lahat

49問 • 2年前

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A speaker carries out ______ to collaboratively and productively establish a topic.

1. Nomination

in communication refers to any limitation you may have as a speaker. It is a strategy used when responses need to be within the set categories or instructions. These instructions confine you as a speaker and limit what you can say.

2. Restriction

It pertains to the process by which people decide who takes the conversational floor. strategy allows all participants in the conversation a chance to speak. You can use this strategy to avoid taking over the whole conversation.

3. Turn-taking

covers how procedural formality or informality affects the development of topic in conversations.

4. Topic Control

This is a strategy used when there is a need to control and prevent unnecessary interruptions and topic shifts in a certain conversation. Using this strategy makes the conversation to stay focused on the topic throughout the discussion and keeps the development of the topic going by asking questions.

4. Topic Control

involves moving from one topic to another. This strategy is used to change the topic to a new one which helps communication keep going.

5. Topic Shifting

refers to how speakers address the problems in speaking, listening, and comprehending that they encounter in a conversation. is the self-righting mechanism in any social interaction (Schegloff et. al, 1977). We can employ this strategy whenever we encounter problems in communication to prevent a breakdown.

6. Repair

refers to the conversation participants' close-initiating expressions that end a topic in a conversation.

7. Termination

This strategy is used to end an interaction or close a topic. Most of the time, the topic initiator or the person who opened the topic takes responsibility to signal the end of the discussion as well.

7. Termination

is used when talking with professionals or persons in authority in a formal, official or ceremonial occasion, situation, gathering or event. Talking with a lawyer, a doctor or even with your teacher often creates a formal ambiance in communication.

Formal language

, on the other hand, is used without much consideration to rules of convention or etiquette. It is casual and mostly not well-thought-of or prepared because it is used to communicate with people with whom you have close association with like parents, siblings and friends.

Informal language

This refers to the amount of time a conversation takes between and among communicators.

Duration of Interaction

This refers to the speech style used by the speaker suited to his/her relationship to the person with whom he/she is communicating. Styles can be classified as intimate, frozen, consultative, casual or formal.

Relationship of Speaker

the speaker addresses an audience in a formal gathering such as ceremonial events, Eucharistic celebrations or even court hearings. The style is "set" or "fixed" and thus, it rarely or never changes. Audience feedback is not required.

frozen

the speaker talks to family members, best friends or romantic partners. This may comprise private conversations or personal interactions.

Intimate style -

- the speaker communicates with a person whom he/she may have to clarify things, discuss a problem, or seek advice.

consultative

the speaker shares close and personal information with friends, classmates or colleagues. This ordinarily occurs in everyday life.

casual

speaker has to deliver a pre-planned or written speech to address a crowd of people such as giving opening remarks during a seminar, or the president making a public announcement or delivering SONA.

formal

This refers to the role and responsibility of the speaker which will depend on the purpose and context of communication. The speaker may be a person who gives information and additional knowledge to another person or an audience, someone who convinces others for a cause or an individual

Role and Responsibility of Speaker

This involves the content of the message. The message may be facts, opinion, feelings, order, suggestions, and questions

Message

This refers to the manner of delivery involving verbal and nonverbal cues made by the speaker. Delivery can be classified as: extemporaneous speaking with limited preparation and guided by notes or outline; impromptu speaking without advanced preparation or unrehearsed speech; memorized planned and rehearsed speech; manuscript reading aloud a written message.

Delivery

This accounts for the background and purpose of a discourse. _____ assumes a more or less direct relationship between situational, societal, political or cultural "environment" in which the communication transaction occurs. The type of audience, circumstances and setting are taken into consideration

Speech Context

communication is a communication with oneself. It is the basic form of communication where the 'self' is the only consideration. This is true in moments of self-reflection or introspection when you contemplate and internalize things that happened or may happen, or maybe think of what may be done to solve a personal problem.

Intrapersonal

. This kind of communication involves the transmission of messages that is deliberately extended to others.

interpersonal communication

addresses a large number of people. For example, when you discuss to a large group online about the effects of Covid19 and the precautionary measures in the time of pandemic, you engage in public communication. In this way, you communicate to a crowd of online viewers and so your message may be heard by many. Another example of public communication is a preacher passionately delivering a sermon and a leader emphatically persuading the people to support a cause in a mass gathering.

public communication

communication happens between or among family members because they are bound by close affinity. There are things that are kept only within themselves which other people do not or can not know. Intimate communication may be private or confidential.

Intimate

Friends and acquaintances often use _____ communication. They feel comfortable and at ease with one another. They have no inhibitions to share their feelings because they consider their friends next to their family. They laugh without ceasing over not-so-funny things and at times, not even getting sensitive to one another's criticisms.

casual

means of communication is giving pieces of advice as in a guidance counselor and a client who needs it. This can be between a doctor and his patient or parents who consult with a teacher about their child's academic performance.

Consultative

Finally, those activities which are not changeable in nature fall under ______ type of communication. Saying a prayer like Our Lord's Prayer or the Hail Mary and reciting the Patriotic Oath during flag ceremonies are just two of the examples. These are routinely done and may only be changed once amended in the Philippine constitution. Frozen communication is set and it is very rarely or almost never altered.

frozen

refers not only to the utterance (Locutionary act) but also to the intention (Illocutionary Act) and response (Perlocutionary Act) to a specific situation for an intended discourse impact. The choice of words to use has to be considered to suit the need of the occasion or the kinds of audience to be addressed. This is also done to help express the intention of the speaker and to elicit a response from the listener.

Speech act

- It explains the problem and suggests a possible solution.

1. Problem-Solution Order

It divides the topic into subtopics based on the importance or interest value or simply because the topic requires it.

2. Categorical/Topical Order-

A historical or time approach which is from the past to the present. It presents idea in time order.

3. Chronological Order -

- It presents comparison and contrast of two or three points.

4. Comparison and Contrast Order

Going from one place to another, from one direction to another

5. Spatial/Geographical Order-

It involves a discussion of both cause and effect of an issue.

6. Causal Order-

are specific words or phrases used by a certain individual or group which are difficult for others to understand.

Jargons

refers to the clear pronunciation or diction and speech which is very essential in effectively transmitting the message. Word choice and grammatical correctness are necessary in writing the speech, but it is highly important to know by the speaker the correct way of saying a word, whether they are familiar or unfamiliar. It also includes proper breathing techniques together with the correct production of sounds that make up words contribute to an efficient articulation.

Articulation

. Voice quality is the key when we speak. There is pleasant sounding voice which is soothing to the ears. On the other hand, there is sounding voice that is unpleasant to the ears. Something that sounds flat, high pitch and screeching to listen to.

Modulation

refers to the capability of the vocal tone to adjust to the resonance and timbre of the voice.

Modulation

refers to the ability of the speaker to "own the stage," meaning to be able to fill the space and project his/her personality to the audience. However, the opposite of stage presence is stage fright, which is considered the topmost fear in the world of public speaking. There is a saying that "no one is immune from stage fright," the moment you stand in front of a large crowd you would always feel this fear. However, a good speaker though would feel fear in speaking in front of an audience should

Stage Presence

It is not just the choice of words and the proper pronunciation that make you an effective speaker and make a successful speech delivery. The message of the speech is being reinforced by the facial expressions, gestures and movements of the speaker. These principles emphasize certain points. Facial Expressions should change with the content of the speech, gestures or movements on the other hand, highlights the points being clarified and direct the audience to follow every word and important details the speaker has to say.

Facial Expressions, Gestures and Movements.

. It has been said in the previous lessons that the most important tool for establishing a connection with the audience is an audience analysis. Using those data, the speaker will have an idea on a speech material that would appeal to the audience or listeners. With this data at hand, the speaker would know how to deliver the message to the audience and strike them or connect with his/her listeners at a deeper level.

Audience Rapport

refers to a system of communication ured by humans to express thorants, ideas, and emotions. It involves the use of words, sounds, gestures, and symbols to convey meaning and interact with others.

1) LANGUAGE

refers to the structure and organization of language, including its grammar, syntax, phonology, and morphology. H encompasses the rules and patterns that govern how words and sentender are constructured and now rounds are organized.

2) LANGUAGE FORM

is the branch of lingvistics that studies the internal structure of words and how they are formed. It Follies on the analysis of morphemes, which are the smallert meaningful units of langroade. morphology examinel now. mer morphemes combine to create words and now they can change through processer. like akfixation, compounding and inflection.

3) MORPHOLOGY

is the smallest or part of a meaningkul unit of language. word that ca cartier mea eaning Three "thert are "not"), "happy" la root It can be a worl For example, in the word " unhappiners morphemer: "un- " (a prefix meaning " no word), and "-ners" la CUFFIX indicating a state or equality)

A morpheme

refers to the rules and principles that goven govern the arrangement of words and phraser to form grammatically. correct sentences in a language. It involves the study of sentence shouchure, word order, and the relationship between different elemente within a sentence syntax helps determine the meaning and interpretation of sentencer.

5) syntax

study of the sounds used in a particular language and how they are organized and ured to eunvely meaning. it examines the phonemed, which are the emallest unit of

PHONOLOGY

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Shekinah Bismonte · 58問 · 2年前

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