physiology

100問 • 2年前

問題一覧

Properties of synapses: 1) two-way conduction of excitation 2) one-way conduction of excitation 3) synaptic delay 4) high rate of excitation conduction 5) high fatigue 6) ability to summation of excitations

2; 3; 5; 6

On the postsynaptic membrane under the influence of an excitatory mediator happens:

depolarization due to Na+ ions

The selective effect of curare on the myoneural synapse is explained by: 1) action on the presynaptic membrane 2) action on the postsynaptic membrane 3) paralyzed the motor nerve endings in the muscle 4) action on synaptic cleft 5) stimulation of local response to spike response.

2, 3

At the closing of electrical circuit at the development of physiological catelectrotonus occurs:

decreasing of stimulation threshold

Subnormal phase of action potential is related to:

formation of after hyperpolarization

How is an excitability of tissues under cathode and anode at prolonged action of direct electrical current changed?

increases under the cathode, decreases under the anode

Physiological characteristics of excitable tissue, reflecting its ability to reproduce the maximum number of impulses per unit of time, is called:

lability

White muscle fibers have the following peculiarities: 1) lack of myoglobin 2) low glycogen reserve 3) is able to the powerful contraction 4) is unable to the powerful contraction 5) practical indefatigability 6) rapid (phase) activity

1,3,6

Smooth muscles compared to skeletal muscles possess: 1) high excitability 2) plasticity 3) high sensitivity to chemicals 4) high lability 5) rapid fatigue

2, 3

Muscle fatigue is explained by: 1) increasing the rate of excitation transmission along the nerve 2) accumulation of metabolism substances 3) increasing of cholinesterase activity 4) exhaustion of Ca++ depot 5) accumulation of energy resource 6) exhaustion of energy resource

2,4,6

The motor unit is:

motoneuron and the muscle fibers innervated by it

Comparison: 1) contraction of the muscles is a result of stimulation by number of superthreshold impulses each of which acts at the phase of relaxation is called: 2) contraction of the muscles is a result of stimulation by number of superthreshold impulses each of which acts at the phase of contraction is called: a) denticulated tetanus b) smooth tetanus c) optimum of contraction d) pessimum of contraction

1-a; 2-b

Comparison: 1) the mechanism of the pessimum is due to the duration: 2) the mechanism of the optimum is due to the duration: a) phases of supernormal excitability b) absolute refractory phase of excitable tissue c) phases of subnormal excitability d) relative refractory phase of excitable tissue

1 - b; 2-a

Skeletal muscles perform the function of: 1) moving the body in space 2) ensuring the tone of blood vessels 3) evacuation of chyme in the digestive tract 4) maintaining posture 5) anti-gravity

1, 4, 5

Comparison: 1) fast phasic movements are provided by muscle fibers: 2) slow tonic movements are provided by muscle fibers: a) intrafusal b) red c) white

1-c; 2-b

Comparison: 1) intrafusal muscle fibers are innervated by motoneurons: 2) extrafusal muscle fibers are innervated by motoneurons: a) alpha b) beta c) gamma

1-c; 2-a

What are the laws of excitation transmission in the nerve and muscle fibers? 1) anatomical and physiological safety of fiber 2) two-way conduction of impulses 3) polar rule of excitation 4) physiological electrotone 5) isolated conduction of impulses 6) Pfluger’s rule of muscle contraction

1, 2, 5

The various velocity of transmission of excitation along nerve fibers is determined by:

different diameters of fibers and presence of Ranvier nodes

What is a role of Aγ type of fibers?

transmit an excitation from the spinal cord to the intrafusal muscle fibers

In myelinated nerve fiber, the isolating and trophic function is performed by:

myelin sheath

What processes are caused by the mediator of the inhibitory neuron, as a rule, on the postsynaptic membrane?

hyperpolarization

Postsynaptic inhibition occurs when:

short-term hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane occurs at activated of inhibitory neurons

Somatic spinal reflexes are:

tendon and stretching

Comparison: 1) somatic spinal reflexes: 2) vegetative spinal reflexes: a) plantar b) urination c) tendon d) erection e) ejaculation

1-a,c; 2-b,d,e

Comparison: 1) somatic spinal reflexes: 2) vegetative spinal reflexes: a) plantar b) urination c) tendon d) erection e) ejaculation

1-a,c; 2-b,d,e

The main bulbar reflexes: 1) swallowing 2) postures 3) anal 4) coughing 5) statokinetic 6) stretching

1, 4

The transformation of the rhythm of excitation occurs when:

multiplying the number of impulses

Evoked potential is:

electrical reaction of the certain areas of the central nervous system in response to the afferent impulses

Comparison: 1) anterior quadriceps of the corpora quadrigemina 2) posterior quadriceps of the corpora quadrigemina 3) substantia nigra a) regulation of emotional behaviour b) lodges the dopamine-containing neurons c) are the primary auditory centers d) are the primary optic centers e) sends axons to the nuclei of the corpus striatum

1-d; 2-c; 3-a,b,e

Reflexes ensuring the return of the body from an unnatural position to a normal one is called:

righting

Reflexes evoked by movement of the body is called:

statokinetic

Choose: Dopaminergic neurons are concentrated mainly in: 1) hindbrain 2) red nucleus of the midbrain 3) substantia nigra of the midbrain 4) cerebellum 5) caudate nucleus of the striopallidar system 6) reticular formation

2, 3

Spinal shock is observed when the complete transection of the spinal cord is performed:

not higher than the IV-V cervical segments

Animals with decerebrate rigidity are not characterized by:

decrease the tone of the extensor muscles

During deep sleep the waves dominate on the electroencephalogram

theta

In which nuclei of diencephalon, the higher centers of the sympathetic nervous system are situated?

posterior hypothalamic nuclei

Spatial summation of impulses is provided by:

convergence of excitations

Center located in the hypothalamus:

motivational centers and higher centers of vegetative functions

What is the function of recurrent inhibition?

weakens the excitation of motor neurons by their own impulses through Renshaw cells

Efferent pathways of the spinal cord: 1) Goll 2) pyramidal 3) Burdach 4) rubrospinal 5) spinothalamic 6) tectospinal

2, 4, 6

Postganglionic sympathetic nerves are:

adrenergic, cholinergic

Features of the parasympathetic nervous system: 1) reduce the intensity of metabolism 2) branches are located in the walls of internal organs that have motor activity 3) transmission of excitation is mainly due to ATP and adenosine 4) preganglionary fibers are long 5) postganglionar fibers are short

1, 2 3

Comparison: 1) muscarinic cholinergic receptors are in: 2) nicotihic cholinergic receptors are in: a) autonomic ganglia of the parasympathetic nervous system b) smooth muscles of the bronchi c) smooth muscles of the gastrointestinal tract d) autonomic ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system e) myoneural synapses of skeletal muscles

1-b,c; 2-a,d,e

The main differences between the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic: 1) preganglionic fibers are short 2) postganglionic fibers are long 3) short-term effect of action 4) long-term effect of action 5) rapid start of the effect from the beginning of irritation 6) delayed effect from the start of irritation 7) intramural location of ganglia

1,2,4,6

The vegetative reflexes are: 1) statokinetic 2) oculocardiac 3) respiratory-cardiac 4) myostatic 5) ortostatic reactions 6) skin dermographism

2,3,5,6

The strengthening of the tone of the parasympathetic centers leads to: 1) weakening of cardiac activity 2) stimulation of cardiac activity 3) lowering blood pressure 4) increased blood pressure 5) increased gastric secretion 6) reducing the intensity of metabolism 7) increase the intensity of metabolism

1,3,5,6

In which nuclei of diencephalon, the centers of parasympathetic nervous system are situated?

anterior nuclei of hypothalamus

What physiological properties distinguish the autonomic nervous system from the somatic nervous system?

high speed of excitation

Stimulation of which nuclei of hypothalamus provokes the decreasing of the arterial pressure?

Thyrocalcitonin has the effect: 1) inhibits the function of osteoclasts 2) activates the osteoblasts 3) enhances the functions of osteoblasts 4) promotes the entry of Ca++ into the bone 5) decreases the blood content of calcium

4, 5

The activity of the adenohypophysis is regulated by: 1) hypothalamus 2) thalamus 3) basal ganglia 4) statins 5) liberin 6) striopallidar system

1, 4, 5

Parathyroid hormone has the effect: 1) inhibits the function of osteoclasts 2) increases tubular reabsorption of calcium 3) enhances the functions of osteoblasts 4) promotes the entry of Ca++ into the bone 5) diminishes phosphate reabsorption

2, 5

Calcium-phosphorus metabolism is regulated: 1) glucagon 2) thymosin 3) calcitonin 4) adrenaline 5) insulin 6) parathormone

3, 6

At hypofunction of the pancreas occurs: 1) glucosuria 2) hypoglycemia 3) adipsia 4) polyuria 5) uremia 6) polydipsia

1, 4, 6

Comparison: 1) to reduce the level of insulin is characteristic: 2) to increase the level of insulin is characteristic: a) glucosuria b) lowering of body temperature c) polyuria d) hyperglycemia e) seizures

1 – a, c, d; 2 – b, e

Insufficient content of thyroid hormones in the body is a consequence of the lesion: 1) thalamus 2) hypothalamus 3) pituitary gland 4) epiphysis 5) parathyroid glands 6) thyroid gland

2, 3, 6

Hypophysial control of testosterone secretion is provided by hormones:

luteinizing

In human blood, almost all the effects of testosterone result from increased rate of:

proteins

The formation and release of glucocorticoids regulates the hormone:

adrenocorticotropic

The hormone participates in the adaptation of the body to a stressful situation:

glucocorticoids

Characteristics of the Addison disease: 1) bronze color of skin 2) tachycardia 3) inhibition of cardiac activity 4) polyurea 5) astenia 6) polydipsia

1;3;5

The effects of thyroxine on fat metabolism:

promotes the breakdown of fats in the body

The effect of parathyroid hormone on bone tissue:

does not affect bone tissue

The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism: 1) increases the permeability of the muscle cell membrane for glucose 2) promotes the breakdown of glycogen 3) increases the permeability of the fat cell membrane for glucose 4) promotes the absorption of glucose 5) promotes the synthesis of glucose in the liver 6) prevents glucose reabsorption in the kidneys

2, 6

Mineralocorticoids contribute to: 1) sodium retention in the body 2) deposition of potassium in the depot 3) potassium reabsorption in the renal tubules 4) increased excretion of potassium in the urine 5) increase the excretion of sodium in the urine 6) do not affect sodium-potassium metabolism

1,4

The triiodothyronine and tetraiodothyronine promote: 1) deceleration of the growth and development 2) increase the rate of metabolism 3) increase the osmotic resistance of the cells 4) increase the heat production 5) depression the metabolic processes 6) inhibit the lipolysis processes of tissues 7) increase the growth and development processes

2, 4, 7

Functions of the thyroid hormones: 1) controls the heat irradiation 2) controls the heat production 3) controls the normal function of respiratory centre 4) inhibits the water and electrolyte metabolism 5) controls the rate of oxygen absorption by the tissues 6) decrease of number of β-adrenoreceptors in the cardiac muscle

2, 3, 5

At hyperthyroidism the followings are observed: 1) exophthalmos 2) cretinism 3) myxedema 4) increase of basal metabolism 5) decrease in body weight 6) endemic goiter

1, 5, 6

Lutropin in the adenohypophysis: 1) suppresses the ovulation 2) stimulates the ovulation 3) depresses the maturation 4) stimulates the maturation 5) inhibits the testosterone secretion

2,4

Main functions of lutropin: 1) accelerates the proliferation of mammary gland 2) accelerates the production of yellow body 3) accelerates the ovulation 4) promotes the antistress effect 5) increases the sexual hormones

2,3,5

The action of vasopressin is: 1) controls the rate of water excretion into the urine 2) inhibition of hyaluronidase secretion 3) helps to control concentration of water in the body fluids 4) inhibition of corticotropin and somatotropin secretion 5) participation in control the arterial pressure 6) decrease of pain sensitivity

1,3,5

Functions of glucocorticoids: 1) increase the protein catabolism 2) stimulate the synthesis of protein 3) increase the lipolysis 4) inhibit the lipolysis 5) have the anti-inflammatory effect 6) inhibit the hypokalemia

1,3,5

Estrogen causes effects: 1) increases osteoblastic activity анаболическое 2) inhibits the follicle-stimulating hormone secretion 3) stimulates the follicle-stimulating hormone secretion 4) inhibits the luteinising hormone secretion 5) stimulates the luteinising hormone secretion

1,2,4

Comparison: 1) Graves' disease is characterized by: 2) myxedema is characterized by: a) bradycardia b) decreased metabolism c) tremor of the hands d) tachycardia e) decreased heat production

1 – c, d; 2 – a, b, e

Comparison: 1) morphogenetic effects 2) kinetic effects 3) correcting effects a) secreted by specific endocrine glands b) changing the intensity of function of organs and tissues c) starting certain activity of executive organs d) stimulation of morphologic structures formation

1-d; 2-c; 3-b

Hormones of adenohypophysis: 1) adrenocorticotropic 2) oxytocin 3) melatonin 4) vasopressin 5) somatotropic 6) thyrotropin

1,5,6

Functions of progesterone: 1) increases the contractility of uterine muscles 2) decreases the contractility of uterine muscles 3) stimulates development of mammary glands at pregnancy 4) accelerates the ovulation at pregnancy 5) increases secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone

2,3

Comparison: Refractive error: 1) aberration 2) astigmatism 3) presbyopia a) unequal refraction of light rays by the lens b) gradual loss of elasticity of the lens with age c) unequal refraction of light rays in different directions

1 – a; 2 – c; 3 – b

Comparison: 1) myosis occurs due to: 2) mydriasis occurs due to: a) relaxation of the circular muscle of the iris b) contractions of the circular iris muscle c) contractions of the radial iris muscle d) relaxation of the radial muscle of the iris

1 – b; 2 – c

Binocular vision is:

looking at an object with both eyes

The presbyopia is a result of:

loss of lens elasticity

Comparison: 1) according to Weber's law 2) according to the Weber-Fechner law a) the increase of stimulus in order to be perceptible must exceed the stimulus already acting by a definite proportion b) the ratio of the initial irritation to the maximum perceptible increase in irritation is a relative value c) the sensation decreases in proportion to the logarithm of the intensity of the irritation d) gradations of stimulus strength are discriminated approximately in proportion to the logarithm of stimulus strength

1 – a; 2 – d

Organ of Corti is situated on:

basilar membrane

Hair of auditory receptor cells is embedded in the membrane:

tectorial

At action of sounds of high frequency the amplitude maximum of the cochlea basilar membrane is located close to:

base of the cochlea

Adjustment of the eye to clear vision of objects at different distances is called:

accommodation

Senile long-sightedness: 1) lens is larger, thicker 2) power of accomodation more than 14 diopters 3) power of accomodation decreases 4) power of accomodation less than 2 diopters 5) lens is more elastic

3, 4, 5

Nociceptors are:

physical, chemical

The minimum thresholds of spatial perception of tactile sensitivity on the human body are: 1) fingertips 2) shins 3) lips 4) back 5) shoulders

1,3

Receptors of olfactory analyzer mainly are situated in:

upper part of the nasal cavity

Which thermoreceptors number is more?

cold points are more, than warmth

Accommodation is:

adaptive reaction of the eyes due to change of lens curvature

Acuity of hearing is measured by: 1) sound generators 2) esthesiometer 3) determination the pitch and intensity of sounds 4) skin galvanometer 5) audiometers 6) electroencephalography

1, 3, 5

What is hypermetropia?

eyeball is too short

Mydriasis of pupil is observed at: 1) contraction of radial muscles 2) contraction of circular muscles 3) hypoxia, asphyxia 4) excitation of sympathetic nervous system 5) excitation of parasympathetic nervous system 6) painful stimulation

1,3,4,6

The myosis is observed at: 1) contraction of circular muscles 2) relaxation of circular muscles 3) excitation of parasympathetic nervous system 4) contraction of radial muscles 5) strong illumination 6) excitation of sympathetic nervous system

1,3,5

It leads to the formation of hearing sensation: 1) pressure of air on the tympanic membrane 2) transmission of mechanical waves with the help of ear bones 3) excitation of ganglionic cells 4) vibrations of basilar membrane 5) excitation of phonoreceptors 6) excitation of photoreceptors

1,2,4,5

Unequal refraction of light in different directions is called:

astigmatism

Unequal size of both pupils is called:

anisocoria

100

The phonoreceptors that perceive high sounds are located:

at the base of the cochlea

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Merve · 50問 · 1年前

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問題一覧

2; 3; 5; 6

On the postsynaptic membrane under the influence of an excitatory mediator happens:

depolarization due to Na+ ions

2, 3

At the closing of electrical circuit at the development of physiological catelectrotonus occurs:

decreasing of stimulation threshold

Subnormal phase of action potential is related to:

formation of after hyperpolarization

How is an excitability of tissues under cathode and anode at prolonged action of direct electrical current changed?

increases under the cathode, decreases under the anode

Physiological characteristics of excitable tissue, reflecting its ability to reproduce the maximum number of impulses per unit of time, is called:

lability

1,3,6

Smooth muscles compared to skeletal muscles possess: 1) high excitability 2) plasticity 3) high sensitivity to chemicals 4) high lability 5) rapid fatigue

2, 3

2,4,6

The motor unit is:

motoneuron and the muscle fibers innervated by it

1-a; 2-b

1 - b; 2-a

Skeletal muscles perform the function of: 1) moving the body in space 2) ensuring the tone of blood vessels 3) evacuation of chyme in the digestive tract 4) maintaining posture 5) anti-gravity

1, 4, 5

Comparison: 1) fast phasic movements are provided by muscle fibers: 2) slow tonic movements are provided by muscle fibers: a) intrafusal b) red c) white

1-c; 2-b

Comparison: 1) intrafusal muscle fibers are innervated by motoneurons: 2) extrafusal muscle fibers are innervated by motoneurons: a) alpha b) beta c) gamma

1-c; 2-a

1, 2, 5

The various velocity of transmission of excitation along nerve fibers is determined by:

different diameters of fibers and presence of Ranvier nodes

What is a role of Aγ type of fibers?

transmit an excitation from the spinal cord to the intrafusal muscle fibers

In myelinated nerve fiber, the isolating and trophic function is performed by:

myelin sheath

What processes are caused by the mediator of the inhibitory neuron, as a rule, on the postsynaptic membrane?

hyperpolarization

Postsynaptic inhibition occurs when:

short-term hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane occurs at activated of inhibitory neurons

Somatic spinal reflexes are:

tendon and stretching

Comparison: 1) somatic spinal reflexes: 2) vegetative spinal reflexes: a) plantar b) urination c) tendon d) erection e) ejaculation

1-a,c; 2-b,d,e

Comparison: 1) somatic spinal reflexes: 2) vegetative spinal reflexes: a) plantar b) urination c) tendon d) erection e) ejaculation

1-a,c; 2-b,d,e

The main bulbar reflexes: 1) swallowing 2) postures 3) anal 4) coughing 5) statokinetic 6) stretching

1, 4

The transformation of the rhythm of excitation occurs when:

multiplying the number of impulses

Evoked potential is:

electrical reaction of the certain areas of the central nervous system in response to the afferent impulses

1-d; 2-c; 3-a,b,e

Reflexes ensuring the return of the body from an unnatural position to a normal one is called:

righting

Reflexes evoked by movement of the body is called:

statokinetic

2, 3

Spinal shock is observed when the complete transection of the spinal cord is performed:

not higher than the IV-V cervical segments

Animals with decerebrate rigidity are not characterized by:

decrease the tone of the extensor muscles

During deep sleep the waves dominate on the electroencephalogram

theta

In which nuclei of diencephalon, the higher centers of the sympathetic nervous system are situated?

posterior hypothalamic nuclei

Spatial summation of impulses is provided by:

convergence of excitations

Center located in the hypothalamus:

motivational centers and higher centers of vegetative functions

What is the function of recurrent inhibition?

weakens the excitation of motor neurons by their own impulses through Renshaw cells

Efferent pathways of the spinal cord: 1) Goll 2) pyramidal 3) Burdach 4) rubrospinal 5) spinothalamic 6) tectospinal

2, 4, 6

Postganglionic sympathetic nerves are:

adrenergic, cholinergic

1, 2 3

1-b,c; 2-a,d,e

1,2,4,6

The vegetative reflexes are: 1) statokinetic 2) oculocardiac 3) respiratory-cardiac 4) myostatic 5) ortostatic reactions 6) skin dermographism

2,3,5,6

1,3,5,6

In which nuclei of diencephalon, the centers of parasympathetic nervous system are situated?

anterior nuclei of hypothalamus

What physiological properties distinguish the autonomic nervous system from the somatic nervous system?

high speed of excitation

Stimulation of which nuclei of hypothalamus provokes the decreasing of the arterial pressure?

4, 5

The activity of the adenohypophysis is regulated by: 1) hypothalamus 2) thalamus 3) basal ganglia 4) statins 5) liberin 6) striopallidar system

1, 4, 5

2, 5

Calcium-phosphorus metabolism is regulated: 1) glucagon 2) thymosin 3) calcitonin 4) adrenaline 5) insulin 6) parathormone

3, 6

At hypofunction of the pancreas occurs: 1) glucosuria 2) hypoglycemia 3) adipsia 4) polyuria 5) uremia 6) polydipsia

1, 4, 6

1 – a, c, d; 2 – b, e

Insufficient content of thyroid hormones in the body is a consequence of the lesion: 1) thalamus 2) hypothalamus 3) pituitary gland 4) epiphysis 5) parathyroid glands 6) thyroid gland

2, 3, 6

Hypophysial control of testosterone secretion is provided by hormones:

luteinizing

In human blood, almost all the effects of testosterone result from increased rate of:

proteins

The formation and release of glucocorticoids regulates the hormone:

adrenocorticotropic

The hormone participates in the adaptation of the body to a stressful situation:

glucocorticoids

Characteristics of the Addison disease: 1) bronze color of skin 2) tachycardia 3) inhibition of cardiac activity 4) polyurea 5) astenia 6) polydipsia

1;3;5

The effects of thyroxine on fat metabolism:

promotes the breakdown of fats in the body

The effect of parathyroid hormone on bone tissue:

does not affect bone tissue

2, 6

1,4

2, 4, 7

2, 3, 5

At hyperthyroidism the followings are observed: 1) exophthalmos 2) cretinism 3) myxedema 4) increase of basal metabolism 5) decrease in body weight 6) endemic goiter

1, 5, 6

Lutropin in the adenohypophysis: 1) suppresses the ovulation 2) stimulates the ovulation 3) depresses the maturation 4) stimulates the maturation 5) inhibits the testosterone secretion

2,4

2,3,5

1,3,5

1,2,4

Comparison: 1) Graves' disease is characterized by: 2) myxedema is characterized by: a) bradycardia b) decreased metabolism c) tremor of the hands d) tachycardia e) decreased heat production

1 – c, d; 2 – a, b, e

1-d; 2-c; 3-b

Hormones of adenohypophysis: 1) adrenocorticotropic 2) oxytocin 3) melatonin 4) vasopressin 5) somatotropic 6) thyrotropin

1,5,6

2,3

1 – a; 2 – c; 3 – b

1 – b; 2 – c

Binocular vision is:

looking at an object with both eyes

The presbyopia is a result of:

loss of lens elasticity

1 – a; 2 – d

Organ of Corti is situated on:

basilar membrane

Hair of auditory receptor cells is embedded in the membrane:

tectorial

At action of sounds of high frequency the amplitude maximum of the cochlea basilar membrane is located close to:

base of the cochlea

Adjustment of the eye to clear vision of objects at different distances is called:

accommodation

3, 4, 5

Nociceptors are:

physical, chemical

The minimum thresholds of spatial perception of tactile sensitivity on the human body are: 1) fingertips 2) shins 3) lips 4) back 5) shoulders

1,3

Receptors of olfactory analyzer mainly are situated in:

upper part of the nasal cavity

Which thermoreceptors number is more?

cold points are more, than warmth

Accommodation is:

adaptive reaction of the eyes due to change of lens curvature

Acuity of hearing is measured by: 1) sound generators 2) esthesiometer 3) determination the pitch and intensity of sounds 4) skin galvanometer 5) audiometers 6) electroencephalography

1, 3, 5

What is hypermetropia?

eyeball is too short

1,3,4,6

1,3,5

1,2,4,5

Unequal refraction of light in different directions is called:

astigmatism

Unequal size of both pupils is called:

anisocoria

100

The phonoreceptors that perceive high sounds are located:

at the base of the cochlea