ANAPHY LEC (Muscular System)

76問 • 2年前

問題一覧

MUSCULAR SYSTEM FUNCTIONS OF

1. Movement of the body 2. Maintenance of posture 3. Respiration 4. Production of body heat 5. Communication 6. Constriction of organ vessels

types of muscle

skeletal cardiac smooth

Skeletal and smooth muscle cells are elongated. For this reason, they are called

muscle fibers

The ability of muscle to shorten, or contract, depends on two types of myofilaments:

actin and myosin

Similar terminology: myo- or mys- (“___”) or sarco-(“___”)

muscle flesh

Large, cigar-shaped, multinucleate cells with obvious striations. They are the largest muscle fibers—some ranging up to 30 cm (nearly 1 foot) in length ØVoluntary: ØSpeed of Contraction: ØNo rhythmic contraction

skeletal muscle via nervous system controls Slow to fast

found in only one place in the body—the ___, where it forms the bulk of the heart walls voluntary or involuntary?

heart involuntary

found mostly in walls of hollow visceral organs (i.e. bladder, intestine, stomach, blood vessels, etc.) Spindle-shaped uninucleate cells with no striations voluntary or involuntary?

smooth muscle involuntary

what are the CONNECTIVE TISSUE COVERINGS (or muscular fascia) covers fascicles covers muscle fibers

•Tendons •Epimysium (or muscular fascia) •Perimysium – covers fascicles •Endomysium – covers muscle fibers

ELECTRICAL COMPONENT STRUCTURES it is the plasma membrane

Sarcolemma

carry electrical impulses into the center of the muscle fiber to contract in unison

transverse tubules

highly specialized smooth endoplasmic reticulum in skeletal muscle fibers that stores high levels of calcium

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

bundles of protein myofilaments

myofibrils

interact to shorten the muscle fiber during contraction ___ thin filaments ___thick filaments

myofilaments ACTIN MYOFILAMENT MYOSIN MYOFILAMENT

globular subunits has an active site for myosin

actin molecules

long, fibrous protein covering the active sites on the G actin

TROPOMYOSIN

• (1) a subunit that anchors the troponin to the actin • (2) a subunit that prevents the tropomyosin from uncovering the G actin • (3) a subunit that binds Ca2+

troponin

The actin and myosin myofilaments are arranged into highly ordered units called

sarcomeres

smallest portion of a muscle that can contracts

sacromere

gap between nerve endings and sarcolemma (muscle fiber)

SYNAPTIC CLEFT

SYNAPTIC VESICLES – contains a neurotransmitter called

ACETYLOCHOLINE

chemical that stimulates skeletal muscle fibers

ØNeurotransmitter

___ (Ach) is released form presynaptic vesicles

Acetylcholine

Na+ diffuses into muscle fiber, initiating an ___ that travels along the sarcolemma and T-tubule membranes

action potential

electrical current generated by the Na+-K+ pump

action potential

– boundary of each sarcomere

Z-DISKS

– contains only actin myofilaments (including Z disk)

IBAND

contains both actin and myosin myofilaments

A BAND

– contains only myosin myofilaments

H ZONE

dark line in the middle of H zone; holds myosin filaments in place

M LINE

types of muscle constraction

ISOTONIC CONTRACTION ISOMETRIC CONTRACTION

This type of contraction increases the tension in the muscle while the length of the muscle decreases (muscle shortens) • Example: any time you lift an object or you move your limbs

isotonic contraction

This type of contraction increases the tension in the muscle, but the length of the muscle stays the same (no muscle shortening) •Example/s: • Standing/Sitting still (postural muscles) • Lifting or resisting something that is far too heavy or too strong for you

isometric contraction

Types of Body Movements

•FLEXION •EXTENSION •ROTATION •ABDUCTION •ADDUCTION •CIRCUMDUCTION

FACIAL MUSCLES – raise eyebrows, wrinkle forehead

frontalis

facial muscles – close eyes, wink, blink

Orbicularis oculi

facial muscles – closes mouth, protrudes lips

Orbicularis Oris

flattens the cheek (blow, whistle)

buccinator

– raises corners of mouth (smiling)

zygomaticus

closes the jaw by elevating mandible

masseter

assists masseter in closing jaw

temporalis

It is a condition that causes a temporary weakness or paralysis of the muscles in the face

bell’s palsy

downward sag of the mouth (‘the sad clown face”)

platysma

paired; one on each side of the neck

Sternocleidomastoid

• Disorder characterized by a shortening of at least one of the cervical muscles and tilting of the head to the opposite side (MC: SCM)

Congenital Muscular Torticollis (Wry Neck)

covers the upper part of the chest; forms the anterior part of the axilla/armpit

Pectoralis major

Shoulder flexion, adduction, internal rotation

action

deep muscles found between the ribs

intercostals

help to raise the rib cage when you inhale

external intercostal

depress the rib cage, helping to move air out of the lungs when you exhale forcibl

internal intercostals

mostsuperficial; flexion/bending the spine, compress during defecation and childbirth

rectus abdominis

flexion, rotation, lateral bending of trunk

External&InternalObliques

deepest; compresses abdominal contents

transverse abdominis

mostsuperficial muscles of the posterior neck and upper trunk; elevate, depress, and stabilize the scapula.

trapezius

lowertrunk; swimmer’s’ muscle; Shoulder extension, adduction, internal rotation.

LatissimusDorsi

formtherounded shape of shoulders; shoulder flexion, extension, abduction, internal and external rotation.

Deltoid

deep muscles of the back; prime mover for back extension; common cause of low back pain

erector spinae

muscles form part of the posterior abdominal wall; lateral bending and back extension

Quadratus Lumborum

Medially rotates arm (internal rotation)

Supraspinatus

– Laterally rotates arm (external rotation)

Infraspinatus

– Abducts arm

Teres minor

– Laterally rotates and adducts arm

Subscapularis

– condition where the connective tissues between your muscles and bones (tendons) become inflamed due to overuse and repetitive activities

Tendinitis

– painful swelling of a small, fluid-filled padding called “bursa”; usually found on areas where bone rubs on muscle due to injury or overuse

Bursitis

– injury to a muscle or tendon where it is overstretched or torn

Muscle/Tendon Strain or Tear

– compression or pinching of rotator cuff muscles

Shoulder Impingement

UPPER LIMB MUSCLES 1. ___ powerful prime mover of elbow flexion and forearm supination 2. ___ elbow flexion when forearm is pronated 3. ___ elbow flexion when forearm is neutral position 4. ___ only posterior muscle on humerus; elbow extension

Biceps brachii Brachialis Brachioradialis Triceps Brachii

WRIST, HAND & FINGER MUSCLES ___Flexion of WHF, Adduction of wrist ___Extension of WHF, Abduction of wrist

ANTERIOR FOREARM – POSTERIOR FOREARM –

LOWER LIMB – HIP MUSCLES 1. ___ superficial muscle of the hip that forms the buttocks; hip extension 2. ___ hip abductor and is important in steadying the pelvis during walking

Gluteus Maximus Gluteus Medius

Site for giving intramuscular injections, particularly when administering more than 5 ml

Gluteus Medius – Intramuscular Injection

LOWER LIMB – HIP MUSCLES 1. ___ prime mover of hip flexion; keep the upper body from falling backward when we are standing erect 2. ___ medial side of each thigh; adduct, or press, the thighs together

Iliopsoas Adductor muscles

LOWER LIMB – KNEE MUSCLES 1. ___ anterior thigh; primary mover of knee extension 2. ___ thin and strap-like; tailor’s muscle; weak thigh flexor

Quadriceps Group Sartorius

LOWER LIMB – KNEE MUSCLES ___ posterior thigh; primary mover of knee flexion

Hamstring Group

LOWER LIMB – ANKLE & FOOT MUSCLES 1. ___ superficial muscle on the anterior leg; dorsiflexion and inversion of foot 2. ___ Lateral to the tibialis anterior; prime mover of toe extension 3. ___ lateral part of leg; plantar flexes and everts the foot

Tibialis Anterior Extensor Digitorum Longus Fibularis Muscles

LOWER LIMB – ANKLE & FOOT MUSCLES 4. ___ forms the curved calf of the posterior leg; prime mover for plantar flexion of the foot ___ attachment to heel of foot (calcaneus) 5. ___ Deep to the gastrocnemius; strong plantar flexor

Gastrocnemius Achilles Tendon Soleus

Continuous, involuntary, painful, and localized contraction of an entire muscle group, single muscle or selected muscle fibers

muscle cramps

Microbiology / Parasitology

Jholie Jean Guibone · 20問 · 2年前

Microbiology / Parasitology