Special topics L 1&2

26問 • 1年前

問題一覧

defined as a set of principles that guide moral behavior, influencing how individuals and communities interact. It encompasses the study of well- founded standards of right and wrong, which dictate duties related to rights, justice, and societal benefits. Ethics is not static; it evolves with cultural shifts and requires continuous reflection and refinement of moral beliefs("Understanding Ethics", 2024) (Sarwari & Haq, 2023).

ethics

represents a community's recognized moral standards, which can change over time as societal values evolve It is a branch of philosophy that examines moral problems and the implications of ethical decision-making

ethics

refers to the application of ethical principles within the financial sector, focusing on the moral conduct of individuals and institutions involved in financial activities. It encompasses a range of behaviors and practices that are deemed ethically right or wrong, emphasizing honesty, fairness, and responsibility in financial dealings.

financial ethics

It encompasses the moral principles and standards that guide behavior in the business environment. It integrates various perspectives, including normative and descriptive ethical theories, to evaluate how businesses should act and why they may fail to uphold ethical standards. It involves the study of moral rules and perspectives within organizations(Spence, 2024).

business ethics

refers to the corporate net profits distributed among shareholders.

dividend

are fixed dividends paid as a percentage every year to the preference shareholders if net earnings are positive after the payment of preference dividends, the remaining net profits are paid or retained or both depending upon the decision taken by the management.

preference dividends

It is made by the directors of a company. It relates to the amount and timing of any cash payments made to the company stockholders.

dividend decision

It describes how a business will pay out dividends to its owners. This policy specifies payout information, such as the frequency, timing, and amount of distributions.

dividend policy

refers to the payout policy that management follows in determining the size and the pattern of distribution to shareholders over time.

dividend policy

refers to the percentage of the net earnings distributed to the shareholders as dividends.

dividend payout ratio

are established to maintain societal order and protect individual rights, often delineating the boundaries of permissible actions.

legal restrictions

often impose specific obligations and limitations on parties involved, which can restrict business growth or investment choices

contractual constraints

refer to organizational policies and governance structures that dictate operational procedures and decision-making processes.

internal constraints

is a multifaceted concept that primarily refers to the continuous rise in prices within an economy, but it also has significant implications in cosmology.

inflation

refers to the duration since its establishment, which can significantly influence its operational dynamics, governance, and environmental impact.

age of corporation

It refers to the consistency and predictability of a company's earnings over time, which can significantly influence financial analysis and valuation. It is characterized by low volatility in earnings, leading to a more reliable assessment of a firm's financial health.

stability of earnings

refers to the ability of financial entities, such as mutual funds and hedge funds, to meet their short-term obligations and investor redemption demands without incurring significant losses.

liquidity of funds

refers to the fluctuations in economic activity characterized by periods of expansion and contraction.

trade cycle

It encompasses the strategies and actions taken by governmental institutions to address public issues and implement societal goals. It is characterized by its attributes of efficiency, impact, effectiveness, and relevance, which are crucial for successful governance and civic engagement.

government policy

refers to the decisions and actions taken by authorities to manage public issues. It includes a wide range of areas such as foreign policy, environmental regulations, and social welfare initiatives

government policy

It refers to the framework and strategies employed by governments to regulate taxes, which serve as a primary source of revenue for public goods and services. It encompasses the establishment of tax rates, structures, and incentives aimed at influencing economic behavior, promoting social welfare, and achieving developmental goals. The following sections elaborate on key aspects of taxation policy.

taxation policy

This suggests that dividends are a signal of a company's future prospects. When a company increases its dividend, it may be signaling to investors that it has strong future earnings potential and is confident about maintaining profitability.

signaling theory

This theory suggests that investors prefer capital gains over dividends because capital gains are typically taxed at a lower rate than dividends

tax preference theory

It argues that dividends reduce agency costs by limiting the amount of free cash flow available for managers to use in ways that may not align with shareholders’ best interests.

agency cost theory

This theory suggests that dividend decisions are influenced by the company's desire to control how much earnings are distributed to shareholders and when.

dividend control theory

This suggests that a company’s dividend decisions depend on its stage in the business life cycle. Younger, high-growth companies tend to reinvest profits into expansion and research and development, while more mature companies with lower growth prospects tend to pay out a larger proportion of earnings as dividends.

life-cycle theory

Lesson 2

mjay rabena · 33問 · 2年前

Lesson 2