Lesson #3

74問 • 1年前

問題一覧

Basics of Computer : • The literal meaning of computer is a device that can calculate. However, modern computers can do a lot more than calculate. • Computer is an electronic device that receives input, stores or processes the input as per user instructions and provides output in desired format.

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Basics of Computer : Input-Process-Output Model : • Computer input is called data and the output obtained after processing it, based on user’s instructions is called information. • Raw facts and figures which can be processed using arithmetic and logical operations to obtain information are called data.

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Types of Computer : • Analog Computer • Digital Computer • Hybrid Computer

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Types of Computer • This computer is particularly designed to process analog data. Continuous data that changes continuously and cannot have discrete values is called ______ data. • So, an ______ computer is used where we don’t need exact values or need approximate values such as speed, temperature, pressure etc.

Analog Computer

Types of Computer • It can directly accept the data from the measuring device without first converting it into numbers and codes. • It measures the continuous changes in physical quantity. It gives output as a reading on a dial or scale. • Example: speedometer, mercury thermometer.

Analog computer

Types of Computer • ______ Computers are designed in such a way that it can easily perform calculations and logical operations at high speed. • It takes raw data as an input and processes it with programs stored in its memory to produce the final output.

Digital computer

Types of Computer • It only understands the binary input 0 and 1, so the raw input data is converted to 0 and 1 by the computer and then it is processed by the computer to produce the result or final output. • All modern computers, like laptops, desktops including smartphones are digital computers.

Digital computer

Types of Computer • As the name suggests _____, which means made by combining two different things. • Similarly, the ______ computer is a combination of both analog and digital computers. ______ computers are fast like an analog computer and have memory, and accuracy like a digital computer.

Hybrid computer

Types of Computer • So, it can process both continuous and discrete data. For working when it accepts analog signals as input then it converts them into digital form before processing the input data. • So, it is widely used in specialized applications where both analog and digital data is required to be processed. A processor which is used in petrol pumps that converts the measurements of fuel flow into quantity and price is an example of a ______ computer.

Hybrid computer

Types of Computer Based on size, there are five types of computers: • Supercomputer • Mainframe computer • Minicomputer • Workstation • PC (Personal Computer)

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Types of Computer •_______ are the biggest and fastest computers (in terms of speed of processing data) •_______ are designed such that they can process a huge amount of data, like processing trillions of instructions or data just in a second.

Supercomputer

Types of Computer • This is because of the thousands of interconnected processors in supercomputers. It is basically used in scientific and engineering applications such as weather forecasting, scientific simulations, and nuclear energy research. • It was first developed by Roger Cray in 1976.

Supercomputer

Types of Computer • ________ are the computers which are the fastest and they are also very expensive. • It can calculate up to ten trillion individual calculations per second, this is also the reason which makes it even faster.

Supercomputer

Types of Computer • It is used in the stock market or big organizations for managing the online currency world such as bitcoin etc. • It is used in scientific research areas for analyzing data obtained from exploring the solar system, satellites, etc

Supercomputer

Types of Computer • _______ Computers are designed in such a way that it can support hundreds or thousands of users at the same time. • It also supports multiple programs simultaneously. So, they can execute different processes simultaneously.

Mainframe computers

Types of Computer : • All these features make the ______ computer ideal for big organizations like banking, telecom sectors, etc., which process a high volume of data in general. • Vendors of ________ include IBM, Unisys, DELL and Hewlett-Packard.

Mainframe computers

Types of Computer : • _______ is a medium size multiprocessing computer. • In this type of computer, there are two or more processors, and it supports 4 to 200 users at one time. It is usually connected to a terminal.

Minicomputer

Types of Computer • _______ are used in places like institutes or departments for different work like billing, accounting, inventory management etc. • It is smaller than a mainframe computer but larger in comparison to the microcomputer. • Types of ________ include Laptops, Smartphones, Tablet PCs, iPads and Desktop Mini PCs.

Minicomputer

Types of Computer • _______ is designed for technical or scientific applications. • It consists of a fast microprocessor, with a large amount of RAM and high-speed graphic adapter. • It is a single-user computer. It generally used to perform a specific task with great accuracy.

Workstation

Types of Computer • It is also known as a microcomputer. It is basically a general-purpose computer and designed for individual use.

PC (Personal Computer)

Types of Computer • It consists of a microprocessor as a central processing unit(CPU), memory, input unit, and output unit. • This kind of computer is suitable for personal work such as making an assignment, watching a movie, or at office for office work, etc. Example, Laptops and desktop computers.

PC (Personal Computer)

What is Computer Based Information Systems? • Computer Based Information Systems (CBIS) is a data processing system into a high- quality information and can be used as tools that support decision- making, coordination and control as well as visualization and analysis. • Some terms related to CBIS include data, information, systems, information systems and computer base.

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What is Computer Based Information Systems? • Information Systems is an information generating system. • With the integration between subsystems owned, information systems will be able to provide quality information, precise, fast and accurate in accordance with the management who need them.

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Components of Computer Based Information Systems Hardware • These are all the physical aspects of a computer system. They are tangible, which means can be seen and touched. • Hardware components are the electronic or mechanical instruments, like keyboard, monitor, printer. • They help the users interface with the software and display the result of the tasks being performed.

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Components of Computer Based Information Systems There are 4 types of hardware, which are: • For users to _____ data into the computer system. Example: Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner

Input hardware

Components of Computer Based Information Systems There are 4 types of hardware, which are: • To translate and display the result of the data processing. Example: Monitor Screen, Printer

Output hardware

Components of Computer Based Information Systems There are 4 types of hardware, which are: • Where data and information are processed and manipulated to perform the task at hand. It is also the workspace of the computer, where it temporarily stores data. Example: Central Processing Unit (CPU), Read Only Memory (RAM)

Processing and Memory Hardware

Components of Computer Based Information Systems There are 4 types of hardware, which are: • Where the computer system stores data permanently. Example: Harddisk, Pendrive

Secondary Storage Hardware

Components of Computer Based Information Systems • The term ______ refers to computer programs and the manuals (if any) that support them. • Computer programs are machine-readable instructions that direct the circuitry within the hardware parts of the Computer Based Information Systems (CBIS) to function in ways that produce useful information from data.

Software

Types of software include; • These specialized programs allow the communication between software and hardware. • The _________ run all the other computer programs and regulate the startup process of the computer. Example: Windows XP, Macintosh

Operating system

• ________ helps maintain and protect the computer system. Example, Anti-virus Software

Utility Software

• Software that interprets computer language and translates it into machine language. It also checks for errors in language syntax and fixes the problems.

Language processors

This types of software control the hardware, the reading of the data and other such internal functions.

System software

• This software allows the computer to share information and communicate with each other.

Connectivity software

Components of Computer Based Information Systems • The ______ interacting with the computer system are also an element of it. This element is also called as Liveware. There are three types of people that interact with the system, namely:

People

• Professionals who write the computer programs and have technical knowledge of computers and computer languages.

Programmers

• They mainly design data processing systems, and solve problems that arise in data processing

System Analyst

• Also known as operators, they are the people who interact with the computer system

End users

• ______ are facts that are used by program to produce useful information. • Like programs, ______ are generally stored in machine-readable from on disk or tape until the computer needs them

Data

• _______ are the policies that govern the operation of a computer system. • “_______ are to people what software is to hardware” is a common analogy that is used to illustrate the role of _______ in a CBIS.

Procedures

Types of Computer Based Information Systems • Computer Based Information Systems (CBIS) is a constellation of a variety of information systems, such as Office Automation Systems (OAS), Transaction Processing Systems (TPS), Management Information Systems (MIS), and Management Support Systems (MSS). • Management Support Systems consist of Decision Support Systems (DSS), Expert Systems (ES), Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), and Executive Support Systems (ESS).

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Types of Computer Based Information Systems • Executive Support Systems are Executive Information Systems with added decision support capabilities. • The types of CBIS are based on the levels of management, ranging from non management level (secretaries, clerical workers), operational level management, and middle level management, to top level (senior) management.

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Types of Computer Based Information Systems An _____ ______ _____ is the tool that enables data to move from one system to another on its own without human intervention and inaccuracies.

Office Automation System (OAS)

• These tools help organizations collect, manage, and analyze securely to accomplish everyday tasks and processes. It optimizes and automates existing business processes and procedures.

Office Automation System (OAS)

• __________ Systems reduce manual effort and store a large amount of data in little space. They not only streamline day-to-day tasks but also speed up information retrieval.

Office Automation System (OAS)

Accounting Information Systems • AIS will collect, process, analyze and store financial data of a company. • When needed, it will retrieve and report such data to its users, namely accountants, consultants, financial officers CFO, auditors, and government tax authorities. • There are three basic objectives of an AIS: • It helps an organization fulfill its statutory obligations of preparing and publishing certain accounting statements and information • It analyses financial data and provides reliable and accurate financial information to the users of the AIS • Protects a firms accounting data from breach or theft (which can be a significant problem)

True

• These are the users of the AIS. Internal users include accountants and other financial officers o the company. • Then there are also users outside the organization, that can be given access to the AIS. • Some such external users are auditors, consultants, tax authorities etc.

People

• An AIS mainly deals with all kinds of financial and commercial data. Any data that is pertinent to the accounting of the firm will be input data for an AIS. • Care must be taken that the data entered is accurate and complete. Examples of such data include invoices, orders, payroll, and bills.

Data

• AIS software performs all the functions of storing, processing, analyzing, retrieving financial data of a company. • The software can be generalized software that is available in the market (e.g. Tally, Oracle) or can be specialized software created specifically for a particular company and its accounting needs. • Some of this software has an inbuilt internal control and audit options. They even help in tax management.

Software

• Like any other information system, AIS will also require hardware components, such as computers, laptops, servers, printers, scanners, secondary storage hardware etc

Data

• The Transaction Processing System plays a huge role in recording and processing diverse business transactions. • It basically records, corrects, validates, processes, stores and displays information. The business employing it can later retrieve this information and use it for various purposes. • The TPS performs its tasks using many steps and procedures. Some of these steps are as follows:

Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)

• Firstly, the user enters data into the system using input devices like keyboard, mouse, barcode scanner or interactive screen.

Entry Data

• Next, the system uses a set of programs that compute and validate the data users enter in it

Validation of Data

• Once the system validates the data and checks its accuracy, it then processes it based on the user’s commands.

Processing of Data

• After processing data, the system stores it either in its short-term memory or the long-term one. This depends on the user’s command.

Storage of Data

• Finally, processed data is now called information, which is displayed to the user in pre- determined formats.

Reporting of Information

• Management Information System, more commonly known as MIS helps the organization, especially the managers, to organize and evaluate information and data, and provide information in a timely and efficient manner. • This also helps the managers make decisions based on the information and analysis the MIS provides. • As a business grows, the management of information and the decisions based on such data get more complicated. • MIS helps organize such information, so decision making becomes easier right from simple low-level decisions to strategic plans made at the top level of management.

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• MIS reports allow evaluation of the performance of employees, machinery, and even money (investment). This allows the management to make decisions about the future • Helps in cost control by pointing out turnovers, idle times, wastage of resources etc. • Compares budgets and plans to actual performances and figures. MIS can pinpoint variances and help the management in taking appropriate actions to correct the situation • MIS also identifies the strengths of the organization, allowing the management to take the opportunity to use it better • Takes away the uncertainty and risks involved with managerial decision making • Allows for data to flow smoothly along all the various levels of the organization with minimal effort, and allows for more effective communication as well • Source for information on an organization’s financial health and current financial situation

Advantages of MIS

• _________ is an interactive information system that provides information, models and data manipulation tools . • These help in making the decision in a semi-structured and unstructured situation. • __________ comprises tools and techniques to help in gathering relevant information and analyze the options and alternatives, the end user is more involved in creating DSS than an MIS. • Example: Financial Planning Systems, Bank Loan Management Systems.

Decision Support System (DSS)

• ________ include expertise in order to aid managers in diagnosing problems or in problem-solving. • These systems are based on the principles of artificial intelligence research. • ________ is a knowledge-based information system. It uses its knowledge about a specify are to act as an expert consultant to users. • Knowledgebase and software modules are the components of an ______ . These modules perform inference on the knowledge and offer answers to a user’s question

Expert System

• ________ are comprised of a node layers, containing an input layer, one or more hidden layers, and an output layer. • They are more commonly referred to as Neural Networks (NN), are computing systems inspired by the biological neural networks that constitute human brains. • Each node, or artificial neuron, connects to another and has an associated weight and threshold. • If the output of any individual node is above the specified threshold value, that node is activated, sending data to the next layer of the network. • Otherwise, no data is passed along to the next layer of the network.

Artificial Neural Network (ANN)

• A Knowledge-Based System (KBS) is a computer program that reasons and uses a knowledge base to solve complex problems. • The term is broad and refers to many kinds of systems. • The one common theme that unites all knowledge based systems is an attempt to represent knowledge explicitly and a reasoning system that allows it to derive new knowledge. • Thus, a knowledge-based system has two distinguishing features: a knowledge base and an inference engine.

Knowledge Based System (KBS)

• ______ is part of the flexible workspace industry that provides businesses with any combination of services, space and/or technology, without those businesses bearing the Capital Expenses of owning or leasing a traditional office. • _______ services started in the 1960s as serviced offices and have evolved with technology to include a wide variety of personnel, physical space, digital storage and communication services. • Customers pay a contract fee for these services which may be offered à la carte, as packages or membership subscription. The concept is popular with companies of all sizes, including self-employed entrepreneurs. • One of the primary allures of the Virtual Office is the flexibility it offers for employees and freelancers to work from a satellite office, home office, remote location or even on-the-go via a mobile device.

Virtual Office

• Access to data via a computer network information system is central, providing a "one- stop" location to find and access pertinent computer data. • Most large-scale businesses and organizations use some sort of central database to manage user information, manage advertisement lists, store product information and keep track of orders. • Examples of central database solutions are MySQL, PostgreSQL or Microsoft SQL database solutions, coupled with custom software which provides user interfaces.

Data Centrality

• Efficiency of access is a crucial advantage to networked information systems over more traditional MIS, such as paper cataloging and filing. • CBIS catalog and file documents in a set logical way, making data access very efficient and fast. • Data can be manually categorized, and filters created to automatically file documents that match certain patterns. • This increases employee productivity time by allowing workers to focus more on the task at hand rather than filing paperwork.

Access Efficiency

• CBIS are completely extensible and customizable to an organization's needs. • Upon installation, customized computer information systems use configuration files that are tailor-made to an organization's needs to file and categorize data. • Computer software engineers frequently design custom database interfaces and information storage/recovery systems for enterprise clients. As a company grows, modifications and additions to this filing configuration allow easy extensibility. • Computer information systems are not limited in scale or possibility. They are uniquely designed for maximum organizational benefit for each customer.

Extensibility

• Reducing the carbon footprint of your business can be an important factor in reaching today's green-minded consumer base. • It can greatly improve company image, give tax benefits and reduce the cost of supplies. • A digital filing system can positively change the entire groundwork for a business, and switching to a "greener" system can give ample advertising opportunities.

Going Green

• While a traditional paper filing system can be opened and looked at by anyone with access to it, a digital filing system can provide different levels of protection that can keep documents confidential. • Using passwords, specified folders for different users, data encryption and audit trails that allow you to keep a record of who has accessed what files and when, a file management system can keep your documents much more secure.

Higher security

• Speed is the duration computer system requires in fulfilling a task or completing an activity. • It is well-known that computers need very little time than humans in completing a task. • Generally, humans consider a second or minute as a unit of time. • Nevertheless, computer systems have such fast operation capacity that the unit of time is in fractions of a second. • Today, computers can do 100 million calculations per second and that is why the industry has developed Million Instructions per Second (MIPS) as the criterion to classify different computers according to speed.

Speed

• A network is defined as the connection of at least two computer systems, either by a cable or a wireless connection. • The simplest network is a combination of two computers connected by a cable is called a peer-to-peer network. • There is no hierarchy in this network. Each computer has access to the data of the other device and can share resources such as disk space, applications or peripheral devices (printers, etc.). • Today’s networks tend to be a bit more complex and don’t just consist of two computers. Systems with more than ten participants usually use client-server networks. In these networks, a central computer (server) provides resources to the other participants in the network (clients).

Network

• ______ is a system architecture that has revolutionized communications and methods of commerce by allowing various computer networks around the world to interconnect. • It is sometimes referred to as a “network of networks,”. • The ______ emerged in the United States in the 1970s but did not become visible to the general public until the early 1990s. • By 2020, approximately 4.5 billion people, or more than half of the world’s population, were estimated to have access to the Internet.

Internet

• _______ (www), or the Web, is the leading information retrieval service of the Internet, which is the worldwide computer network. • The Web gives users access to a vast array of documents that are connected to each other by means of hypertext or hypermedia links. • Hyperlinks, electronic connections link related pieces of information in order to allow a user easy access to them. • Hypertext allows the user to select a word or phrase from text and thereby access other documents that contain additional information pertaining to that word or phrase. • The Web operates within the Internet’s basic client-server format; servers are computer programs that store and transmit documents to other computers on the network when asked to, while clients are programs that request documents from a server as the user asks for them.

World Wide Web

• Telecommunication is the transmission of information by various types of technologies over wire, radio, optical or other electromagnetic systems. • _________ are the means of electronic transmission of information over distances. The information may be in the form of voice telephone calls, data, text, images, or video. • Today, __________ are used to organize remote computer systems into __________ networks. With advancement in _______ technology, companies can interact with important business players not only via phone calls but also through the internet. • With such a huge meeting capacity, businesses can enjoy greater convenience in holding meetings while saving more on meeting costs. _________ enables businesses to communicate effectively with both customers and employees.

Telecommunication

• ________ are the policies that govern the operation of an information system. • ________ are the commands for combining the components above to process information and produce the preferred output. • "________ are to people what software is to hardware" is a common analogy that is used to illustrate the role of procedures in a system. • Strategy is a generic data-processing action which can traverse into heterogeneous data structures while mixing uniform and type-specific behavior. • With strategic programming, one gains full control over the application of basic actions.

Procedures

Lesson #2

Jay Jayel · 30問 · 1年前

Lesson #2