Sight
問題一覧
1
> is the sensory organ used for vision
> detect light and send signals to the brain, which then interprets these signals to create the visual experience.
eyes
2
> THE CLEAR, DOME-SHAPED SURFACE THAT COVERS THE FRONT OF THE EYE. IT IS RESPONSIBLE FOR REFRACTING LIGHT AND PLAYS A CRUCIAL ROLE IN FOCUSING LIGHT RAYS ONTO THE RETINA
cornea
3
> THE COLORED PART OF THE EYE THAT CONTROLS
> THE SIZE OF THE PUPIL, THUS REGULATING THE AMOUNT OF LIGHT THAT ENTERS THE EYE
iris
4
> THE OPENING IN THE CENTER OF THE IRIS, WHICH GIVES OUR EYES THEIR COLOR.
> ITS PRIMARY FUNCTION
IS TO ALLOW LIGHT TO ENTER THE EYE SO IT CAN BE FOCUSED ON THE RETINA TO BEGIN THE PROCESS OF SIGHT
pupil
5
> THE TOUGH, WHITE OUTER LAYER OF THE EYEBALL, PROVIDING IT WITH STRUCTURAL SUPPORT AND PROTECTION
sclera
6
> TRANSPARENT STRUCTURE SITUATED BEHIND THE PUPIL.
> IT FOCUSES LIGHT ONTO THE RETINA
AND PLAYS A KEY ROLE IN ADJUSTING THE EYE'S FOCUS
lens
7
> LIGHT-SENSITIVE LAYER THAT LINES THE INTERIOR OF THE EYE.
> IT CONTAINS PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS CALLED RODS AND CONES, WHICH CONVERT LIGHT INTO NEURAL SIGNALS
retina
8
THE RETINA CONSISTS OF THREE LAYERS OF CELLS
> RECEPTORS IN THIS LAYER TRANSDUCE LIGHT
photoreceptor
9
> ARE SPECIALIZED CELLS THAT DETECT
LIGHT AND CONVERT IT INTO
ELECTRICAL SIGNALS.
> THERE ARE TWO TYPES:
RODS AND CONES
photoreceptors
10
> ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR VISION IN LOW
LIGHT CONDITIONS
rods
11
> ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR COLOR VISION AND VISUAL ACUITY
cones
12
> 120 MILLION
> LIGHT SENSITIVE (NOT COLOR)
> FOUND IN PERIPHERY OF RETINA
> LOW ACTIVATION THRESHOLD
rods
13
> 6 MILLION
> ARE COLOR SENSITIVE
> FOUND MOSTLY IN FOVEA
cones
14
THE ___________ OF A
ROD OR A CONE CONTAINS
DIFFERENT PHOTOPIGMENTS
THAT REACT TO LIGHT
OUTER SEGMENTS (O.S.)
15
> occurs when there is plenty of light
> cones are responsible
photopic vision
16
> dim light
> rods are responsible
scotopic vision
17
> hundreds per ganglion cell
> can amplify a dim light source
> high sensitivity, low aquity
rods
18
> as few as one per ganglion cell
> low sensitivity, high aquity
cones
19
> ARE LOCATED IN THE MEMBRANE OF THE OUTER SEGMENT OF RODS AND CONES
photopigments
20
opsin
protein
21
retinal
lipid
22
> ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR NIGHT VISION.
> THEY DETECT CHANGES IN LIGHT INTENSITY AND SIGNAL THE BRAIN TO ADJUST THE PUPIL SIZE AND SENSITIVITY TO LIGHT
rod opsins
23
> ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR COLOR VISION.
> THERE ARE THREE TYPES OF THESE OPSINS IN HUMANS: SHORT-WAVELENGTH, MIDDLE-WAVELENGTH, AND LONG-WAVELENGTH OPSINS
* EACH RESPONSIBLE FOR DETECTING A
SPECIFIC RANGE OF LIGHT WAVELENGTHS
cones opsins
24
> IS A LIGHT-SENSITIVE MOLECULE THAT BINDS TO OPSINS.
> WHEN BOUND TO OPSINS, ______ UNDERGOES A SERIES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS THAT ALLOW THE OPSINS TO DETECT LIGHT AND TRANSMIT SIGNALS TO THE BRAIN
retinal
25
> IN THE DARK, MEMBRANE NA+ CHANNELS ARE OPEN
>GLUTAMATE IS RELEASED
depolarization
26
> LIGHT SPLITS THE OPSIN AND RETINAL APART
>ACTIVATES TRANSDUCIN (G PROTEIN)->
> ACTIVATES PHOSPHODIESTERASE->
>REDUCES CGMP -> CLOSES NA+ CHANNELS
repolarization
27
> ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR INTEGRATING AND MODULATING THE SIGNALS
RECEIVED FROM THE PHOTORECEPTORS, THUS CONTRIBUTING TO THE INITIAL
PROCESSING OF VISUAL INFORMATION WITHIN THE RETINA
bipolar cells
28
> RECEIVE INPUT FROM THE BIPOLAR CELLS AND TRANSMIT IT TO THE BRAIN VIA THE
OPTIC NERVE.
> THERE ARE TWO TYPES:ON&OFF
* ON ARE EXCITED BY
LIGHT
* OFF ARE INHIBITED BY LIGHT
ganglion cells
29
SIGNALS FROM THE GANGLION
CELLS OF THE RETINA ARE SENT
TO THE _______ VIA THE OPTIC
NERVE/TRACT
thalamus
30
> IS A SMALL, HIGHLY SPECIALIZED AREA OF THE RETINA THAT IS RESPONSIBLE FOR OUR CENTRAL VISION
> PROVIDES THE SHARPEST VISUAL ACUITY NEEDED FOR DETAILED TASKS LIKE READING AND DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN DIFFERENT COLORS.
fovea
31
> DENSELY PACKED WITH PHOTORECEPTORS, PARTICULARLY CONES, WHICH ARE RESPONSIBLE
FOR COLOR VISION.
> IT IS OFTEN COMPARED TO
THE BULLSEYE ON A DARTBOARD, EMPHASIZING ITS CRITICAL ROLE IN OUR ABILITY TO SEE FIN E DETAILS AND PERCEIVE COLOR.
fovea
32
THE NERVE THAT TRANSMITS VISUAL INFORMATION FROM THE RETINA TO THE BRAIN FOR FURTHER PROCESSING
optic nerve
33
> neurons have smaller cellular bodies
> respond to color, fine details, still objects, slow moving objects
parvocellular layers (4)
34
interprets spatial information
(location/motion)
dorsal stream
35
interprets object characteristics
(color/shape)
ventral stream
36
> ARE SPECIALIZED NERVE CELLS THAT TRANSDUCE ENERGY INTO NEURAL SIGNALS
receptors
37
THE FUNCTION OF A ________ IS TO DETECT ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION (EMR) EMITTED BY OBJECTS
visual system
38
HUMANS CAN DETECT LIGHT WITH A WAVELENGTH BETWEEN
400-700 NM
39
IS RELATED TO THE WAVELENGTH OF LIGHT BRIGHTNESS IS RELATED TO THE INTENSITY OF THE RADIATION
perceived color (hue)
40
> first scientific theory of color vision
> proposed by Hermann von Helmholtz
> three types of cones sensitive to diff. wavelengths of light
trichromatic color theory
41
> PROPOSES THAT ONE MEMBER OF THE COLOR PAIR SUPPRESSES THE OTHER
COLOR.
> PROPOSED BY GERMAN PHYSIOLOGIST EWALD HERING IN THE LATE 1800S.
opponent process theory
42
> organizing and interpreting visual signals
visual perception
43
form or whole in German
gestalt
44
> people organize sensations into meaningful whole
> perceptions are naturally organized according to certain patterns
gestalt psychology
45
organization of visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings
figure-ground
46
the perpetual tendency to organize stimuli into meaningful groups
grouping
47
> ability to see objects in 3D
> although images that strike the retina are 2D
> allows people to judge distance
depth
48
happens when visual stimulis are presented at different locations in a sequential manner
apparent motion
49
gaps of myelin sheath
rodes of ranvier
50
fastening of action potential
saltatory conduction
51
> is responsible for transmitting visual information from the optic nerves to the occipital lobes of the brain
optic chiasm
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18問 • 2年前問題一覧
1
> is the sensory organ used for vision
> detect light and send signals to the brain, which then interprets these signals to create the visual experience.
eyes
2
> THE CLEAR, DOME-SHAPED SURFACE THAT COVERS THE FRONT OF THE EYE. IT IS RESPONSIBLE FOR REFRACTING LIGHT AND PLAYS A CRUCIAL ROLE IN FOCUSING LIGHT RAYS ONTO THE RETINA
cornea
3
> THE COLORED PART OF THE EYE THAT CONTROLS
> THE SIZE OF THE PUPIL, THUS REGULATING THE AMOUNT OF LIGHT THAT ENTERS THE EYE
iris
4
> THE OPENING IN THE CENTER OF THE IRIS, WHICH GIVES OUR EYES THEIR COLOR.
> ITS PRIMARY FUNCTION
IS TO ALLOW LIGHT TO ENTER THE EYE SO IT CAN BE FOCUSED ON THE RETINA TO BEGIN THE PROCESS OF SIGHT
pupil
5
> THE TOUGH, WHITE OUTER LAYER OF THE EYEBALL, PROVIDING IT WITH STRUCTURAL SUPPORT AND PROTECTION
sclera
6
> TRANSPARENT STRUCTURE SITUATED BEHIND THE PUPIL.
> IT FOCUSES LIGHT ONTO THE RETINA
AND PLAYS A KEY ROLE IN ADJUSTING THE EYE'S FOCUS
lens
7
> LIGHT-SENSITIVE LAYER THAT LINES THE INTERIOR OF THE EYE.
> IT CONTAINS PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS CALLED RODS AND CONES, WHICH CONVERT LIGHT INTO NEURAL SIGNALS
retina
8
THE RETINA CONSISTS OF THREE LAYERS OF CELLS
> RECEPTORS IN THIS LAYER TRANSDUCE LIGHT
photoreceptor
9
> ARE SPECIALIZED CELLS THAT DETECT
LIGHT AND CONVERT IT INTO
ELECTRICAL SIGNALS.
> THERE ARE TWO TYPES:
RODS AND CONES
photoreceptors
10
> ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR VISION IN LOW
LIGHT CONDITIONS
rods
11
> ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR COLOR VISION AND VISUAL ACUITY
cones
12
> 120 MILLION
> LIGHT SENSITIVE (NOT COLOR)
> FOUND IN PERIPHERY OF RETINA
> LOW ACTIVATION THRESHOLD
rods
13
> 6 MILLION
> ARE COLOR SENSITIVE
> FOUND MOSTLY IN FOVEA
cones
14
THE ___________ OF A
ROD OR A CONE CONTAINS
DIFFERENT PHOTOPIGMENTS
THAT REACT TO LIGHT
OUTER SEGMENTS (O.S.)
15
> occurs when there is plenty of light
> cones are responsible
photopic vision
16
> dim light
> rods are responsible
scotopic vision
17
> hundreds per ganglion cell
> can amplify a dim light source
> high sensitivity, low aquity
rods
18
> as few as one per ganglion cell
> low sensitivity, high aquity
cones
19
> ARE LOCATED IN THE MEMBRANE OF THE OUTER SEGMENT OF RODS AND CONES
photopigments
20
opsin
protein
21
retinal
lipid
22
> ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR NIGHT VISION.
> THEY DETECT CHANGES IN LIGHT INTENSITY AND SIGNAL THE BRAIN TO ADJUST THE PUPIL SIZE AND SENSITIVITY TO LIGHT
rod opsins
23
> ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR COLOR VISION.
> THERE ARE THREE TYPES OF THESE OPSINS IN HUMANS: SHORT-WAVELENGTH, MIDDLE-WAVELENGTH, AND LONG-WAVELENGTH OPSINS
* EACH RESPONSIBLE FOR DETECTING A
SPECIFIC RANGE OF LIGHT WAVELENGTHS
cones opsins
24
> IS A LIGHT-SENSITIVE MOLECULE THAT BINDS TO OPSINS.
> WHEN BOUND TO OPSINS, ______ UNDERGOES A SERIES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS THAT ALLOW THE OPSINS TO DETECT LIGHT AND TRANSMIT SIGNALS TO THE BRAIN
retinal
25
> IN THE DARK, MEMBRANE NA+ CHANNELS ARE OPEN
>GLUTAMATE IS RELEASED
depolarization
26
> LIGHT SPLITS THE OPSIN AND RETINAL APART
>ACTIVATES TRANSDUCIN (G PROTEIN)->
> ACTIVATES PHOSPHODIESTERASE->
>REDUCES CGMP -> CLOSES NA+ CHANNELS
repolarization
27
> ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR INTEGRATING AND MODULATING THE SIGNALS
RECEIVED FROM THE PHOTORECEPTORS, THUS CONTRIBUTING TO THE INITIAL
PROCESSING OF VISUAL INFORMATION WITHIN THE RETINA
bipolar cells
28
> RECEIVE INPUT FROM THE BIPOLAR CELLS AND TRANSMIT IT TO THE BRAIN VIA THE
OPTIC NERVE.
> THERE ARE TWO TYPES:ON&OFF
* ON ARE EXCITED BY
LIGHT
* OFF ARE INHIBITED BY LIGHT
ganglion cells
29
SIGNALS FROM THE GANGLION
CELLS OF THE RETINA ARE SENT
TO THE _______ VIA THE OPTIC
NERVE/TRACT
thalamus
30
> IS A SMALL, HIGHLY SPECIALIZED AREA OF THE RETINA THAT IS RESPONSIBLE FOR OUR CENTRAL VISION
> PROVIDES THE SHARPEST VISUAL ACUITY NEEDED FOR DETAILED TASKS LIKE READING AND DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN DIFFERENT COLORS.
fovea
31
> DENSELY PACKED WITH PHOTORECEPTORS, PARTICULARLY CONES, WHICH ARE RESPONSIBLE
FOR COLOR VISION.
> IT IS OFTEN COMPARED TO
THE BULLSEYE ON A DARTBOARD, EMPHASIZING ITS CRITICAL ROLE IN OUR ABILITY TO SEE FIN E DETAILS AND PERCEIVE COLOR.
fovea
32
THE NERVE THAT TRANSMITS VISUAL INFORMATION FROM THE RETINA TO THE BRAIN FOR FURTHER PROCESSING
optic nerve
33
> neurons have smaller cellular bodies
> respond to color, fine details, still objects, slow moving objects
parvocellular layers (4)
34
interprets spatial information
(location/motion)
dorsal stream
35
interprets object characteristics
(color/shape)
ventral stream
36
> ARE SPECIALIZED NERVE CELLS THAT TRANSDUCE ENERGY INTO NEURAL SIGNALS
receptors
37
THE FUNCTION OF A ________ IS TO DETECT ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION (EMR) EMITTED BY OBJECTS
visual system
38
HUMANS CAN DETECT LIGHT WITH A WAVELENGTH BETWEEN
400-700 NM
39
IS RELATED TO THE WAVELENGTH OF LIGHT BRIGHTNESS IS RELATED TO THE INTENSITY OF THE RADIATION
perceived color (hue)
40
> first scientific theory of color vision
> proposed by Hermann von Helmholtz
> three types of cones sensitive to diff. wavelengths of light
trichromatic color theory
41
> PROPOSES THAT ONE MEMBER OF THE COLOR PAIR SUPPRESSES THE OTHER
COLOR.
> PROPOSED BY GERMAN PHYSIOLOGIST EWALD HERING IN THE LATE 1800S.
opponent process theory
42
> organizing and interpreting visual signals
visual perception
43
form or whole in German
gestalt
44
> people organize sensations into meaningful whole
> perceptions are naturally organized according to certain patterns
gestalt psychology
45
organization of visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings
figure-ground
46
the perpetual tendency to organize stimuli into meaningful groups
grouping
47
> ability to see objects in 3D
> although images that strike the retina are 2D
> allows people to judge distance
depth
48
happens when visual stimulis are presented at different locations in a sequential manner
apparent motion
49
gaps of myelin sheath
rodes of ranvier
50
fastening of action potential
saltatory conduction
51
> is responsible for transmitting visual information from the optic nerves to the occipital lobes of the brain
optic chiasm