Lesson #1

100問 • 1年前

問題一覧

What is Data & Information? • Data are facts or figures. They are bits of information, but not information itself. • When data are processed, interpreted, organized, structured or presented to make them meaningful or useful, they are called information.

True

What is Data & Information? • Example, a list of dates is data. This data is meaningless without the information that makes the dates relevant, such as dates of holiday.

True

What is Data & Information? Data and information are intricately tied together, whether one is recognizing them as two separate words or using them interchangeably, as is common today.

True

What is Data & Information? Whether they are used interchangeably depends somewhat on the usage of data in its context and grammar.

True

Misleading Data : • As data needs to be interpreted and analyzed, it is quite possible that it could be interpreted incorrectly. • When this leads to erroneous conclusions, it is said that the data are misleading. This is often a result of incomplete data or a lack of context. • Example, your investment in a mutual fund may be up by 5% and you may conclude that the fund managers are doing a great job. However, this could be misleading if the major stock market indices are up by 12%. In this case, the fund has underperformed the market significantly.

True

History of Computer Technology : • The history of computers goes back over 200 years. At first theorized by mathematicians and entrepreneurs, during the 19th century mechanical calculating machines were designed and built to solve the increasingly complex number-crunching challenges.

True

History of Computer Technology : • The advancement of technology enabled ever more-complex computers by the early 20th century, and computers became larger and more powerful.

True

History of Computer Technology : • Today, computers are almost unrecognizable from designs of the 19th century, from the huge computers of the 20th century that occupied whole rooms, such as the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator.

True

History of Computer Technology – 19th Century __________, a French merchant and inventor invents a loom that uses punched wooden cards to automatically weave fabric designs. Early computers would use similar punch cards.

1801: Joseph Marie Jacquard

History of Computer Technology – 19th Century 1821 English mathematician ________ conceives of a steam-driven calculating machine that would be able to compute tables of numbers. Funded by the British government, the project, called the "Difference Engine" fails due to the lack of technology at the time, according to the University of Minnesota.

1821 Charles Babbage

History of Computer Technology – 19th Century : ________an English mathematician and the daughter of poet Lord Byron, writes the world's first computer program. According to Anna Siffert, a professor of theoretical mathematics at the University of Münster in Germany, Lovelace writes the first program while translating a paper on Babbage's Analytical Engine from French into English.

1848: Ada Lovelace

History of Computer Technology – 19th Century • 1853: Swedish inventor _______________design the world's first printing calculator. The machine is significant for being the first to "compute tabular differences and print the results," according to Uta C. Merzbach's book, "Georg Scheutz and the First Printing Calculator" (Smithsonian Institution Press, 1977).

Per Georg Scheutz and his son Edvard

History of Computer Technology – 19th Century : 1890: ___________ designs a punch-card system to help calculate the 1890 U.S. Census. The machine, saves the government several years of calculations, and the U.S. taxpayer approximately $5 million, according to Columbia University Hollerith later establishes a company that will eventually become International Business Machines Corporation (IBM).

Herman Hollerith

History of Computer Technology – Early 20th Century : • 1931: At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Vannevar Bush invents and builds the Differential Analyzer, the first large-scale automatic general-purpose __________, according to Stanford University.

Mechanical analog computer

History of Computer Technology – Early 20th Century : ___________, a British scientist and mathematician, presents the principle of a universal machine, later called the _____ machine, in a paper called "On Computable Numbers”. The central concept of the modern computer is based on his ideas. Turing is later involved in the development of the Turing-Welchman Bombe, an electro-mechanical device designed to decipher Nazi codes during World War II, according to the UK's National Museum of Computing.

1936: Alan Turing

History of Computer Technology – Early 20th Century : a professor of physics and mathematics at Iowa State University, submits a grant proposal to build the first electric-only computer, without using gears, cams, belts or shafts.

1937: John Vincent Atanasoff

History of Computer Technology – Early 20th Century : __________ found the ______ ________ Company in Palo Alto, California. The pair decide the name of their new company by the toss of a coin, and Hewlett-Packard's first headquarters are in Packard's garage.

1939: David Packard and Bill Hewlett

History of Computer Technology – Early 20th Century : 1941: German inventor and engineer ________ completes his Z3 machine, the world's earliest digital computer. The machine was destroyed during a bombing raid on Berlin during World War II. Zuse fled the German capital after the defeat of Nazi Germany and later released the world's first commercial digital computer, the Z4, in 1950.

Konrad Zuse

History of Computer Technology – Early 20th Century : 1941: Atanasoff and his graduate student, Clifford Berry, design the _________ in the U.S., called the Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC). This marks the first time a computer can store information on its main memory, and can perform one operation every 15 seconds

First digital electronic computer

History of Computer Technology – Early 20th Century : • 1945: Two professors at the University of Pennsylvania, John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert, design and build the ___________ . The machine is the first "automatic, general-purpose, electronic, decimal, digital computer“

Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC)

History of Computer Technology – Early 20th Century : 1946: Mauchly and Presper leave the University of Pennsylvania and receive funding from the Census Bureau to build the _______, the first commercial computer for business and government applications.

UNIVAC

History of Computer Technology – Early 20th Century : 1947: William Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain of Bell Laboratories invent the _________. They discover how to make an electric switch with solid materials and without the need for a vacuum.

Transistor

History of Computer Technology – Early 20th Century : • 1949: A team at the University of Cambridge develops the ______________"the first practical stored-program computer’’.

Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator (EDSAC)

History of Computer Technology – Late 20th Century : • 1953: Grace Hopper develops the first computer language, which eventually becomes known as COBOL, which stands for ____________ according to the National Museum of American History. • Hopper is later dubbed the "First Lady of Software" in her posthumous Presidential Medal of Freedom citation. Thomas Johnson Watson Jr., son of IBM CEO Thomas Johnson Watson Sr., conceives the IBM 701 EDPM to help the United Nations keep tabs on Korea during the war.

Common, Business-Oriented Language

1954: John Backus and his team of programmers at IBM publish a paper describing their newly created FORTRAN programming language, an acronym for Formula Translation, according to MIT.

True

History of Computer Technology – Late 20th Century : • 1977: The first West Coast Computer Faire was held in San Francisco. Jobs and Wozniak present the Apple II computer at the Faire, which includes color graphics and features an audio cassette drive for storage.

True

History of Computer Technology – Late 20th Century : 1978: VisiCalc, the first computerized spreadsheet program is introduced.

True

History of Computer Technology – Late 20th Century : 1979: MicroPro International, founded by software engineer Seymour Rubenstein, releases WordStar, the world's first commercially successful word processor. WordStar is programmed by Rob Barnaby, and includes 137,000 lines of code.

True

History of Computer Technology – Late 20th Century 1981: "Acorn," IBM's first personal computer, is released onto the market at a price point of $1,565, according to IBM. Acorn uses the MS-DOS operating system from Windows. Optional features include a display, printer, two diskette drives, extra memory, a game adapter and more.

True

History of Computer Technology – Late 20th Century: • 1983: The Apple Lisa, standing for "Local Integrated Software Architecture" but also the name of Steve Jobs' daughter, according to the National Museum of American History (NMAH), is the first personal computer to feature a GUI. The machine also includes a drop-down menu and icons. Also the same year, the Gavilan SC is released and is the first portable computer with a flip-form design and the very first to be sold as a "_______."

Laptop

History of Computer Technology – Late 20th Century : 1984: The Apple Macintosh is announced to the world during a Superbowl advertisement. The Macintosh is launched with a retail price of $2,500, according to the NMAH.

True

History of Computer Technology – Late 20th Century : 1985: As a response to the Apple Lisa's GUI, Microsoft releases Windows in November

True

History of Computer Technology – Late 20th Century : 1985, the Guardian reported. Meanwhile, Commodore announces the Amiga 1000.

True

History of Computer Technology – Late 20th Century : • 1989: ____________, a British researcher at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), submits his proposal for what would become the World Wide Web. His paper details his ideas for Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML), the building blocks of the Web

Tim Berners-Lee

History of Computer Technology – Late 20th Century : 1993: The Pentium microprocessor advances the use of graphics and music on PCs.

True

History of Computer Technology – Late 20th Century : 1996: Sergey Brin and Larry Page develop the Google search engine at Stanford University.

True

History of Computer Technology – Late 20th Century : • 1997: Microsoft invests $150 million in Apple, which at the time is struggling financially. This investment ends an ongoing court case in which Apple accused Microsoft of copying its operating system.

True

History of Computer Technology – Late 20th Century : 1997: Microsoft invests $150 million in Apple, which at the time is struggling financially. This investment ends an ongoing court case in which Apple accused Microsoft of copying its operating system.

True

History of Computer Technology – Late 20th Century : 1999: Wi-Fi, the abbreviated term for "wireless fidelity" is developed, initially covering a distance of up to 300 feet (91 meters).

True

History of Computer Technology – 21st Century : _______: Mac OS X, later renamed OS X then simply macOS, is released by Apple as the successor to its standard Mac Operating System. OS X goes through 16 different versions, each with "10" as its title, and the first nine iterations are nicknamed after big cats, with the first being codenamed "Cheetah

2001

_______: AMD's Athlon 64, the first 64-bit processor for personal computers, is released to Customers.

2003

2004: The ________ Corporation launches _________. The Web browser is one of the first major challenges to Internet Explorer, owned by Microsoft. During its first five years, Firefox exceeded a billion downloads by users.

Mozilla Firefox 1.0

History of Computer Technology – 21st Century • 2005: Google buys Android, a Linux-based mobile phone operating system.

True

History of Computer Technology – 21st Century 2006: The MacBook Pro from Apple hits the shelves. The Pro is the company's first Intel- based, dual-core mobile computer.

True

History of Computer Technology – 21st Century 2009: Microsoft launches Windows 7 on July 22. The new operating system features the ability to pin applications to the taskbar, scatter windows away by shaking another window, easy-to-access jumplists, easier previews of tiles and more.

True

History of Computer Technology – 21st Century • 2010: The iPad, Apple's flagship handheld tablet, is unveiled.

True

History of Computer Technology – 21st Century 2011: Google releases the Chromebook, which runs on Google Chrome OS. • 2015: Apple releases the Apple Watch. Microsoft releases Windows 10.

True

History of Computer Technology – 21st Century 2016: The first reprogrammable quantum computer was created. "Until now, there hasn't been any quantum-computing platform that had the capability to program new algorithms into their system. They're usually each tailored to attack a particular algorithm," said study lead author Shantanu Debnath, a quantum physicist and optical engineer at the University of Maryland, College Park.

True

History of Computer Technology – 21st Century : • 2017: The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) is developing a new "Molecular Informatics" program that uses molecules as computers. • "Chemistry offers a rich set of properties that we may be able to harness for rapid, scalable information storage and processing," Anne Fischer, program manager in DARPA's Defense Sciences Office, said in a statement. • "Millions of molecules exist, and each molecule has a unique three-dimensional atomic structure as well as variables such as shape, size, or even color. This richness provides a vast design space for exploring novel and multi-value ways to encode and process data beyond the 0s and 1s of current logic-based, digital architectures."

True

What is Information Technology? • Information Technology (IT) refers to everything that businesses use computers for. • Information Technology is building communications networks for a company, safeguarding data and information, creating and administering databases, helping employees troubleshoot problems with their computers or mobile devices, or doing a range of other work to ensure the efficiency and security of business information systems.

True

Origins of Information Technology : • Information Technology: the study or use of systems (especially computers and telecommunications) for storing, retrieving, and sending information. • By this definition, it could be said that Information Technology has been around some 65,000 years, the age estimation of the earliest known cave paintings where humans were most likely recording what they saw in everyday life. • Information Technology is no stranger to evolution. It evolves hand in hand with humans and their unquenchable thirst to advance.

True

Origins of Information Technology • From ancient cave drawings to alphabets and words, the complexity of what we could create has only been limited by how long it takes us to produce improvements in Information Technology. • In 1945, the development of a stored program concept allowed for programs to be read into a computer. • Its significance may have not been completely realized at the time, but the possibilities of Information Technology had grown exponentially because of it. • This development laid the foundation for the unprecedented achievements that took place in IT for the next 50 years.

True

Origins of Information Technology : • 1975 - MITS, the first personal _________ was released.

Computer

Origins of Information Technology : 1973 - Bob Metcalfe invents _______ (using a medium such as coax as an ether to send and receive data).

Ethernet

Origins of Information Technology 1989 - A person at an organization called _____ develops a document called Information Management. This is a proposal that addresses the problem of accessing information and proposes the idea of linked information systems.

CERN

Origins of Information Technology In 1993 - After developing the World Wide Web, CERN put the software in the public domain making it free of charge for anyone to use. 1. More Information on CERN Information Management: https://www.w3.org/History/1989/proposal.html 2. MITS - Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems was an American electronics company founded in Albuquerque, New Mexico that began manufacturing electronic calculators in 1971 and personal computers in 197

True

Origins of Information Technology : • Based on the storage and processing technologies employed, it is possible to distinguish four distinct phases of IT development: • Pre-Mechanical (3000 BC – 1450 AD) • Mechanical (1450–1840) • Electromechanical (1840–1940) • Electronic (1940 to present)

True

Importance of Information Technology : • The work of most organizations would be slow without functioning IT systems. It is very difficult to find a business that doesn’t at least partially rely on computers and the networks that connect them.

True

Importance of Information Technology : Maintaining a standard level of service, security and connectivity is a huge task, but it’s not the only priority or potential challenge in IT.

True

Importance of Information Technology : • More and more companies want to implement more intuitive and sophisticated solutions. IT can provide the edge that a company needs to outsmart, outpace and out-deliver their competitors.

True

Hardware & Software : • Working with Hardware and Software is a large part of an IT Department’s work. • Hardware is all the physical parts of a computer system. • They are any part, component or device related to computers and their networks that can be physically touched and manipulated. This includes hardware installed inside the computer like the motherboard, central processing unit and hard drive. • Hardware are also components that can be connected to the outside of a computer like a keyboard, mouse and printer.

True

Hardware & Software : • Unlike hardware, software is not something that can be physically changed. • Software encompasses all the data, application and programs stored electronically, like an operating system or a video-editing tool. • Nearly every IT job requires a blend of hardware and software-based know-how. • Some IT workers may spend more time working with configuring hardware components, but those components are also governed by software. • Additionally, IT professionals are responsible for deploying and setting up software applications for users.

True

Uses of Information Technology : • _____________ refers to the processes and methodologies which are designed and implemented to protect print, electronic, or any other form of confidential, private and sensitive information or data from unauthorized access, use, misuse, disclosure, destruction, modification, or disruption.

Information Security

Uses of Information Technology : • __________ is at the heart of an integrated network management system, providing the interface between all functions of the network management system.

Database and Network Management

Uses of Information Technology : • It is a type of assistance that is given to computer users, as a result of needs or problems that may arise with the software and with the hardware of their computers, networks, etc.

Technical Support

Uses of Information Technology : • The term is often used more specifically for software that helps a business to accomplish specific goals through the applied principles that the software supports.

Business Software Development

Value of Information Technology • The value of information is directly linked to how it helps decision makers achieve the organization’s goals – distinguish data from information and describe the characteristics used to evaluate the value of data.

True

Value of Information Technology : IT Departments define value as being able to provide a service in a technologically efficient and secure manner. Customers define value as being able to receive the “best” services at competitive prices.

True

Why Is Information Technology Important for Business? • Technology has become a major portion of everyday life. People in nearly every job or role are required to have some knowledge of computers and software. Information Technology (IT) is used by organizations for a variety of reasons. • Information Technology helps organizations function more efficiently in: • Communication with customers • Efficiency of operations • Business culture and class relations • Security • Research capacity

True

Information Technology & Its Role in Business Communication Between Employees, Suppliers and Customers • For many companies, email is the principal means of communication between employees, suppliers and customers.

True

Information Technology & Its Role in Business Communication Between Employees, Suppliers and Customers • Email was one of the early drivers of the Internet, providing a simple and inexpensive means to communicate.

True

Information Technology & Its Role in Business Communication Between Employees, Suppliers and Customers • Over the years, several other communications tools have also evolved, allowing staff to communicate using live chat systems, online meeting tools and video-conferencing systems. Voice over internet protocol (VOIP) telephones and smart-phones offer even more high-tech ways for employees to communicate

True

Information Technology & Its Role in Business When it comes to managing _________, organizations need to maintain enough stock to meet demand without investing in more than they require.

Inventory Management Systems

Information Technology & Its Role in Business _____________ track the quantity of each item a company maintains, triggering an order of additional stock when the quantities fall below a pre-determined amount.

Inventory Management Systems

Information Technology & Its Role in Business These systems are best used when the __________ is connected to the point-of-sale (POS) system. The POS system ensures that each time an item is sold, one of that item is removed from the ________ count, creating a closed information loop between all departments.

Inventory Management Systems

Information Technology & Its Role in Business The days of large file rooms, rows of filing cabinets and the mailing of documents is fading fast.

Data Management Systems

Information Technology & Its Role in Business Today, most companies store digital versions of documents on servers and storage devices. These documents become instantly available to everyone in the company, regardless of their geographical location.

Data Management Systems

Information Technology & Its Role in Business Companies can store and maintain a tremendous amount of historical data economically, and employees benefit from immediate access to the documents they need.

Data Management Systems

Information Technology & Its Role in Business Storing data is only a benefit if that data can be used effectively. Progressive companies use that data as part of their strategic planning process as well as the tactical execution of that strategy.

Management Information Systems

Information Technology & Its Role in Business Management Information Systems (MIS) enable companies to track sales data, expenses and productivity levels. The information can be used to track profitability over time, maximize return on investment and identify areas of improvement.

Management Information Systems

Information Technology & Its Role in Business Managers can track sales daily, allowing them to immediately react to lower-than- expected numbers by boosting employee productivity or reducing the cost of an item.

Management Information Systems

Information Technology & Its Role in Business Companies are using IT to improve the way they design and manage customer relationships. ___________ Management (CRM) systems capture every interaction a company has with a customer, so that a more enriching experience is possible.

Customer Relationship Management

Information Technology & Its Role in Business If a customer calls a call center with an issue, the customer support representative will be able to see what the customer has purchased, view shipping information, call up the training manual for that item and effectively respond to the issue.

Customer Relationship Management

Information Technology & Its Role in Business The entire interaction is stored in the CRM system, ready to be recalled if the customer calls again. The customer has a better, more focused experience and the company benefits from improved productivity.

Customer Relationship Management

Information Technology & Its Role in Business IT has been used for forecasting revenues, determining the best sources and uses of funds and managing cash and other financial resources. IT has also been used to analyze investments and perform audits.

Finance and Accounting

Information Technology & Its Role in Business Operational data can be analyzed to determine the best advertising and sales approaches. IT systems help to do product and price analysis, which in turn helps to determine the product prices in order to yield optimum revenue.

Sales and Marketing

Information Technology & Its Role in Business IT has been extensively used for processing customer orders, controlling inventory levels, developing production schedules and for monitoring product quality. A whole new discipline — Computer Aided Design (CAD) and Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) has evolved due to application of IT to design and manufacturing.

Manufacturing

Information Technology & Its Role in Business Companies are using IT systems for screening applicants and conducting various tests

Human Resource Management

Information Technology & Its Role in Business It can be defined as the discipline of applying specific processes and principles to initiate, plan, execute and manage the way that new initiatives or changes are implemented within an organization.

Project Management

Information Technology & Its Role in Business Investment firms heavily use information systems to analyze stocks, bonds and options to provide better service to their clients.

Data Analysis

Concepts of Information Technology Computer networks are systems of information processing components that are a variety of hardware, software and telecommunication technology.

Technology

Concepts of Information Technology That electronic business and commerce application involves interconnected business information system

Application

Concepts of Information Technology That developing way to use IT in business includes designing the basic component of information system.

Development

Concepts of Information Technology Managing IT emphasize the quality, strategic business value and security of an organization in information system.

Management

IT Devices & Networks Create More IT Jobs • With all this tech, lots of humans are needed to create, install, maintain, and protect it all. • In the United States in 2020, there were 3.9 million postings for tech occupation job openings. This trend is showing no signs of slowing down, with shortages of workers in all six sectors of Information Technology. • ______ main categories for IT Related Jobs would be:

Jobs Related to Information Technology _________ assists individuals having technical problems with hardware and software.

IT Support Technicians

Jobs Related to Information Technology Set up, administer, maintain and upgrade networks, allowing devices to interact with networks.

Networking Technicians

Jobs Related to Information Technology ________ protect systems, networks, and programs from digital attacks.

Cyber Security Experts

Jobs Related to Information Technology _________ the multitaskers of information technology; they have to understand computer hardware, software, and networks, and make them work together.

Computer Systems Analysts

100

Jobs Related to Information Technology ________ write and test the code that makes up software programs. ________ build websites and the infrastructure behind them.

Programmers & Web developers

Lesson #2

Jay Jayel · 30問 · 1年前

Lesson #2