Lesson #2

62問 • 1年前

問題一覧

What is Data? Data can be explained in 3 ways: (such as measurements or statistics) used as a basis for reasoning, discussion, or calculation.

Factual Data

What is Data? Data can be explained in 3 ways: ________ in digital form that can be transmitted or processed.

Information

What is Data? Data can be explained in 3 ways: ________ by a sensing device that includes both useful and irrelevant or redundant information and must be processed to be meaningful.

Output

What is Data? • In computing, data is information that has been translated into a form that is efficient for movement or processing. • Relative to today's computers and transmission media, data is information converted into digital form. • It is acceptable for data to be used as a singular subject or a plural subject. Raw data is a term used to describe data in its most basic digital format.

True

What is Data? • The concept of data in the context of computing has its roots in the work of Claude Shannon, an American mathematician known as the father of information theory. • He used binary digital concepts based on applying two-value Boolean logic to electronic circuits.

True

What is Data? • Binary digit formats underlie the CPUs, semiconductor memories and disk drives, as well as many of the peripheral devices common in computing today. • Early computer input for both control and data took the form of punch cards, followed by magnetic tape and the hard disk.

True

What is Data? Early computer input for both control and data took the form of punch cards, followed by magnetic tape and the hard disk.

True

What is Data? • Any kind of logic, function, expression, or theory based on the work of George _______ is considered ________. • ________ is a form of data with only two possible values (usually "true" and "false") ________ algebra, a logical calculus of truth values or set membership. • Example: The comparisons 3 < 5, x < 5, x < y and Age < 16 are _______ expressions. The comparison 3 < 5 will always give the result true, because 3 is always less than 5.

Boolean

What is Data? • _______ describes a numbering scheme in which there are only two possible values for each digit: 0 and 1. • _______ code, code used in digital computers, based on a _______ number system in which there are only two possible states, off and on, usually symbolized by 0 and 1. • Whereas in a decimal system, which employs 10 digits, each digit position represents a power of 10 (100, 1,000, etc.), in a binary system each digit position represents a power of 2 (4, 8, 16, etc.).

Binary

What is Data? • Early on, data's importance in business computing became apparent by the popularity of the terms "data processing" and "electronic data processing," which is now known better as Information Technology.

True

What is Data? Over the history of corporate computing, specialization occurred, and a distinct data profession emerged along with growth of corporate data processing.

True

Types of Data _______ or _______ Data is data that can’t be measured or counted in the form of numbers.

Qualitative or Categorical Data

Types of Data These types of data are sorted by category, not by number. That’s why it is also known as _________. These data consist of audio, images, symbols, or text. The gender of a person, i.e., male, female, or others, is ________.

Qualitative or Categorical Data

Types of Data __________ is about the perception of people. This data helps market researchers understand the customers’ tastes and then design their ideas and strategies accordingly.

Qualitative or Categorical Data

Types of Data • _______ Data is used to label variables without any order or quantitative value. • The colour of hair can be considered ______ data, as one colour can’t be compared with another colour. • These type of data cannot be sorted. They don’t have any meaningful order; their values are distributed to distinct categories.

Nominal Data

Types of Data • ________ have natural ordering where a number is present in order by their position on the scale. • These data are used for observation like customer satisfaction and happiness but can’t do any numerical tasks cannot be done on them. Ordinal data is qualitative data for which their values have relative position. • These type of data can be considered as “in-between” the qualitative data and quantitative data. The ordinal data only shows the sequences and cannot use for statistical analysis. Compared to the nominal data, _______ data have an order that is not present in nominal data.

Ordinal Data

Types of Data ___________ can be expressed in numerical values, which makes it countable and includes statistical data analysis. • These kinds of data are also known as Numerical data. It answers the questions like, “how much,” “how many,” and “how often.” • Example, the price of a phone, the computer’s ram, the height or weight of a person, etc., falls under the quantitative data. • __________ can be used for statistical manipulation and these data can be represented on a wide variety of graphs and charts such as bar graphs, histograms, scatter plots, boxplot, pie charts, line graphs, etc.

Quantitative Data

Types of Data • The term _______ means distinct or separate. The _______ data contain the values that fall under integers or whole numbers. • The total number of students in a class is an example of ______ data. These data can’t be broken into decimal or fraction values. • The ________ data are countable and have finite values; their subdivision is not possible. These data are represented mainly by a bar graph, number line, or frequency table.

Discrete Data

Types of Data • __________ are in the form of fractional numbers. • It can be the version of an android phone, the height of a person, or the length of an object. • __________ represents information that can be divided into smaller levels. The continuous variable can take any value within a range. • The key difference between discrete and ________ data is that discrete data contains the integer or whole number. Still, continuous data stores the fractional numbers to record different data such as temperature, height, width, time, and speed.

Continuous Data

How is Data Stored? • Every piece of data in a computer is stored as a number. • Example, letters are converted to numbers, and photographs are converted to a large set of numbers that indicate the color and brightness of each pixel. The numbers are then converted to binary numbers. • Conventional numbers use ten digits, from 0-9, to represent all possible values. Binary numbers use two digits, 0 and 1, to represent all possible values. The numbers 0 through 8 look like this as binary numbers: 0, 1, 10, 11, 100, 101, 110, 111, 1000. • Binary numbers are very long, but with binary numbers any value can be stored as a series of items which are true (1) or false (0), such as North/South, Charged/Uncharged, or Light/Dark.

True

How is Data Stored? • The main data storage in most computers is the hard disk drive. It is a spinning disk or disks with magnetic coatings and heads that can read or write magnetic information, like how cassette tapes work. • In fact, early home computers used cassette tapes for data storage. Binary numbers are recorded as a series of tiny areas on the disc which are magnetized either North or South. • Floppy disks, ZIP drives, and tapes all use magnetism to record binary numbers. The data on tapes and disks can be destroyed if they come too close to magnets.

Primary data storage

How is Data Stored? • Some new laptop computers use solid state drives (SSD) for primary data storage. These have memory chips, such as memory chips in USB keys, SD cards, MP3 players, cell phones and so on. • Binary numbers are recorded by charging or not charging a series of tiny capacitors in the chip. Electronic data storage is more rugged than magnetic data storage, but after several years the capacitors lose their ability to store electrical charges.

Other Data Storage

How is Data Stored? • CDs and DVDs use optics to store binary numbers. As the disk spins, a laser is either reflected or not reflected by a series of tiny mirrored sections on the disk. • Writable disks have a reflective layer that can be changed by the laser in the computer. Disks are long-lasting, but fragile; scratches on the plastic layer prevent the laser from correctly reading reflections from the aluminum layer.

Temporary Data storage

How is Data Stored? • Drives, disks and USB keys are used for long term data storage. Within the computer there are many areas for short term electronic data storage. • Small amounts of data are temporarily stored in a keyboard, printer and sections of the motherboard and processor.

Temporary data storage

How is Data Stored? • Larger amounts of data are temporarily stored in the memory chips and video card. • ___________ storage areas are designed to be smaller but faster than long term storage, and do not retain the data when the computer is turned off.

Temporary data storage

How is Data Stored? • Data is stored as lots of binary numbers, by magnetism, electronics or optics. While the computer is operating, data is also stored in many temporary locations.

Organizing Data storage

How is Data Stored? • Software is responsible for organizing, moving and processing all those numbers. The computer's BIOS contains simple instructions, stored as data in electronic memory, to move data in and out of different storage locations and around the computer for processing.

Organizing Data storage

How is Data Stored? • Example, the computer operating system contains instructions for organizing data into files and folders, managing temporary data storage, and sending data to application programs and devices such as printers. Finally, application programs process the data.

Organizing Data Storage

How To Analyze Data? There are two ways to analyze data: • Data Analysis in Qualitative Research • Data Analysis in Quantitative Research

True

Analyzing Data : Data Analysis in Qualitative Research • Data Analysis and Research in subjective information work somewhat better than numerical information as the quality information consists of words, portrayals, pictures, objects, and sometimes images. Getting knowledge from such entangled data is a confounded procedure; thus, it is usually utilized for exploratory research as well as data analysis. Finding Patterns in the Qualitative Data • Although there are a few different ways to discover patterns in the printed data, a word- based strategy is the most depended and broadly utilized global method for research and analysis of data. • Prominently, the process of data analysis in qualitative research is manual. Here the specialists, as a rule, read the accessible information and find monotonous or frequently utilized words.

True

Analyzing Data : Data Analysis in Quantitative Research Preparing Data for Analysis • The primary stage in research and analysis of data is to do it for the examination with the goal that the nominal information can be changed over into something important. The preparation of data comprises the following: • Data Validation • Data Editing • Data Coding • For quantitative statistical research, the utilization of descriptive analysis regularly gives supreme numbers. However, the analysis is never adequate to show the justification behind those numbers. Still, it is important to think about the best technique to be utilized for research and analysis of data.

True

Data Processing Cycle : • The data processing cycle is the framework that data center managers use to make data accessible and useful to users. Data enters the data center where it is processed, and then it is sent to the user who makes use of it in a business application. • The part of the data lifecycle referred to as the data processing cycle is divided into the following three stages: • Data is collected from multiple sources such as point-of-sale locations, call centers and sensors. • Data is then sorted, organized, cleansed and entered into a database or system. It is then transformed into a format that users can understand and make use of. • The newly processed and transformed data is sent to users or stored in a way that they will have access to it when needed.

True

Types of Information Information can be categorized into six: • __________ comes from ideas, theories, concepts, hypothesizes and more. • With __________, an abstract idea is not always rooted in scientific foundation and rather is the fundamental creation of beliefs, thoughts, philosophies and preferences. • _________ Information through comparison and reflection, creating philosophies that cannot be proven or seen.

Conceptual Information

Types of Information : • ________ Information, or imperative knowledge, is the method of how someone knows to do something and used by performing a task. It can be referred to as muscle memory, since it is knowledge that is hard to explain and stored deeply in mind. • Examples of ________ Information: • Riding a bicycle • Driving a car • Tying a shoelace

Procedural Information

Types of Information • _______ Information focuses on decision making and the design, formation and selection of policies. It comprises laws, guidelines, regulations, rules and oversight for an organization, group of people or place. You can gain _______ information through pictures, diagrams, descriptions and other visual, audio or written messages.

Policy Information

Types of Information : • _________ Information is information that creates a response or _________amongst a person or group of people. • Stimulation encourages the cause of activity and can gain ________ information a variety of ways, like in person through observation, through word-of-mouth communication or through outlets like the news. • Example, a person observing the body language and nonverbal communication of someone walking nearby. If the stimulation is positive, they may say hello and start a conversation perhaps or, if the stimulation is not positive, they may respond by walking the other way, running away or creating more distance between them.

Stimulatory Information

Types of Information : • ________ Information means information gained through human senses, observation, experimentation and the testing of a hypothesis by establishing documentation of patterns or behavior. • It almost always has a scientific foundation and verifies the truth or falsehood of a claim through qualitative and quantitative factors. • Examples of ________ Information: • Electricity • Atomic theory • Theory of gravity • Kinetic theory of matter • Genetics and DNA

Empirical Information

Types of Information • _________ Information is about providing directions to a person or group of people to achieve a particular result and outcome. • _________ Information often comes in verbal or written form and can apply to leadership at work, in the military or government and with everyday experiences, like legal, life and safety matters. • Examples of _______ and _______ Information: • Coaching • Employment performance reviews • Military commands • Directive leadership

Directive or Descriptive Information

Types of Information Another way to classify information is through these four attributes: • _________ Information deals only with truthful and proven concepts, like the scientific fact the freezing point of water is 32 degrees Fahrenheit.

Factual Information

Types of Information Another way to classify information is through these four attributes: • ________ Information is the interpretation of Factual Information, determining what is implied or inferred, like making ice cubes by storing them in freezers colder than 32 degrees.

Analytical Information

Types of Information ______ is that from one point of view, like opinions.

Subjective Information

Types of Information ________ is that from several points of view that offer all sides of an argument, like scientific or medical journal articles and publications.

Objective Information

Converting Data to Information : • Data and Information are not the same. Data refers to numerical and qualitative observations. • Information is created when data is presented in a way that has meaning to the recipient. • To turn data into information, it must be processed and organized. Presenting data in a way that has meaning and value is called information design, and it is an important field in both information architecture and human-computer interaction.

True

What is a System? • A System can be defined as a collection of components that work together towards a common goal. • The objective of a system is to receive inputs and transform these into outputs.

True

• The basic components of a system: ______ involves capturing and assembling elements that enter to the system to be processed. Some of the inputs are raw materials, energy, data.

Input

• The basic components of a system: ________ involves transformation process that converts input to output.

Processing

• The basic components of a system: _______ involves transforming element that has been produced by a transformation process to their ultimate destination.

Output

• The basic components of a system: _______ is output that is used to make changes to input or processing activities.

Feedback

Types of Systems There are 4 types of Systems: When the interrelated components of a system interact with one another and are controlled by management.

Dynamic System

Types of Systems There are 4 types of Systems: • Dynamic System implementing the concept of feedback and control.

Cyber Native System

Types of Systems There are 4 types of Systems: • It is interoperable, able to exchange and make use of information between different software and hardware that adhere to the same open standard.

Open System

Types of Systems There are 4 types of Systems: • A System having the ability to change itself and its environment in order to survive.

Adoptive System

What are Information Systems? • An information system can be any organized combination of people, hardware, software, communication software and data resource that collects transformation or screening the information in an organization. • Businesses tend to have several "information systems" operating at the same time. For most businesses, there are a variety of requirements for information:

True

Components of Information Systems _______ are required for the operation of any Information System. People Resources are divided into two types:

People Resources

Components of Information Systems : • __________ of an Information system are typically organized in two parts:

Data Resources

Components of Information Systems : • _________ include all physical devices and materials used in information processing. Two types of ________ Resources are as follows:

Hardware resources

Components of Information Systems : • These are the fundamental resource components of all information Systems. Two types of ________ Resources are:

Network Resources

Need for Information Systems in Business : • Business Information Systems allow the company to maintain needed records of its activities for financial and regulatory purposes as well as for finding the causes of problems and taking corrective action. • The information system stores documents and revision histories, communication records and operational data. Some of their uses are for: • Operational efficiencies • Cost reductions • Supply of information to decision-makers • Better customer service • Continuous availability of the systems • Growth in communication capabilities and methods

True

Types of Business Information Systems : • _____ is primarily concerned with internal sources of information. • _____ usually take data from the Transaction Processing Systems and summarizes it into a series of management reports. • _____ reports tend to be used by middle management and operational supervisors.

Management Information Systems (MIS)

Types of Business Information Systems : • _____ are specifically designed to help management make decisions in situations where there is uncertainty about the outcomes of those decisions. • _____ use tools and techniques to help gather relevant information and analyze the options and alternatives. • _____ often involves use of complex spreadsheet and databases to create "what-if" models.

Decision Support Systems (DSS)

Types of Business Information Systems : • _____ exist to help businesses create and share information. • They are typically used in businesses where employees create new knowledge and expertise, which can then be shared by other people in the organization to create further commercial opportunities. Examples include firms of Lawyers, Accountants and Management Consultants. • _____ are built around systems which allow efficient categorization and distribution of knowledge. • Example, the knowledge itself might be contained in word processing documents, spreadsheets, PowerPoint presentations. internet pages etc. To share the knowledge, a _____ would use group collaboration systems, such as an intranet.

Knowledge Management Systems (KMS)

Types of Business Information Systems : • ____________ Systems try to improve the productivity of employees who need to process data and information. • Some ______________ Systems are the wide range of software systems that exist to improve the productivity of employees working in an office (Example, Microsoft Office XP), or systems that allow employees to work from home or while on the move.

Office Automation Systems

Lesson #2

Jay Jayel · 30問 · 1年前

Lesson #2