science

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derived from the Greek word oikos, meaning "house or a place to live in".

ecology

refers to the sum of all external factors acting on an organism or community of organisms

environment

which includes the ______ organisms like plants and animals,

living things ( biotic )

elements such as air, water and soil.

abiotic nonliving

the basic functional unit in ecology, refers to the living component, the environment and the interaction between and among them.

ecosystem

is an interdisciplinary field that covers both the physical sciences - physics, chemistry, biology; geology, geography, resource technology, and engineering - and social sciences resource conservation and management, demography, economics, politics, and ethics (Miller, 1994).

environmental science

the study of the lower levels of organization, from atom to organism. It is believed that understanding the lower levels of organization will enhance understanding of the higher levels.

reductionist approach

Is the process by which people develop awareness, concern and knowledge of the environment and its diverse values and processes, and learn to use this understanding to preserve, conserve and utilize the environment in a sustainable manner for the benefit of present and future generations.

environmental education

Living things are interdependent with one another and with their environment.

interdependence/ interrelatedness

It is believed that a diverse community is a stable community. The more species present, the more stable the community because several species keep other species in check, preventing any species from overpopulating the habitat.

diversity and stability

It has been said that the only constant thing on this Earth is

change

Ecosystems are capable of self-maintenance and self-regulation. Predation kills off some members of the population and is a good regulator of population density.

balance of nature

means that there are limitations and boundaries to utilization. Extraction of resources should be anchored on the concepts of sustainable development and wise utilization.

finiteness of resources

is the undesirable accumulation of substances resulting in diminished quality and utility of a resource.

pollution

resources means efficient management by maintaining a balance between population growth and resource use.

stewardship

Actions that address the needs of the present without compromising the needs of the future generations to meet their own needs are embodied in the concept of sustainable development.

sustainability

All living things are composed of ____ that bond together to form _____

atoms, molecules

_____ group together to form a _____ which is an aggregation of cells performing a common function or functions.

cell, tissue

Tissues compose an ____ which is an aggregation of tissues usually forming a definite shape, and performing a definite function within an _____ system.

organ

is a group of organs that perform coordinated functions together to keep the organism alive and functioning well.

organ system

The scope of _____ includes the study of all these and may extend to the level of the organism, such as behavior and the organism's mechanisms for interacting with its environment.

biology

Ecology starts from the study of the _____ overlapping with biology in this level, such as in how an individual would behave in its own group or in relation to the environment.

organism

is any living thing. A group of organisms that are similar in appearance, behavior and genetic make-up belong to the same species.

organism

The group of individuals belonging to one species and are found together in a defined area at a certain time is called a _____

population

_______ describes the degree of crowdedness of a population in a given area.

population density

_____ be computed from the number of individuals or the total population biomass per unit space, such as seven dogs in a 1000 m' compound, or nine tons of rice per hectare of riceland.

crude density

_____ describes the number or biomass per unit of space that is actually available to the population. For example, all the estuarine crocodiles in the Philippines would be crude density, which would have for denominator the total area of the country's estuarine waters; on the other hand, ecological density would be all the estuarine crocodiles in the smaller total area of the localities where they are endemic.

ecological or specific density

is the distribution of organisms over the space where they are found. Three patterns have been observed: clumped, random and uniform.

dispersion

______ the most common type of pattern since the soil or medium on which the organisms are found in nature are not uniform.

clumped distribution

____ is rare in nature, occurring only where the soil is generally rich so that the plants can grow and thrive anywhere.

random distribution

is found in artificial cultivated areas such as orchards.

uniform distribution

______ corresponds to what is termed in humans as _____ or the number of new individuals produced in the population for a period of time, for example, 2.3 babies per day; or 2 bacteria per 20 minutes; or 12 mice in 3 weeks.

natality,birth rate

_____ is known as _____ rate in human demographics, or the number of deaths in a given time period. Although mortality may be a helpful population indicator, the more descriptive aspect is that of survival rate which may be expressed as 1-M, with M representing mortality.

mortality, death rate

is an important feature of a population since the increase or decrease of population size determines its interaction with other populations in the community and its impact on the environment.

growth

classifies the population according to age brackets or to general age groups such as prereproductive, reproductive, postreproductive (Odum, 1971).

age distribution

of a population is its theoretical capacity to produce the maximum number of offsprings in ideal conditions. The concept is exemplified by the scenario of a couple of flies that under ideal conditions could mate and overpopulate the planet several times.

reproductive potential

has properties that may be used to further clarify its composition and its interaction with the environment, like species dominance, diversity, relative abundance, species richness and evenness.

community

is attained by a species in a community by virtue of a greater number of individuals, or by size such as the overwhelming sizes of sequoia trees, or any other attribute that enables the species to control the community.

dominance

is the opposite of dominance, a case where no single species has a greater number or biomass or other relative importance than other species in the community.

diversity

The community is always situated in a place where the populations could eat, be sheltered and reproduce.

ecosystem

The community is always situated in a place where the populations could eat, be sheltered and reproduce.

ecosystem

The setting would include necessary nonliving components such as soil, water, air and the cycles that keep and renew them, called the

biogeochemical cycles

Together, they compose the nonliving environment. Thus, the _____ composed of the community, the ____ or their nonliving environment, and their interactions together form a system that supports life on the earth.

biota,abiota

the basic unit of ecology because it includes the living and nonliving components.

ecosystem

The size of an ecosystem may vary as the area being defined. For example, the Pacific Ocean with its countless populations of marine animals, plants, fungi and bacteria, eubacteria and archaea set in saline waters and substratum, and sea air and all the dynamics binding them together is a

marine ecosystem

Some distinguish between natural systems and manmade systems including artificial ecosystems set up in laboratories for experimental purposes and which are called

micro ecosystem

A large community may be distinguished by a climax vegetation McGraw-Hill Boston, Massachusetts or outstanding feature and be called a

biome

All the biomes in the world together form the _____ which is defined as the domain of all the living organisms and which covers the lowest part of the atmosphere, called the

biosphere, troposphere

all the bodies of water where life is found, called the ____

hydrosphere

the soil domain called

lithosphere

which is the biosphere and all the interactions occurring in them.

ecosphere

_____ is necessary for maintaining the life processes of organisms.

energy

_____ is the source of all the energy that goes into the ecosystem.

sun

______ radiated on to the earth where a tiny fraction of it (a little over 1%) is tapped by plants and used in ______

solar energy, photosynthesis

In this process, solar energy is released in the form of light waves called ____

photons

The sugars, mainly glucose, contain what is called _____ that can be used by the plant for its own food, growth and maintenance.

photochemical

Because plants produce their own food without direct assistance from other organisms, they are called ____ (self. feeders).

autotrophs

They are also recognized as the _____ of the ecosystem because they tap solar energy which otherwise would be unavailable for the rest of the organisms, and because they feed the other organisms.

producers

Organisms that feed on plants are called ____

herbivores

while organisms that feed on other organisms are called ____

carnivores

The herbivores and carnivores depend on plants and other organisms for their food, and are therefore called ____ ( other feeders )

heterotrophs

and are considered as the ______ of the ecosystem.

consumers

Organisms that consume both plants and animals are called ____\\.

omnivores

the sequence of eating and heing eaten may be described by a

food chain

Each levei or link in the chain is called a _____

tropic level

Another example of a grazing food chain is that found at sea where the producers are the microscopic algae called

phytoplankton

Because of these myriad possibilities, it becomes obvious that a realistic representation of the ____

trophic structure

the more conspicuous type because it is usually composed of large plants and animals that are familiar to people but it is not the major food web in terrestrial and in some aquatic ecosystems, except for example at sea and in lakes.

grazing food web

energy is never created nor destroyed but is transformed from one form to another.

first law thermodynamics

states that as energy is transformed, it degrades or diminishes.

second law of thermodynamics

Substances that organisms need to survive are called ____

nutrients

Nutrients move through the ecosystem in cycles called ___

biogeochemical cycles

is an example of a negative-zero interaction wherein one organism is inhibited while the other is not affected.

amensalism

is an example of amensalistic interaction wherein the amensal (the organism that negatively affects) secretes substances that affects/limits the growth of the other organism but the interaction is not beneficial to the amensal.

allelopathy

_____ is a form of positive-zero interaction wherein the ______(organism that benefits), also referred to as _____ hitchhiker (organism that benefits), attaches itself to the host while the host is neither helped nor harmed by the interaction (Starr and Taggart, 1987).

commensalism, commensal,hitchhiker

_______ is another type of negative-positive interaction wherein the host (negatively affected organism) provides nourishment to the parasite (organism that benefits).

parasitism

Parasites that live entirely or part of their life cycle within their hosts (e.g., tapeworm, malarial parasite, SARS virus) are called ________.

endoparasites

is an example of a positive-negative interaction wherein the predator (organism that benefits) eats the prey (the negatively affected organism).

predation

There are two categories of competition that both apply to different species or individuals of the same species. When organisms actually fight for a resource, it is called ______

interference competition

If the organisms have equal access to a specific resource but differ in how quickly or efficiently they exploit it, the interaction is

exploitative competition

an example of a positive-negative interaction where two species (interspecific competition) or two individuals of the same species (intraspecific competition) strive to obtain the same limited resource.

competition

The population of two species may positively or negatively affect the existence of one another in the community. We call this

species interaction

refers to the interaction between two species where both are benefitted.

mutualism

Mutually beneficial relationships between organisms are either ____

facultive or obligatory

When both species benefit from the interaction but each can live without the other, it is called a

falcultative mutualism

neither one of two interacting species can survive for long without the other.

obligate mutualism

states that they have specific ranges of minimum and maximum limits of tolerance that affect their survival, growth and reproduction and, therefore, their abundance and distribution in nature.

law of tolerance

the ultimate energy source of the ecosystem is vital to survival.

sunlight

are two important physical factors that limit the distribution and abundance of organisms.

sunlight and temperature

states that when there is not enough of a certain nutrient in the environment, the growth of the organism that needs that nutrient will be severely limited.

law of the minimum

Studies also show that too much of any nutrient will likewise limit growth, giving rise to the

law of limiting factor

beyond which additional sunlight will not result in greater photosynthesis. There are plants that actually undergo less photosynthesis beyond their saturation point.

saturation point

involves the three spheres as it cycles through the soil, waterways and atmosphere. It originates from the crust and mantle of the earth and is spewed out during volcanic eruptions.

sulfur cycle

This is mainly a sedimentary cycle since ______ is not found in the atmosphere. It is based on phosphorus containing rocks that are mined or are naturally weathered.

phosphorus cycle

is the process by which nitrogen is returned to the atmosphere.

denitrification

is where bacteria such as the Nitrosomonas use ammonia to produce their energy needs by converting it to nitrous acid and water, and then to nitrate and nitrite with a yield of energy.

nitrification

involves the breakdown of dead organisms and their proteins and nucleic acids are further broken down into amino acids.

mineralization or ammonification

Inorganic carbon such as CO, has its pool in the atmosphere and in water. The amount in the atmosphere is determined by the two living processes of photosynthesis and respiration, and by human activities involving combustion or the burning of matter.

carbon cycle

When rain falls where does it go? Some of it immediately evaporate. going to the atmosphere. Some are absorbed by plants, gets into the soil, and is stored as groundwater. Some run off the land surface and into streams, lakes and rivers. All the water on the earth surface and in the water table eventually drain down to the sea.

water cycle

exam

exam

Operational

Operational

marketing

marketing

fil

fil

MICE

MICE

TOUR GUIDING

TOUR GUIDING

cruise industry

cruise industry

APPLIED ECONOMICS

APPLIED ECONOMICS

TOURISM POLICY

TOURISM POLICY

FILIPINO

FILIPINO

marketing 2

marketing 2

anyo

anyo

問題一覧

derived from the Greek word oikos, meaning "house or a place to live in".

ecology

refers to the sum of all external factors acting on an organism or community of organisms

environment

which includes the ______ organisms like plants and animals,

living things ( biotic )

elements such as air, water and soil.

abiotic nonliving

the basic functional unit in ecology, refers to the living component, the environment and the interaction between and among them.

ecosystem

environmental science

the study of the lower levels of organization, from atom to organism. It is believed that understanding the lower levels of organization will enhance understanding of the higher levels.

reductionist approach

environmental education

Living things are interdependent with one another and with their environment.

interdependence/ interrelatedness

diversity and stability

It has been said that the only constant thing on this Earth is

change

Ecosystems are capable of self-maintenance and self-regulation. Predation kills off some members of the population and is a good regulator of population density.

balance of nature

means that there are limitations and boundaries to utilization. Extraction of resources should be anchored on the concepts of sustainable development and wise utilization.

finiteness of resources

is the undesirable accumulation of substances resulting in diminished quality and utility of a resource.

pollution

resources means efficient management by maintaining a balance between population growth and resource use.

stewardship

Actions that address the needs of the present without compromising the needs of the future generations to meet their own needs are embodied in the concept of sustainable development.

sustainability

All living things are composed of ____ that bond together to form _____

atoms, molecules

_____ group together to form a _____ which is an aggregation of cells performing a common function or functions.

cell, tissue

Tissues compose an ____ which is an aggregation of tissues usually forming a definite shape, and performing a definite function within an _____ system.

organ

is a group of organs that perform coordinated functions together to keep the organism alive and functioning well.

organ system

The scope of _____ includes the study of all these and may extend to the level of the organism, such as behavior and the organism's mechanisms for interacting with its environment.

biology

Ecology starts from the study of the _____ overlapping with biology in this level, such as in how an individual would behave in its own group or in relation to the environment.

organism

is any living thing. A group of organisms that are similar in appearance, behavior and genetic make-up belong to the same species.

organism

The group of individuals belonging to one species and are found together in a defined area at a certain time is called a _____

population

_______ describes the degree of crowdedness of a population in a given area.

population density

_____ be computed from the number of individuals or the total population biomass per unit space, such as seven dogs in a 1000 m' compound, or nine tons of rice per hectare of riceland.

crude density

ecological or specific density

is the distribution of organisms over the space where they are found. Three patterns have been observed: clumped, random and uniform.

dispersion

______ the most common type of pattern since the soil or medium on which the organisms are found in nature are not uniform.

clumped distribution

____ is rare in nature, occurring only where the soil is generally rich so that the plants can grow and thrive anywhere.

random distribution

is found in artificial cultivated areas such as orchards.

uniform distribution

natality,birth rate

mortality, death rate

is an important feature of a population since the increase or decrease of population size determines its interaction with other populations in the community and its impact on the environment.

growth

classifies the population according to age brackets or to general age groups such as prereproductive, reproductive, postreproductive (Odum, 1971).

age distribution

reproductive potential

has properties that may be used to further clarify its composition and its interaction with the environment, like species dominance, diversity, relative abundance, species richness and evenness.

community

dominance

is the opposite of dominance, a case where no single species has a greater number or biomass or other relative importance than other species in the community.

diversity

The community is always situated in a place where the populations could eat, be sheltered and reproduce.

ecosystem

The community is always situated in a place where the populations could eat, be sheltered and reproduce.

ecosystem

The setting would include necessary nonliving components such as soil, water, air and the cycles that keep and renew them, called the

biogeochemical cycles

biota,abiota

the basic unit of ecology because it includes the living and nonliving components.

ecosystem

marine ecosystem

Some distinguish between natural systems and manmade systems including artificial ecosystems set up in laboratories for experimental purposes and which are called

micro ecosystem

A large community may be distinguished by a climax vegetation McGraw-Hill Boston, Massachusetts or outstanding feature and be called a

biome

All the biomes in the world together form the _____ which is defined as the domain of all the living organisms and which covers the lowest part of the atmosphere, called the

biosphere, troposphere

all the bodies of water where life is found, called the ____

hydrosphere

the soil domain called

lithosphere

which is the biosphere and all the interactions occurring in them.

ecosphere

_____ is necessary for maintaining the life processes of organisms.

energy

_____ is the source of all the energy that goes into the ecosystem.

sun

______ radiated on to the earth where a tiny fraction of it (a little over 1%) is tapped by plants and used in ______

solar energy, photosynthesis

In this process, solar energy is released in the form of light waves called ____

photons

The sugars, mainly glucose, contain what is called _____ that can be used by the plant for its own food, growth and maintenance.

photochemical

Because plants produce their own food without direct assistance from other organisms, they are called ____ (self. feeders).

autotrophs

They are also recognized as the _____ of the ecosystem because they tap solar energy which otherwise would be unavailable for the rest of the organisms, and because they feed the other organisms.

producers

Organisms that feed on plants are called ____

herbivores

while organisms that feed on other organisms are called ____

carnivores

The herbivores and carnivores depend on plants and other organisms for their food, and are therefore called ____ ( other feeders )

heterotrophs

and are considered as the ______ of the ecosystem.

consumers

Organisms that consume both plants and animals are called ____\\.

omnivores

the sequence of eating and heing eaten may be described by a

food chain

Each levei or link in the chain is called a _____

tropic level

Another example of a grazing food chain is that found at sea where the producers are the microscopic algae called

phytoplankton

Because of these myriad possibilities, it becomes obvious that a realistic representation of the ____

trophic structure

grazing food web

energy is never created nor destroyed but is transformed from one form to another.

first law thermodynamics

states that as energy is transformed, it degrades or diminishes.

second law of thermodynamics

Substances that organisms need to survive are called ____

nutrients

Nutrients move through the ecosystem in cycles called ___

biogeochemical cycles

is an example of a negative-zero interaction wherein one organism is inhibited while the other is not affected.

amensalism

allelopathy

commensalism, commensal,hitchhiker

_______ is another type of negative-positive interaction wherein the host (negatively affected organism) provides nourishment to the parasite (organism that benefits).

parasitism

Parasites that live entirely or part of their life cycle within their hosts (e.g., tapeworm, malarial parasite, SARS virus) are called ________.

endoparasites

is an example of a positive-negative interaction wherein the predator (organism that benefits) eats the prey (the negatively affected organism).

predation

There are two categories of competition that both apply to different species or individuals of the same species. When organisms actually fight for a resource, it is called ______

interference competition

If the organisms have equal access to a specific resource but differ in how quickly or efficiently they exploit it, the interaction is

exploitative competition

competition

The population of two species may positively or negatively affect the existence of one another in the community. We call this

species interaction

refers to the interaction between two species where both are benefitted.

mutualism

Mutually beneficial relationships between organisms are either ____

facultive or obligatory

When both species benefit from the interaction but each can live without the other, it is called a

falcultative mutualism

neither one of two interacting species can survive for long without the other.

obligate mutualism

states that they have specific ranges of minimum and maximum limits of tolerance that affect their survival, growth and reproduction and, therefore, their abundance and distribution in nature.

law of tolerance

the ultimate energy source of the ecosystem is vital to survival.

sunlight

are two important physical factors that limit the distribution and abundance of organisms.

sunlight and temperature

states that when there is not enough of a certain nutrient in the environment, the growth of the organism that needs that nutrient will be severely limited.

law of the minimum

Studies also show that too much of any nutrient will likewise limit growth, giving rise to the

law of limiting factor

beyond which additional sunlight will not result in greater photosynthesis. There are plants that actually undergo less photosynthesis beyond their saturation point.

saturation point

involves the three spheres as it cycles through the soil, waterways and atmosphere. It originates from the crust and mantle of the earth and is spewed out during volcanic eruptions.

sulfur cycle

This is mainly a sedimentary cycle since ______ is not found in the atmosphere. It is based on phosphorus containing rocks that are mined or are naturally weathered.

phosphorus cycle

is the process by which nitrogen is returned to the atmosphere.

denitrification

is where bacteria such as the Nitrosomonas use ammonia to produce their energy needs by converting it to nitrous acid and water, and then to nitrate and nitrite with a yield of energy.

nitrification

involves the breakdown of dead organisms and their proteins and nucleic acids are further broken down into amino acids.

mineralization or ammonification

carbon cycle

water cycle