PSYC 4 - Therapy (M.53~55) #1

100問 • 2年前

問題一覧

In ________, a trained therapist uses psychological techniques to assist someone seeking to overcome difficulties and achieve personal growth. They may explore early relationships, encourage to adopt new ways of thinking, or coach in replacing old behaviors with new ones.

psychotherapy

_________ _______ offers medications and other biological treatments like antipressants, eletroconvulsive shock therapy (ECT), or deep brain stimulation for depression.

biomedical therapy

Some therapists combine techniques. Indeed, many describe their approach as _______, using a blend of therapies.

eclectic

What was the first major psychological therapy?

Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis

The analyst may suggest you are ______ feelings, such as dependency or mingled love and anger, that you experienced in earlier relationships with family members or other important people.

tranferring

In psychoanalysis, when patients experience strong feelings for their therapist, this is called _________.

transference

Patients are said to demonstrate anxiety when they put up mental blocks around sensitive memories, indicating _______.

resistance

The therapist will attempt to provide insight into the underlying anxiety by offering a(n) ________ of the mental blocks. If offdered at the right moment, this _________, may illuminate the underlying wishes, feelings, and conflicts you are avoiding.

interpretation

Although influenced by Freud's ideas, ___________ _________ don't talk much about id-ego-superego conflicts, instead they try to help people understand their current symptoms by focusing on important relationships and events like their childhood experiences and therapist-client relationship.

psychodynamic therapists

The ______ perspective emphasizes people's innate potential for self-fulfillment.

humanistic

modern _________ _______ evolved from psychoanalysis

psychodynamic perspective

After discarding hypnosis as an unreliable excavator, Freud turned to ______ association.

free

By helping patients reclaim their unconscious thoughts and feelings, and by giving them _____ into the origins of their disorders, the therapist (________) could help them reduce growth-impeding inner conflicts.

insight, analyst

Therapist would train patients in ________ _______, learn to release tension in one muscle group after another, until you achieve a comfortable, complete state of relaxation.

pregressive relaxation

If you fear public speaking, a behavior therapist might first hekp you construct an _______ ______, a kind of ladder of speaking situations that trigger increasing levels of anxiety.

anxiety hierarchy

__________, introduction of effective drug therapies and community-based treatment programs has emptied most of hospital, has contributed to increased homelessness and incarceration.

deinstitutionalization

Freud believed that there are threatening things we ______, things we do not want to know, so we disavow or deny them.

repress

As humanistic therapists share a goal of trying to help clients discover new insights, the psychodynamic and humanistic therapies are often reffered to as ______ ________.

insight therapies

How does humanistic therapies differ from psychodynamic therapies in 5 ways?

- Humanistic therapists aim to boost people's self-fulfillment by helping them grow in self-awareness and self-acceptance - Promoting this growth, not curing illness, is the therapy focus. (Therapists are called "persons" or "clients" rather than "patients" - The path to growth is taking immediate responsibility for one's feelings and actons, rather than uncovering hidden determinants - Conscious thoughts are more important than unconscious thoughts - The present and future are more important than the past. Therapy focuses on exploring feelings as they occur, rather than on achieving insights into the childhood origins of those feelings

The humanistic technique that Carl Rogers developed is called _______-________ ________.

person-centered therapy

In _________ _______, the client leads the discussion and the therapist listens without judging or interpreting, and refrains from directing the client toward certain insights.

nondirective therapy

By being _____, therapists try to sense and reflect their clients' feelings, helping them experience a deeper self-understanding and self-acceptance.

empathic

To Rogers, "hearing" was _____ ______.

active listening

Given _________ _________ _____, people may accept even their worst traits and feel valued and whole.

unconditional positive regard

How can we improve communication in our own relationships by listening more actively based on Rogers-inspired 3 hints?

1. Paraphrase. - Check your understanding by summarizing the person's words out loud, in your own words. 2. Invite clarification. - "What might be an example of that?" may encourage the person to say more. 3. Reflect feelings. - It sounds frustrating" might mirror what you're sensing from the person's body language and intensity.

_________ _______ expect problems to diminish as they gain insight into their unsolved and unconscious tensions. _________ _______, however, doubt the healing power of self-awareness, assume that problem behaviors are the problems rather than delving deeply below the surface looking for inner causes.

Humanistic therapists, behavior therapists

_________, such as with exposure therapy, pairs the trigger stimulus with a new response (relaxation) that is incompatible with fear.

counterconditioning

What might a psychodynamic therapist say about Mowrer's therapy for bed-wetting? How might a behavior therapist defend it?

Psychodynamic therapist might be more interested in helping the child develop insight about the underlying problems that have caused the bed-wetting response. Behavior therapist would be more likely to agree with Mowrer that the bed-wetting symptom IS the problem, and that counterconditioning the unwanted behavior would indeed bring emotional relief.

Fear of something subsides as well, having been _____, or replaced, by a relaxed state that cannot coexist with fear.

countered

Jones' counterconditioning technique is refined into ______ _________ used today by psychiatrist Joseph Wolpe.

exposure therapies

_________ __________ is an exposure therapy used to treat specific phobias, proceeding gradually by repeating.

systematic desensitization

_____ ______ _______ ________ is used when anxiety-arousing situations are too expensive, difficult, or embarrassing to re-create.

virtual reality exposure therapy

Exposure therapy helps you learn what you _____ do, enabling a more relaxed, positive response to an upsetting harmless stimulus.

should

_________ __________ helps you learn what you should not do, creating a negative (aversive) response to a harmful stimulus.

Aversive conditioning

Aversive conditioning helps you what you _______ do, creating a negative response to a ______ stimulus.

shouldn't, harmful

Knowing that consequences strongly influence our voluntary behaviours as the basic principle of operant conditioning, behavior therapists can practice _________ _________.

behavior modification

What is behavior modification?

Behavior therapists reinforce desirable behaviors, and they fail to reinforce-or sometimes punish-undesirable behaviors.

Positive reinforcement is effective aspect of early ________ _________ ________.

intensive behavioral intervention

In institutional settings, therapists may create a ______ _______ which is giving people tokens for desired behavior, and they get to change the tokens to what they want.

token economy

What are 2 concerns that behavior modification critics express?

How durable are the behaviors? & Is it right for one human to control another's behavior?

What are the insight therapies, and how do they differ from behavior therapies?

The insight therapies-psychodynamic and humanistic therapies-seek to relieve problems by providing an understanding of their origins. Behavior therapies assume the problem behavior is the problem and treat it directly, paying less attention to its origins.

Some maladptive behaviors are learned. What hope does this fact provide?

If a behavior can be learned, it can be unlearned and replaced by other, more adaptive responses.

Exposure therapies and aversive conditioning are applications of ________ conditioning. Token economies are an application ofclass ________ conditioning.

classical, operant

________ ______ changed other areas of psychology since the 1960s has influenced therapy as well.

cognitive revolution

The ______ _______ assume that our thinking colors our feelings.

cognitive therapies

Psychologists call relentless, overgeneralized, self-blaming behavior ___________.

catastrophizing

To change negative self-talk, cognitive therapists have offered ________ ________ ________: teaching people to restructure their thinking in stressful situations

stress inoculation training

What techniques are used to reveal beliefs?

Ranking thoughts and emotions, Questioning interpretations

What techniques are used to test beliefs?

Examining consequences, Decatastrophizing thinking.

What techniques are used to change beliefs?

Resisting extremes, Taking appropriate responsibility

_______-______ _____ (CBT) takes a combined approach to treating depressive and other disorders.

Cognitive-behavioral therapy

Cognitive-behavioral therapy is widely practiced integrative therapy aims to alter not only the way people ____ but also the way they ___.

think, act

Cognitive-behavioral therapy, CBT, aeefctively treats people with ______-______ and related disorders.

obsessive-compulsive

A newer CBT variation, ______ _______ ______, DBT, helps change harmful and even suicidal behavior patterns. ______ means "opposing," and this therapy attempts to make peace between 2 opposing forces-acceptance and change.

dialectical behavior therapy, Dialectical

How do the humanistic and cognitive therapies differ?

By reflecting more people's feelings in a nondirective setting, the humanistic therapies attempt to foster personal growth by helping people become aware of self-aware and self-accepting. By making people aware of self-defeating patterns of thinking, cognitive therapies guide them toward more adaptive ways of thinking about themselves and their world.

A critical attribute of the _______ ______ developed by Aaron Beck focuses on the belief that changing people's thinking can change their functioning.

cognitive therapy

What is cognitive-behavioral therapy, and what sorts of problems does this therapy best address?

This integrative therapy helps people change self-defeating thinking and behavior. It has been shown to be effective for those with anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive and related disorders, depressive disorders, bipolar disorders, ADHD, eating disorders, and alcohol or other substance use disorders.

Groups therapy offers benefits:

It saves therapists' time and clients' money, It offers a social laboratory for exploring social behaviors and developing social skills, It enables people to see that others share their problems, It provides feedback as cliets try out new ways of behaving

______ ______ tend to view families as systems, in which each person's actions trigger reactions from others. It assumes that no person is an island.

Family therapy

Comparing Modern Psychotherapies

Psychodynamic, person-centered, behavior, cognitive, cognitive-behavioral, and group and family

A therapist who helps clients search for the unconscious roots of their problem and offers interpretations of their behaviors, feelings, and dreams, is drawing from

psychoanalysis

_______ therapies are designed to help individuals discover the unconscious thoughts and feelings that guide their motivation and behavior.

Insight

Compared with psychoanalysts, humanistic therapists are more likely to emphasize

self-fulfillment and growth

A therapist who restates and clarifies the client's statements in practicing the technique of

active listening

The goal of behavior therapy is to

eliminate the unwanted behavior

Behavior therapies often use ________ techniques, such as systematic desensitization and aversive conditioning, to encourage clients to produce new responses to old stimuli.

counterconditioning

The technique of ________ _______ teaches people to relax in the presence of progressively more anxiety-provoking stimuli.

systematic desensitization

After a near-fatal car accident, Rico developed such an intense fear of driving on the highway that he takes lengthy alternative routes to work each day. Which psychological therapy might best help Rico overcome his specific phobia, and why?

Behavior therapies are often the best choice for treating specific phobias. Viewing Rico's fear of the highway as a learned response, a behavior therapist might help Rico learn to replace his anxious response to highway driving with a relaxation response.

__________-________ therapy helps people to change their self-defeating ways of thinking and to act out those changes in their daily behavior.

Cognitive-behavioral

Cognitive therapy has been especially effective in treating

depressive disorders

In family therapy, the therapist assumes that

each person's action trigger reactions from other family members

How do psychotherapy and the biomedical therapies differ?

Psychotherapy is treatment involving psychological techniques that consists of nteractions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth. This major psychotherapies derive from psychology's psychodynamic, humanistic, behavioral, and cognitive perspectives. Biomedical therapy treats psychological disorders with medications or procedures that act directly on a patient's physiology. An eclectic approach combined techniques from various forms of psychotherapy.

What are the goals and techniques of psychoanalysis, and how have they been adapted in psychodynamic therapy?

Through psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud tried to give people self-insight and relief from their disorders by bringing anxiety-laden feelings and thoughts into conscious awareness. Psychoanalytic techniques included using free association and interpretation of instances of resustance and trandference. Psychodynamic therapy has been influenced by traditional psychoanalysis but differs from it in many ways, including little aattention to the concepts of id, ego, and superego. This contemporary therapy is briefer, less expensive, and more focused on helping the client find relief from surrent symptoms. Psychodynamic therapists help clients understand how past relationships create themes that may be acted out in present relationships.

What are the basic themes of humanistic therapy? What are the goals and techniques of Rogers' person-sentered approach?

Both psychodynamic and humanistic therapies are insight therapies-they attempt to improve functioning by increasing people's awareness of motives and defenses. Humanistic therapy's goals include helping people grow in self-awareness and self-acceptance; promoting personal growth rather than curing illness; helping people take responsibility for their own growth; focusing on conscious thoughts rather than unconscious motivations; and seeing the present and future as more important than the past. Carl Rogers' person-centered therapy proposed that therapists' most important contribution is to function as a psychological mirror through active listening and to provide a growth-fostering environment of unconditional positive regard.

How does the basic assumption of behavior therapy differ from the assumptions of psychodynamic and humanistic therapies? What classical conditioning techniques are used in exposure therapies and aversive conditioning?

Behavior therapies are not insight therapies, and instead assume that problem behaviors are the problem. Their goal is to apply learning principles to modify these problem behaviors. Classical conditioning techniques, including exposure therapies (systematic desensitization or virtual reality exposure therapy) and aversive conditioning, attempt to change behaviors through counterconditioning-evoking new responses to old stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors.

What is the main premise of therapy based on perant conditioning principles, and what are the views of its proponents and critics?

Operant conditioning operates under the premise that voluntary behaviors are strongly influenced by their consequences. Therapy based on operant conditioning principles therefore uses behavior modification techniques to change unwanted behaviors by positively reinforcing desired behaviors and ignoring or punishing undesirable behaviors. Critics maintain that 1. techniques such as those used in token economies may produce behavior changes that disappear when rewards end, and 2. deciding which behaviors should change is authoritatian and unethical. Proponents argue that treatment with positive rewards is more humane than punishing people or institutionalizing them for undesired behaviors.

What are the goals and techniques of the cognitive therapies and of the cognitive-behavioral therapy?

The cognitive therapies (Aaron Beck's cognitive therapy for depression, assume that our thinking colors our feelings, and that the therapist's role is to change clients' self-defeating thinking by training them to perceive and interpret events in more constructive ways. The widely researched and practiced cognitive-behavioral therapy, CBT, combined cognitive therapy and behavior therapy by helping clients regularly try out their new ways of thinking and behaving in their everyday life. A newer CBT variation, dialectical behavior therapy, DBT, combines cognitive tactics for tolerating distress and regulating emotions with social skills training and mindfulness meditation.

What are the aims and benefits of group therapies?

Group therapy sessions can help more people with less cost than individual therapy. Clients may benefit in person or online from exploring feelings and developing social skills in a group situation, from learning that others have similar problems, and from getting feedback on new ways of behaving.

What are the aims and benefits of family therapies?

Family therapy aims to help family members discover the roles they play within the family's interactive social system, improve communication, and learn new ways to prevent or resolve conflicts.

________ ______ can lead to unconsciously seek evidence that confirms their beliefs and to ignore contradictory evidence. ______ ________ can lead to perceive associations that don't really exist.

Confirmation bias, Illusory correlations

What is a statistical procedure that combines the conclusions of a large number of different stuides?

meta-analysis

How might the placebo effect bias clients' and clinicians' appraisals of the effectiveness of psychotherapies?

The placebo effect is the healing power of belief in a treatment. Patients and therapists who expect a treatment to be effective may believe it was.

Therapy is most likely to be helpful for those with problems that (are/are not) well-defined.

are

What is evidence-based practice?

When using an evidence-based approach, therapists make decisions about treatment based on research evidence, clinical expertise, and knowledge of the client.

What are 3 benefits of psychotherapies?

1. Hope for demoralized people (belief can create self-efficacy and diminish symptoms. 2. A new perspective (offers believable fresh perspective) 3. An empathic, trusting, caring relationship (effective therapists are empathic) + The therapeutic alliance (the emotional bond between therapist and the client helps explain why empathic, caring therapists are especially effective

Those who undergo psychotherapy are (more/less) likely to show improvement that those who do not undergo psychotherapy.

What are the common trouble signals that The American Psychological Association offers?

feelings of hopelessness, deep and lasting depression, self-destructve behavior, such as substance abuse, disruptive fears, sudden mood shifts, thoughts of suicide, compulsive rituals, such as lock checking, sexual difficulties, hearing voices or seeing things that others don't experience

Most are psychologists with a Ph.D(research training) or Psy.D.(therapy) supplemented by a supervised internship and, often, postdoctoral training. About half work in agencied and institutions, galf in private practice.

Clinical psychologists

Physicians who specialize in the treatment of psychological disorders. Not all psychiatrists have had extensive training in psychotherapy, but as M.D.s or D.O.s they can prescribe medications. Thus, they tend to see those with the most serious problems. Many have their own private practice.

Psychiatrists

A two-year master of social work graduate program plus postgraduate supervision prepares some of them to offer psychotherapy, mostly to people with everyday personal and family problems. About half in the United States have earned the National Association of Social Workers' designation of clinical social worker.

Linical or psychiatric social workers

Family and couples counselors specialize in problems arising from family relations. Clergy provide counseling to countless people. Abuse counselors work with substance abusers and with spouse and child abusers and victims of abuse. Mental health and other counselors may be required to have a two-year master's degree.

Counselors

What are principles that therapist should follow?

Seek to benefit you and do you no harm, Establish a feeling of trust and a defined role ass your therapist, as well as be of service to the therapeutic community, Be honest, trustful, and accurate, Be fair and promote justice for you and others, helping everyone to have access to the benefits of therapy, Respect the dignity and worth of you and others, recognizing the right to privacy, confidentiality, and self-determination

There are many acceptable mental health treatment and study approaches, but all therapists and psychological researchers must follow _______ principles.

ethical

The most enthusiastic or optimistic view of the effectiveness of psychotherapy comes from

reports of clinicians and clients

Studies show that ______ therapy is the most effective treatment for most psychological disorders.

no one type of

What are the 3 components of evidence-based practice?

research evidence, clinical expertise, knowledge of the patient

Psychotherapies help people by providing ____________, a new perspective, and an empathic, trusting, caring relationship.

hope

Does psychotherapy work? How can we know?

Clients' and therapists' positive testimonials cannot prove that psychotherapy is effective, and the placebo effect and confirmation bias make it difficult to judge whether improvement occured because of the treatment. Using meta-analyses to statistically combine the results of 100 of randomized psychotherapy outcome studied, researchers have found that those not undergoing treatment often improve, but those undergoing psychotherapy are more likely to improve more quickly with less risk of relapse.

Are some psychotherapies more effective than others for specific disorders?

No one type of psychotherapy is generally superior to all others. Therapy is most effective for those with clear-cut, specific problems. Some therapies-such as behavior conditioning for treating specific phobias and compulsions-are more effective for particular disorders. Cognitive and cognitive-behavioral therapies have been effective in coping with anxiety, posttraumtic stress disorder, insomnia, and depression; behavioral conditioning therapies with specific behavior problems; psychodynamic therapy for depression and anxiety; and nondirective (client-centered) counseling for mild to moderate depression. Abnormal states tend to return to normal on their own, and the placebo effect can create the impression that a treatment has been effective. Evidence-based practive integrates the best avaliable research with clinicians' expertise and clients' culture, values, personality identity, and circumstances.

100

What 3 elements are shared by all forms of psychotherapy?

All psychotherapies offer new hope for demoralized people; a fresh perspectice; and an empathic, trusting, and caring relationship. The emotional bond of trust and understanding between therapist and client-therapeutic alliance-is an important element in effective therapy.

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問題一覧

psychotherapy

_________ _______ offers medications and other biological treatments like antipressants, eletroconvulsive shock therapy (ECT), or deep brain stimulation for depression.

biomedical therapy

Some therapists combine techniques. Indeed, many describe their approach as _______, using a blend of therapies.

eclectic

What was the first major psychological therapy?

Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis

The analyst may suggest you are ______ feelings, such as dependency or mingled love and anger, that you experienced in earlier relationships with family members or other important people.

tranferring

In psychoanalysis, when patients experience strong feelings for their therapist, this is called _________.

transference

Patients are said to demonstrate anxiety when they put up mental blocks around sensitive memories, indicating _______.

resistance

interpretation

psychodynamic therapists

The ______ perspective emphasizes people's innate potential for self-fulfillment.

humanistic

modern _________ _______ evolved from psychoanalysis

psychodynamic perspective

After discarding hypnosis as an unreliable excavator, Freud turned to ______ association.

free

insight, analyst

Therapist would train patients in ________ _______, learn to release tension in one muscle group after another, until you achieve a comfortable, complete state of relaxation.

pregressive relaxation

If you fear public speaking, a behavior therapist might first hekp you construct an _______ ______, a kind of ladder of speaking situations that trigger increasing levels of anxiety.

anxiety hierarchy

__________, introduction of effective drug therapies and community-based treatment programs has emptied most of hospital, has contributed to increased homelessness and incarceration.

deinstitutionalization

Freud believed that there are threatening things we ______, things we do not want to know, so we disavow or deny them.

repress

As humanistic therapists share a goal of trying to help clients discover new insights, the psychodynamic and humanistic therapies are often reffered to as ______ ________.

insight therapies

How does humanistic therapies differ from psychodynamic therapies in 5 ways?

The humanistic technique that Carl Rogers developed is called _______-________ ________.

person-centered therapy

In _________ _______, the client leads the discussion and the therapist listens without judging or interpreting, and refrains from directing the client toward certain insights.

nondirective therapy

By being _____, therapists try to sense and reflect their clients' feelings, helping them experience a deeper self-understanding and self-acceptance.

empathic

To Rogers, "hearing" was _____ ______.

active listening

Given _________ _________ _____, people may accept even their worst traits and feel valued and whole.

unconditional positive regard

How can we improve communication in our own relationships by listening more actively based on Rogers-inspired 3 hints?

Humanistic therapists, behavior therapists

_________, such as with exposure therapy, pairs the trigger stimulus with a new response (relaxation) that is incompatible with fear.

counterconditioning

What might a psychodynamic therapist say about Mowrer's therapy for bed-wetting? How might a behavior therapist defend it?

Fear of something subsides as well, having been _____, or replaced, by a relaxed state that cannot coexist with fear.

countered

Jones' counterconditioning technique is refined into ______ _________ used today by psychiatrist Joseph Wolpe.

exposure therapies

_________ __________ is an exposure therapy used to treat specific phobias, proceeding gradually by repeating.

systematic desensitization

_____ ______ _______ ________ is used when anxiety-arousing situations are too expensive, difficult, or embarrassing to re-create.

virtual reality exposure therapy

Exposure therapy helps you learn what you _____ do, enabling a more relaxed, positive response to an upsetting harmless stimulus.

should

_________ __________ helps you learn what you should not do, creating a negative (aversive) response to a harmful stimulus.

Aversive conditioning

Aversive conditioning helps you what you _______ do, creating a negative response to a ______ stimulus.

shouldn't, harmful

Knowing that consequences strongly influence our voluntary behaviours as the basic principle of operant conditioning, behavior therapists can practice _________ _________.

behavior modification

What is behavior modification?

Behavior therapists reinforce desirable behaviors, and they fail to reinforce-or sometimes punish-undesirable behaviors.

Positive reinforcement is effective aspect of early ________ _________ ________.

intensive behavioral intervention

In institutional settings, therapists may create a ______ _______ which is giving people tokens for desired behavior, and they get to change the tokens to what they want.

token economy

What are 2 concerns that behavior modification critics express?

How durable are the behaviors? & Is it right for one human to control another's behavior?

What are the insight therapies, and how do they differ from behavior therapies?

Some maladptive behaviors are learned. What hope does this fact provide?

If a behavior can be learned, it can be unlearned and replaced by other, more adaptive responses.

Exposure therapies and aversive conditioning are applications of ________ conditioning. Token economies are an application ofclass ________ conditioning.

classical, operant

________ ______ changed other areas of psychology since the 1960s has influenced therapy as well.

cognitive revolution

The ______ _______ assume that our thinking colors our feelings.

cognitive therapies

Psychologists call relentless, overgeneralized, self-blaming behavior ___________.

catastrophizing

To change negative self-talk, cognitive therapists have offered ________ ________ ________: teaching people to restructure their thinking in stressful situations

stress inoculation training

What techniques are used to reveal beliefs?

Ranking thoughts and emotions, Questioning interpretations

What techniques are used to test beliefs?

Examining consequences, Decatastrophizing thinking.

What techniques are used to change beliefs?

Resisting extremes, Taking appropriate responsibility

_______-______ _____ (CBT) takes a combined approach to treating depressive and other disorders.

Cognitive-behavioral therapy

Cognitive-behavioral therapy is widely practiced integrative therapy aims to alter not only the way people ____ but also the way they ___.

think, act

Cognitive-behavioral therapy, CBT, aeefctively treats people with ______-______ and related disorders.

obsessive-compulsive

dialectical behavior therapy, Dialectical

How do the humanistic and cognitive therapies differ?

A critical attribute of the _______ ______ developed by Aaron Beck focuses on the belief that changing people's thinking can change their functioning.

cognitive therapy

What is cognitive-behavioral therapy, and what sorts of problems does this therapy best address?

Groups therapy offers benefits:

______ ______ tend to view families as systems, in which each person's actions trigger reactions from others. It assumes that no person is an island.

Family therapy

Comparing Modern Psychotherapies

Psychodynamic, person-centered, behavior, cognitive, cognitive-behavioral, and group and family

A therapist who helps clients search for the unconscious roots of their problem and offers interpretations of their behaviors, feelings, and dreams, is drawing from

psychoanalysis

_______ therapies are designed to help individuals discover the unconscious thoughts and feelings that guide their motivation and behavior.

Insight

Compared with psychoanalysts, humanistic therapists are more likely to emphasize

self-fulfillment and growth

A therapist who restates and clarifies the client's statements in practicing the technique of

active listening

The goal of behavior therapy is to

eliminate the unwanted behavior

Behavior therapies often use ________ techniques, such as systematic desensitization and aversive conditioning, to encourage clients to produce new responses to old stimuli.

counterconditioning

The technique of ________ _______ teaches people to relax in the presence of progressively more anxiety-provoking stimuli.

systematic desensitization

__________-________ therapy helps people to change their self-defeating ways of thinking and to act out those changes in their daily behavior.

Cognitive-behavioral

Cognitive therapy has been especially effective in treating

depressive disorders

In family therapy, the therapist assumes that

each person's action trigger reactions from other family members

How do psychotherapy and the biomedical therapies differ?

What are the goals and techniques of psychoanalysis, and how have they been adapted in psychodynamic therapy?

What are the basic themes of humanistic therapy? What are the goals and techniques of Rogers' person-sentered approach?

What is the main premise of therapy based on perant conditioning principles, and what are the views of its proponents and critics?

What are the goals and techniques of the cognitive therapies and of the cognitive-behavioral therapy?

What are the aims and benefits of group therapies?

What are the aims and benefits of family therapies?

Family therapy aims to help family members discover the roles they play within the family's interactive social system, improve communication, and learn new ways to prevent or resolve conflicts.

________ ______ can lead to unconsciously seek evidence that confirms their beliefs and to ignore contradictory evidence. ______ ________ can lead to perceive associations that don't really exist.

Confirmation bias, Illusory correlations

What is a statistical procedure that combines the conclusions of a large number of different stuides?

meta-analysis

How might the placebo effect bias clients' and clinicians' appraisals of the effectiveness of psychotherapies?

The placebo effect is the healing power of belief in a treatment. Patients and therapists who expect a treatment to be effective may believe it was.

Therapy is most likely to be helpful for those with problems that (are/are not) well-defined.

are

What is evidence-based practice?

When using an evidence-based approach, therapists make decisions about treatment based on research evidence, clinical expertise, and knowledge of the client.

What are 3 benefits of psychotherapies?

Those who undergo psychotherapy are (more/less) likely to show improvement that those who do not undergo psychotherapy.

What are the common trouble signals that The American Psychological Association offers?

Clinical psychologists

Psychiatrists

Linical or psychiatric social workers

Counselors

What are principles that therapist should follow?

There are many acceptable mental health treatment and study approaches, but all therapists and psychological researchers must follow _______ principles.

ethical

The most enthusiastic or optimistic view of the effectiveness of psychotherapy comes from

reports of clinicians and clients

Studies show that ______ therapy is the most effective treatment for most psychological disorders.

no one type of

What are the 3 components of evidence-based practice?

research evidence, clinical expertise, knowledge of the patient

Psychotherapies help people by providing ____________, a new perspective, and an empathic, trusting, caring relationship.

hope

Does psychotherapy work? How can we know?

Are some psychotherapies more effective than others for specific disorders?

100

What 3 elements are shared by all forms of psychotherapy?