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believed that the real self is not the physical body, but rather the psyche (or soul). “I know that I don’t know” The soul is immortal.

Socrates

Socrates’s prized student “Good actions give strength to ourselves and inspire good actions in others”

Plato

the ultimate reality which tends to be permanent and spiritual

Ontos

which refers to the manifestation of the ideal.

Phenomena

“all knowledge leads to God” He believed that the self was an inner, immaterial.

St. Augustine

“I think, therefore I am” Father of Modern Psychology

Rene Descartes

“I think, therefore I am” Father of Modern Psychology According to him the self is constant; it is not prone to change, and is not affected by time.

Rene Descartes

Human mind at birth is a tabula rasa, which means that knowledge is derived from experience.

John Locke

“all knowledge is derived from human senses”

David Hume

is the theory that reason, rather experience, is the foundation of all knowledge.

Rationalism

is the idea that the origin of all knowledge is sense experience.

Empiricism

“wish fulfillment is the road to the unconsciousness” creator of 3 levels of consciousness

Sigmund Freud

3 levels of consciousness

Conscious, Per-conscious, Unconscious

deals with awareness of present perceptions, feelings, thought, memories and fantasies

Conscious

data that can readily be brought to consciousness

Per-conscious

refers to data but now easily available to the individual’s scrutiny.

Unconscious

is a personality theory based on the notion that an individual gets motivated by unseen forces.

Psychoanalytic Theory

3 parts of the psyche/mind

Id, Ego, Super Ego

“I act, therefore I am”

Gilbert Ryle

“the physical brain and not the imaginary mind gives us our sense of self”

Paul Churchland

physical body is an important part of the self His perspective is human beings are embodied subjectivities, and that the understanding of the self should begin from this fundamental fact.

Maurice Merleau-Ponty

It is the study of human societies and Culture and Development through time and space in the past and present. The word anthropology has two roots: [ anthrop- ] and [ -ology ]. Anthrop- means “about human beings,” and -ology means “a type of science." Anthropology is a type of science about human beings.

Anthropology

Anthrop- means

human beings

ology means

type of science

is a scientist that focuses on understanding patterns of human behavior of a certain group in a given socio-cultural context.

Anthropologist

The Four Subfields of Anthropology

Archaeology, Biological Anthropology, Linguistic Anthropology, Cultural Anthropology

study of human history

Archaeology

is a scientist who studies artifacts in order to discover how these people lived their lives. Artifacts are tools and objects past people have made.

Archaeologist

are interested in human evolution, from our origins and diversity in the past to our probable future as inhabitants of this planet.

Biological Anthropologist

Interest focuses on using language as a means to discover a group’s manner of social interaction and his worldview

Linguistic Anthropology

Explores the diversity of past and present Culture is described as a group of people’s ways of life.

Cultural Anthropology

is interested in knowing what makes one group’s manner of living particular to that group and forms an essential part of the member’s personal and social identity.

Cultural anthropologist

the tendency to judges other cultures by one owns culture

Ethnocentrism

respecting and accepting all cultures

Cultural relativism

The following are ways in which culture may manifest itself in people:

Symbols, Rituals, Heroes, Values

The words, gestured, pictures or objects that have a recognized/ accepted meaning in a particular culture.

Symbols

Are activities (may be religious or social) participated in by a group of people for the fulfillment of desired objectives and are considered to be socially essential

Rituals

Persons form the past or present who have characteristics that are important in culture

Heroes

Are considered to be the core of every culture

Values

2 Aspects of Self

Explicit, Implicit

aspect of the self that you are consciously aware

Explicit

not immediately available to the consciousness

Implicit

A particular way of viewing things that depends on one’s experience and personality.

Perspective

is the study of mind and behavior.

Psychology

The 5 Basic Goal of Psychology

OBSERVE BEHAVIOR AND DESCRIBE, EXPLAIN, PREDICT, GOAL, IMPROVE

generally refers to emotions, moods and feelings Affective

Affective

is related to the process of cognition.

Cognitive

he is considered to be a leading thinker of the late nineteenth century, one of the most influential philosophers of the United States, and the "Father of American psychology"

William James

Main concept of Self according to James

Me-self, I-self

is the phenomenal self, the experienced self, or the self as known.

Me-self

is the self-thought or the self-knower

I-self

Sub Categories of Self

Material Self, Social Self, Spiritual Self

It is constituted by our bodies, clothes, immediate family and home.

Material Self

It is based on our interactions with society and the reaction of people towards us.

Social Self

It is the most intimate because it is more satisfying for the person that they can argue and discriminate against one’s moral sensibility, conscience and indomitable will.

Spiritual Self

He was an American philosopher, sociologist, and psychologist, where he was one of several distinguished pragmatists.

George Herbert Mead

who an individual really is. It is also known as “unsocialized self”

is the awareness of how others expect one to behave. It is also known as “socialized self”

Was an American psychologist and among the founders of the humanistic approach to psychology.

Carl Ransom Rogers

3 Components of “Self-Concept” by carl ransom rogers

Perceived Self, The Real Self, The Ideal Self

as rooted from early infancy is called the simple being.

True Self

is our defense façade. Overlaying or contradicting the original sense of self

Fake Self

is derived from the Latin word ‘socius’ and the Greek word ‘logos’, which means the ‘study of society’.

Sociology

the study of human behavior in the society.

Sociology

Sociology in greek

logos

Sociology in latin word

Socius

is the study of human behavior in the society.

Sociology

American psychologist who is most known for his ecological systems theory.

Urie Bronfenbrenner

The Ecological System Theory

Microsystem, Mesosystem, Exosystem, Macrosystem, Chronosystem

He described the self as a ‘dimension of personality that is made-up of the individual’s self-awareness and self-image’.

GEORGE HERBERT MEAD

Mead’s Three Stages of Self Information

Preparatory stage, Play stage, Game stage

- Small, immediate environment the child lives in.

Microsystem

The different parts of a child’s microsystem work together for the sake of the child.

Mesosystem

Other people and places that the child herself may not interact with often herself but that still have a large effect on her.

Exosystem

The largest and most remote set of people and things to a child but which still has a great influence over the child.

Macrosystem

Life changes and transitions that will affect young people over time.

Chronosystem

at this stage, children’s behavior is primarily based on imitation

Preparatory Stage

at this stage, children begin to role play and pretend to be other people.

Play Stage

this stage the child begins to consider several tasks and various types of relationships simultaneously.

Game Stage

He stated that people learn who they are through their social interaction with other people.

CHARLES HORTON COOLEY

He believed that the process of developing a self has three phases: a. people imagine how they present themselves to others, b. people imagine how others evaluate them, and c. people develop some sort of feeling about themselves as a result of those impressions.

The looking-glass self

a process when people are concerned with controlling how others view them.

Impression management

Known for his role in the development of Modern American Sociology.  One of his popular work was The Presentation of the Self in Everyday Life.  Impression management – a process when people are concerned with controlling how others view them.

Erving Goffman

Canadian-born American psychologist and originator of social cognitive theory who is probably best known for his modeling study on aggression, referred to as the “Bobo doll” experiment,

Albert Bandura

Social Learning Theory

Vicarious Learning, Self-reinforcers, Self-efficacy

occurs when a person is motivated to learn by watching someone else work and be rewarded.

Vicarious Learning

refer to the desired outcomes a person can give themselves.

Self-reinforcer

refers to a person’s belief about their ability to perform a behavior successfully

Self-efficacy

Understanding the self 4

dethevos gaming · 34問 · 2年前

Understanding the self 4