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micro final pt.2

micro final pt.2
51問 • 2年前
  • Devin Mulligan
  • 通報

    問題一覧

  • 1

    hypertonic condition

    the solute concentration on the inside of the cell is higher than that on the outside of the cell, forcing water to rush out of the cell, shrinking the cell beyond use

  • 2

    environmental factors that affect microbial growth

    temperature, gases, pH, osmotic pressure, PPMTT

  • 3

    essential nutrients of a bacterial cell

    carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, hydrogen, oxygen, and trace elements

  • 4

    heterotroph

    an organism that gets carbon and energy from other life forms because it needs organic form

  • 5

    autotroph

    an organism that gets carbon and energy needs from inorganic CO2

  • 6

    chemotroph

    an organism that oxidizes compounds to feed

  • 7

    phototroph

    an organism that uses photosynthesis to feed

  • 8

    three basic metabolic pathways resulting in ATP production

    aerobic, anaerobic, fermentation

  • 9

    input for glycolysis

    glucose

  • 10

    glycolysis output

    ATP, pyruvic acid, NADH

  • 11

    kreb cycle input

    acetyl-CoA

  • 12

    kreb cycle output

    NADH, FADH, and 2 ATP

  • 13

    electron transport chain input

    electrons from NADH and FADH

  • 14

    electron transport chain output

    ATP and O2

  • 15

    ways of controlling enzymatic activity

    temperature, pH, and inhibitors

  • 16

    alcohol fermentation

    produces ethanol and CO2

  • 17

    lactic acid fermentation

    homolactic makes lactic acid only, heyerolactic makes lactic acid and other compounds

  • 18

    what do enzymes serve as

    metabolic catalysts

  • 19

    apoenzyme

    the body of the enzyme without cofactors or coenzymes

  • 20

    holoenzyme

    the entire conjugated enzyme with the apoenzyme and the cofactors

  • 21

    sterilization

    removing ALL microbial life present

  • 22

    disinfection

    lowering the number of pathogens from fomites

  • 23

    antisepsis

    lowering the number of pathogens from living tissues

  • 24

    degermation

    scrubbing or immersing the skin in chemicals to reduce number of microbes on skin

  • 25

    sanitization

    lowering microbial counts on eating utensils

  • 26

    -cidal

    kills

  • 27

    -static

    temporarily inhibits

  • 28

    microbial agents

    will inhibit the growth of microbes without killing them

  • 29

    microbial agent examples

    freezing and dehydration

  • 30

    ways to test chemical effectiveness

    Kirby Bauer disc diffusion and the use dilution test

  • 31

    main goal of anti microbial treatment

    administer drug treatment that harms the infective microbe but not the host

  • 32

    therapeutic index

    ratio measuring the risks and benefits of a drug based on the closeness of the MIC and toxic dose

  • 33

    MIC

    the lowest dose at which an anti microbial is still effective

  • 34

    high therapeutic index or low

    high

  • 35

    selective toxicity

    the ability of a anti microbial drug to be toxic towards infective agents but not towards the host and is therefore crucial

  • 36

    conjugation

    bacteria sec

  • 37

    transformation

    a cell takes in DNA from the environment that was once in a cell that has now lysed

  • 38

    transduction

    when a virus implants a cell with former host cells DNA

  • 39

    infection

    invasion and growth of microbes in the body

  • 40

    disease

    any change in human health, whether infectious or noninfectious

  • 41

    opportunism

    when an organism that does not normally cause harm takes advantage of the special circumstances that allow it to cause harm

  • 42

    steps to cause disease

    portal of entry, attach firmly, survive host defense, cause damage, find exit portal

  • 43

    exotoxins

    can be made by any type of bacteria and can be released even if cell is alive, are proteins and enzymes and include neurotoxins

  • 44

    endotoxins

    the LPS, are made by only gram neg, the harmful part is lipid A, only released through lysis, cause variety of nonspecific symptoms

  • 45

    virulence factors

    enzymes, toxins, anti phagocytes factors

  • 46

    modes of horizontal transmission

    contact, vehicle, and vector

  • 47

    first line defense

    normal biota, blocks entry of microbes

  • 48

    second line of defense

    internalized protection, phagocytes, inflammation, fever, anti microbial substances

  • 49

    third line of defense

    specific, adaptive response

  • 50

    steps in phagocytosis

    adhesion, engulfment, lysosome fusion, enzymatic digestion, and exocytosis

  • 51

    alternative complement pathways

    classical,lectin, and alternate

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    問題一覧

  • 1

    hypertonic condition

    the solute concentration on the inside of the cell is higher than that on the outside of the cell, forcing water to rush out of the cell, shrinking the cell beyond use

  • 2

    environmental factors that affect microbial growth

    temperature, gases, pH, osmotic pressure, PPMTT

  • 3

    essential nutrients of a bacterial cell

    carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, hydrogen, oxygen, and trace elements

  • 4

    heterotroph

    an organism that gets carbon and energy from other life forms because it needs organic form

  • 5

    autotroph

    an organism that gets carbon and energy needs from inorganic CO2

  • 6

    chemotroph

    an organism that oxidizes compounds to feed

  • 7

    phototroph

    an organism that uses photosynthesis to feed

  • 8

    three basic metabolic pathways resulting in ATP production

    aerobic, anaerobic, fermentation

  • 9

    input for glycolysis

    glucose

  • 10

    glycolysis output

    ATP, pyruvic acid, NADH

  • 11

    kreb cycle input

    acetyl-CoA

  • 12

    kreb cycle output

    NADH, FADH, and 2 ATP

  • 13

    electron transport chain input

    electrons from NADH and FADH

  • 14

    electron transport chain output

    ATP and O2

  • 15

    ways of controlling enzymatic activity

    temperature, pH, and inhibitors

  • 16

    alcohol fermentation

    produces ethanol and CO2

  • 17

    lactic acid fermentation

    homolactic makes lactic acid only, heyerolactic makes lactic acid and other compounds

  • 18

    what do enzymes serve as

    metabolic catalysts

  • 19

    apoenzyme

    the body of the enzyme without cofactors or coenzymes

  • 20

    holoenzyme

    the entire conjugated enzyme with the apoenzyme and the cofactors

  • 21

    sterilization

    removing ALL microbial life present

  • 22

    disinfection

    lowering the number of pathogens from fomites

  • 23

    antisepsis

    lowering the number of pathogens from living tissues

  • 24

    degermation

    scrubbing or immersing the skin in chemicals to reduce number of microbes on skin

  • 25

    sanitization

    lowering microbial counts on eating utensils

  • 26

    -cidal

    kills

  • 27

    -static

    temporarily inhibits

  • 28

    microbial agents

    will inhibit the growth of microbes without killing them

  • 29

    microbial agent examples

    freezing and dehydration

  • 30

    ways to test chemical effectiveness

    Kirby Bauer disc diffusion and the use dilution test

  • 31

    main goal of anti microbial treatment

    administer drug treatment that harms the infective microbe but not the host

  • 32

    therapeutic index

    ratio measuring the risks and benefits of a drug based on the closeness of the MIC and toxic dose

  • 33

    MIC

    the lowest dose at which an anti microbial is still effective

  • 34

    high therapeutic index or low

    high

  • 35

    selective toxicity

    the ability of a anti microbial drug to be toxic towards infective agents but not towards the host and is therefore crucial

  • 36

    conjugation

    bacteria sec

  • 37

    transformation

    a cell takes in DNA from the environment that was once in a cell that has now lysed

  • 38

    transduction

    when a virus implants a cell with former host cells DNA

  • 39

    infection

    invasion and growth of microbes in the body

  • 40

    disease

    any change in human health, whether infectious or noninfectious

  • 41

    opportunism

    when an organism that does not normally cause harm takes advantage of the special circumstances that allow it to cause harm

  • 42

    steps to cause disease

    portal of entry, attach firmly, survive host defense, cause damage, find exit portal

  • 43

    exotoxins

    can be made by any type of bacteria and can be released even if cell is alive, are proteins and enzymes and include neurotoxins

  • 44

    endotoxins

    the LPS, are made by only gram neg, the harmful part is lipid A, only released through lysis, cause variety of nonspecific symptoms

  • 45

    virulence factors

    enzymes, toxins, anti phagocytes factors

  • 46

    modes of horizontal transmission

    contact, vehicle, and vector

  • 47

    first line defense

    normal biota, blocks entry of microbes

  • 48

    second line of defense

    internalized protection, phagocytes, inflammation, fever, anti microbial substances

  • 49

    third line of defense

    specific, adaptive response

  • 50

    steps in phagocytosis

    adhesion, engulfment, lysosome fusion, enzymatic digestion, and exocytosis

  • 51

    alternative complement pathways

    classical,lectin, and alternate