursing
Nightingale
37
Snow
Epidemiology
38
Epidemiology
Snow
39
Jenner
Vaccination
40
Vaccination
Jenner
41
noticed that new mothers with midwives outside the hospital had higher survival rate than those in his hospital wing who were more likely to die of puerperal fever
…noticed that a doctor who sliced his finger during an autopsy died of puerperal fever
…made his medical students wash their hands and death rate of new mothers dropped
Semmelweis
42
puerperal fever is caused by Streptococcus which is normally on the skin & in the mouth and not harmful there, but, this Streptococcus when in the bloodstream causes severe problems/puerperal fever
Semmelweis
43
idea of handwashing was not accepted in his day; he died in a mental hospital from a Streptococcus infection
Semmelweis
44
said, clean the surgery area & dressings with carbolic acid (phenol)
Lister
45
saved wounded by having clean bandages, clean clothes & bedding, fresh air
Nightingale
46
was Sherlock Holmes type of tracker for disease
...mapped the cases of a cholera outbreak on a London map
…traced the outbreak to a public water pump on London’s Broad Street
…stopped the cholera epidemic, by having that pump handle removed
This type of investigation = epidemiology
Snow
47
the study of the occurrence, distribution & spread of disease
(Snow began the field of _____)
Epidemiology
48
Example of Epidemiology Case
2003 SARS outbreak
49
1) outbreak began in China’s Guangdong province winter of 2002-2003
2) noted common set of related symptoms for new disease
…atypical pneumonia
…highly infectious
3) first victims = especially food handlers, & medical workers helping SARS patients
4) Spread
..believe 1 doctor went to hotel in Hong Kong
..infected 12 other hotel guests
..other infected hotel guests, returned home
..spread reached other parts of world
..(Realize – pressurized, sealed airplane cabins, spread disease well)
(today many airplanes have filters in air system)
..5) First Recognition of presence of disease,
…in March 2003 WHO spotted the disease pattern, and named it SARS
..6) Control measures,
..travel restrictions in some areas (ex., no flights to a certain city)
Tracking of disease (Epidemiology) discovered
50
…noted that milkmaids got a mild infection called cowpox (from milking cows)
…noted that milkmaids did not get deadlier smallpox
…milkmaids had ‘good complexions’
…inoculated boy with pus from milkmaid’s cowpox, the boy got cowpox
…then Jenner infected boy with smallpox
…the boy did not develop smallpox, was protected by immune response to previous cowpox
Jenner
51
Used arsenic (heavy metal/ very toxic) to treat syphilis
First proposed chemotherapy treatments for illness
Paul Erlich
52
1935 Discovered Sulfa Drugs = sulfonamides
These chemicals were the first antimicrobials that were widely available to the public
Sulfa drugs that had broad range of kill against bacteria.
Gerhard Domagk
53
compound produced by 1 living organism that kills or inhibits another living organism (Not synthetic/ man-made)
…often antibiotics come from filamentous bacteria in soil
Definition Antibiotic
54
…discovered by mistake
..contaminant Penicillium fungus landed on a Petri plate
..noticed zone of inhibition around fungus against the bacteria growing on the plate
… at first had difficulty in obtaining enough penicillin
…in one of the first case studies, tried to save a British police officer who had an infection, but patient died because the supply of penicillin stopped
Alexander Fleming
55
Phycology
study of algae
56
Mycology
study of fungi
57
biochemistry & reactions within cells
Microbial Metabolism
58
causes of disease
Etiology
59
sequenced genomes
…was able to discern groups based on differences in genetics
…established 3 groups called Domains ie.,
…bacteria
…archaea
…eukaryotes (all life except for bacteria, archaea)
Woese
60
use microbes to clean up pollution
Bioremediation
61
Bacteria & Archaea
Fungi
Protozoa
Algae
Viruses
Other organisms
Basic Groups for Microorganisms
62
…called prokaryote group
…no membrane bound organelles
…much smaller than other life forms (except for ‘viruses’)
…live almost everywhere there is water
…recycle matter
…almost all Bacteria, have peptidoglycan (No other life form has peptidoglycan)
…archaea tend to live in extreme environments
All other life from groups than bacteria & archaea = Eukaryotes
Bacteria & archaea
63
…have membrane bound organelles
…NO photosynthesis
…are usually saphrotropes (ie., live off dead organisms)
…differ from unicellular protozoa and from animal cells, in that fungi have, cell walls
…Have 2 Basic shapes
Fungi
64
Have 2 Basic shapes…
…yeast = unicellular
…mold = filamentous
Fungi
65
unicellular
yeast
66
filamentous
mold
67
…can reproduce by budding new smaller yeast, off bigger older, yeast
…example = Saccharomyces cerevisiae (good guy, J )
…makes alcohol (wine, beer)
..causes fresh baked bread to rise
…example = Candia albicans (bad guy L )
…causes yeast infections in women
yeast (fungi, unicellular)
68
…can reproduce by budding new smaller yeast, off bigger older, yeast
yeast (fungi, unicellular)
69
good guy, (J )
…makes alcohol (wine, beer)
..causes fresh baked bread to rise
Saccharomyces cerevisiae - yeast (fungi, unicellular)
70
bad guy (L)
…causes yeast infections in women
Candia albicans - (yeast (fungi, unicellular)
71
…antibiotic producing Penicillin, bread mold Rhizopus, Aspergillus, also some lung infections
…can form spore bearing structure, release spores to spread/reproduce = fruiting bodies
…can see on cheese, in yard as mushrooms, on your bread
mold (fungi, filamentous)
72
Are, single celled eukaryotes
…have similar nutrient needs & structures to animal cells
…can have life stages that look different (also, nonmotile and motile stages)
…usually, are motile
…classic = Paramecium, amoeba
Protozoa
73
Amoeba = Sarcodina.
use pseudopods
74
use cilia to move
(all cilia beat together like crew racing)
Ciliophora
75
have longer flagella, for movement (have fewer)
Flagellates
76
differ from plants in that, have simpler reproductive structures
…are grouped via pigmentation & cell wall structure
…Forms are unicellular & multicellular
Algae
77
…are in almost all waters
…are a major food source at base of food chain, for animals
…produce most of the oxygen in the air
Unicellular - Algae
78
are the seaweeds/kelps
…ground up and used in, ice cream (carrageenan/look for it on your ice cream ingredients), for agar = the gelatin like support material, for our plates in lab
Multicellular - Algae
79
studied because are identified by microscopic eggs
Parasitic Worms
80
are smaller even than the bacteria
…are the only microbe, first scientists missed seeing (was too small)
…are obligate, intracellular parasites of living cells
..cannot be active/’be alive,’ without being inside the host cell
Viruses
81
a host cell the viral nucleic acid (DNA or RNA),
…takes over the host cell DNA
…forces the host cell to use host cell enzymes & structures,
..to make more viral DNA & viral parts
..virus assembles inside controlled, host cell
...virus releases, to infect another host cell.
When inside
82
…consists of a protein coat encasing either DNA or RNA (the genetic material)
..DNA can be double stranded or single stranded
..RNA can be double stranded or single stranded
…some have a membrane encasing the protein coat
Virus Basic Structure
Muscles
Muscles
Bear4 · 28問 · 1年前Muscles
Muscles
28問 • 1年前Bear4
Muscles Lab 3
Muscles Lab 3
Bear4 · 102問 · 1年前Muscles Lab 3
Muscles Lab 3
102問 • 1年前Bear4
Functions of Nervous System
Functions of Nervous System
Bear4 · 231問 · 1年前Functions of Nervous System
Functions of Nervous System
231問 • 1年前Bear4
The Central Nervous System
The Central Nervous System
Bear4 · 111問 · 1年前The Central Nervous System
The Central Nervous System
111問 • 1年前Bear4
Chapter 13 The Peripheral Nervous System & Reflex
Chapter 13 The Peripheral Nervous System & Reflex
Bear4 · 94問 · 1年前Chapter 13 The Peripheral Nervous System & Reflex
Chapter 13 The Peripheral Nervous System & Reflex
94問 • 1年前Bear4
Part B: The Peripheral Nervous System & Reflex Activity
Part B: The Peripheral Nervous System & Reflex Activity
Bear4 · 31問 · 1年前Part B: The Peripheral Nervous System & Reflex Activity
Part B: The Peripheral Nervous System & Reflex Activity
31問 • 1年前Bear4
Part C: The Peripheral Nervous System & Reflex Activity
Part C: The Peripheral Nervous System & Reflex Activity
Bear4 · 71問 · 1年前Part C: The Peripheral Nervous System & Reflex Activity
Part C: The Peripheral Nervous System & Reflex Activity
71問 • 1年前Bear4
Part D: The Peripheral Nervous System & Reflex
Part D: The Peripheral Nervous System & Reflex
Bear4 · 55問 · 1年前Part D: The Peripheral Nervous System & Reflex
Part D: The Peripheral Nervous System & Reflex
55問 • 1年前Bear4
Chapter 14: The Autonomic Nervous System
Chapter 14: The Autonomic Nervous System
Bear4 · 84問 · 1年前Chapter 14: The Autonomic Nervous System
Chapter 14: The Autonomic Nervous System
84問 • 1年前Bear4
Unit 3
Unit 3
Bear4 · 122問 · 1年前Unit 3
Unit 3
122問 • 1年前Bear4
Unit 4
Unit 4
Bear4 · 33問 · 1年前Unit 4
Unit 4
33問 • 1年前Bear4
問題一覧
1
Pre1600’s = mostly myth asked about possible connection between plague & immunity (ancient Athens)
Ancient Greeks
2
– believed in spontaneous generation (frogs from mud)
Aristotle and other Greeks
3
First Beginning of Microbiology = 1600’s…made own microscopes
Antoni van Leewenhoek
4
…applied scopes to pond water & other samples (observed)
…saw & gave 1st reports, on ‘animalcules’ (were what we call, microorganisms today)
Antoni van Leewenhoek
5
were what we call, microorganisms today
animalcules
6
Mid 1800’s to early 1900’s
Final Beginning for Microbiology/ Real Development for Microbiology
7
Fight/ Debate over Spontaneous Generation
beginning of Scientific Method/ new thought process
8
was new concept that microbes could be cause of infectious diseases
Germ theory of disease discovery
9
had experiment with covered jars & flies..put meat in jar
..covered jars/ kept flies out (from laying eggs = maggots)
..previous thought = maggots spontaneously arose from rotting meat
Redi
10
experiment was against spontaneous generation
Redi
11
Anti-Spontaneous Generation researcher
Pasteur
12
responded to wanted to disprove spontaneous generation
..heated broth
..made swam neck flasks (allowed air in, yet settled out dust/bacteria)
..no life = no turbidity in swam neck flasks for 18 months
(some are still in museums today)
Pasteur
13
to prove there was not a flaw in the broth,
..broke some swan neck flasks open, to air
..result = growth/turbidity in broth
Pasteur
14
Emphasis on Pasteur (French) – called ______ Worked on,
…Fermentation
father of microbiology
15
Came out of Pasteur’s wine spoilage experiments which
helped establish Germ theory of disease
16
…started process Pasteurization (wine in his day, milk today)
…also created some vaccines against foul cholera (Pasteurella multocida); anthrax & rabies (these vaccines were 100 years after Jenner) (this info also in Chapter 17, 5th edition)/
Pasteur (French) – called father of microbiology
17
…experimented with bacteria and yeast
…proved yeast produce alcohol from grape juice
…proved bacteria produce acids (acetic acid = vinegar) from grape juice
Pasteur & Fermentation
18
briefly heat liquid at high temperature
…liquid does not stay at high temperature long enough, to change flavor or consistency liquid is at high temperature, long enough to kill pathogens
…liquid can still contain non-pathogenic microbes, that will later grow & spoil fluid
…thus, have expiration dates on milk
Pasteurization (Process)
19
microbe that causes disease
Term, Pathogen
20
…was at same time as Pasteur
…____ responsible for Many important concepts/techniques in microbiology
Koch (German)
21
growing microbes on plates
Koch’s discoveries
22
-concept that colony arises from single cell = 1 species
-use of Petri dishes
-use of steam to sterilize media
-simple staining methods
Koch’s discoveries
23
-that bacteria have different species
-first picture of bacteria in diseased tissue
-techniques to transfer bacteria
Koch’s discoveries
24
_____ also formulated ____ Postulates
Purpose of _____ Postulates = to determine if a particular microbes causes a specific disease
Koch
25
..1) suspected agent must always be found in the sick host, and not in a healthy host
..2) that agent is to be isolated & grown outside the sick host (in lab/using his techniques)
..3) that same agent is to be inoculated into an healthy host, & healthy host must develop disease
..4) the original, suspected agent must then be re-isolated from the 2nd sick, host
Koch Postulates
26
causes malaria
Protozoan Plasmodium
27
_____ are tiny, so small they cannot be filtered out like bacteria
Viruses
28
…separates bacteria into 2 basic groups
…bacteria are (usually)
Gram positive = purple, or
Gram negative = pink
…differences in cell response to staining, due to 2 different types of Cell Wall structures
Gram Stain
29
______ gangrene often developed for surgery patients (no handwashing before surgery/no cleaning of surgical implements)
Pre-microbial knowledge times
30
Streptococcus sp.
women very often died in childbirth (puerperal fever)
31
Semmelweis
handwashing
32
Lister
antisepsis
33
Antisepsis
Lister
34
Handwashing
Semmelweis
35
Nightingale
started Nursing
36
Started Nursing
Nightingale
37
Snow
Epidemiology
38
Epidemiology
Snow
39
Jenner
Vaccination
40
Vaccination
Jenner
41
noticed that new mothers with midwives outside the hospital had higher survival rate than those in his hospital wing who were more likely to die of puerperal fever
…noticed that a doctor who sliced his finger during an autopsy died of puerperal fever
…made his medical students wash their hands and death rate of new mothers dropped
Semmelweis
42
puerperal fever is caused by Streptococcus which is normally on the skin & in the mouth and not harmful there, but, this Streptococcus when in the bloodstream causes severe problems/puerperal fever
Semmelweis
43
idea of handwashing was not accepted in his day; he died in a mental hospital from a Streptococcus infection
Semmelweis
44
said, clean the surgery area & dressings with carbolic acid (phenol)
Lister
45
saved wounded by having clean bandages, clean clothes & bedding, fresh air
Nightingale
46
was Sherlock Holmes type of tracker for disease
...mapped the cases of a cholera outbreak on a London map
…traced the outbreak to a public water pump on London’s Broad Street
…stopped the cholera epidemic, by having that pump handle removed
This type of investigation = epidemiology
Snow
47
the study of the occurrence, distribution & spread of disease
(Snow began the field of _____)
Epidemiology
48
Example of Epidemiology Case
2003 SARS outbreak
49
1) outbreak began in China’s Guangdong province winter of 2002-2003
2) noted common set of related symptoms for new disease
…atypical pneumonia
…highly infectious
3) first victims = especially food handlers, & medical workers helping SARS patients
4) Spread
..believe 1 doctor went to hotel in Hong Kong
..infected 12 other hotel guests
..other infected hotel guests, returned home
..spread reached other parts of world
..(Realize – pressurized, sealed airplane cabins, spread disease well)
(today many airplanes have filters in air system)
..5) First Recognition of presence of disease,
…in March 2003 WHO spotted the disease pattern, and named it SARS
..6) Control measures,
..travel restrictions in some areas (ex., no flights to a certain city)
Tracking of disease (Epidemiology) discovered
50
…noted that milkmaids got a mild infection called cowpox (from milking cows)
…noted that milkmaids did not get deadlier smallpox
…milkmaids had ‘good complexions’
…inoculated boy with pus from milkmaid’s cowpox, the boy got cowpox
…then Jenner infected boy with smallpox
…the boy did not develop smallpox, was protected by immune response to previous cowpox
Jenner
51
Used arsenic (heavy metal/ very toxic) to treat syphilis
First proposed chemotherapy treatments for illness
Paul Erlich
52
1935 Discovered Sulfa Drugs = sulfonamides
These chemicals were the first antimicrobials that were widely available to the public
Sulfa drugs that had broad range of kill against bacteria.
Gerhard Domagk
53
compound produced by 1 living organism that kills or inhibits another living organism (Not synthetic/ man-made)
…often antibiotics come from filamentous bacteria in soil
Definition Antibiotic
54
…discovered by mistake
..contaminant Penicillium fungus landed on a Petri plate
..noticed zone of inhibition around fungus against the bacteria growing on the plate
… at first had difficulty in obtaining enough penicillin
…in one of the first case studies, tried to save a British police officer who had an infection, but patient died because the supply of penicillin stopped
Alexander Fleming
55
Phycology
study of algae
56
Mycology
study of fungi
57
biochemistry & reactions within cells
Microbial Metabolism
58
causes of disease
Etiology
59
sequenced genomes
…was able to discern groups based on differences in genetics
…established 3 groups called Domains ie.,
…bacteria
…archaea
…eukaryotes (all life except for bacteria, archaea)
Woese
60
use microbes to clean up pollution
Bioremediation
61
Bacteria & Archaea
Fungi
Protozoa
Algae
Viruses
Other organisms
Basic Groups for Microorganisms
62
…called prokaryote group
…no membrane bound organelles
…much smaller than other life forms (except for ‘viruses’)
…live almost everywhere there is water
…recycle matter
…almost all Bacteria, have peptidoglycan (No other life form has peptidoglycan)
…archaea tend to live in extreme environments
All other life from groups than bacteria & archaea = Eukaryotes
Bacteria & archaea
63
…have membrane bound organelles
…NO photosynthesis
…are usually saphrotropes (ie., live off dead organisms)
…differ from unicellular protozoa and from animal cells, in that fungi have, cell walls
…Have 2 Basic shapes
Fungi
64
Have 2 Basic shapes…
…yeast = unicellular
…mold = filamentous
Fungi
65
unicellular
yeast
66
filamentous
mold
67
…can reproduce by budding new smaller yeast, off bigger older, yeast
…example = Saccharomyces cerevisiae (good guy, J )
…makes alcohol (wine, beer)
..causes fresh baked bread to rise
…example = Candia albicans (bad guy L )
…causes yeast infections in women
yeast (fungi, unicellular)
68
…can reproduce by budding new smaller yeast, off bigger older, yeast
yeast (fungi, unicellular)
69
good guy, (J )
…makes alcohol (wine, beer)
..causes fresh baked bread to rise
Saccharomyces cerevisiae - yeast (fungi, unicellular)
70
bad guy (L)
…causes yeast infections in women
Candia albicans - (yeast (fungi, unicellular)
71
…antibiotic producing Penicillin, bread mold Rhizopus, Aspergillus, also some lung infections
…can form spore bearing structure, release spores to spread/reproduce = fruiting bodies
…can see on cheese, in yard as mushrooms, on your bread
mold (fungi, filamentous)
72
Are, single celled eukaryotes
…have similar nutrient needs & structures to animal cells
…can have life stages that look different (also, nonmotile and motile stages)
…usually, are motile
…classic = Paramecium, amoeba
Protozoa
73
Amoeba = Sarcodina.
use pseudopods
74
use cilia to move
(all cilia beat together like crew racing)
Ciliophora
75
have longer flagella, for movement (have fewer)
Flagellates
76
differ from plants in that, have simpler reproductive structures
…are grouped via pigmentation & cell wall structure
…Forms are unicellular & multicellular
Algae
77
…are in almost all waters
…are a major food source at base of food chain, for animals
…produce most of the oxygen in the air
Unicellular - Algae
78
are the seaweeds/kelps
…ground up and used in, ice cream (carrageenan/look for it on your ice cream ingredients), for agar = the gelatin like support material, for our plates in lab
Multicellular - Algae
79
studied because are identified by microscopic eggs
Parasitic Worms
80
are smaller even than the bacteria
…are the only microbe, first scientists missed seeing (was too small)
…are obligate, intracellular parasites of living cells
..cannot be active/’be alive,’ without being inside the host cell
Viruses
81
a host cell the viral nucleic acid (DNA or RNA),
…takes over the host cell DNA
…forces the host cell to use host cell enzymes & structures,
..to make more viral DNA & viral parts
..virus assembles inside controlled, host cell
...virus releases, to infect another host cell.
When inside
82
…consists of a protein coat encasing either DNA or RNA (the genetic material)
..DNA can be double stranded or single stranded
..RNA can be double stranded or single stranded
…some have a membrane encasing the protein coat
Virus Basic Structure