nature and nurture nature - the bodily push nurture - the pulls from our personal experiences, thoughts, and culture

Instinct theory/evolutionary perspective - focuses on genetically predisposed behaviors Drive-reduction theory - focuses on how we respond to inner pushes and external pulls Arousal theory - focuses on finding the right level of stmulation Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs - focuses on the priority of some needs over others

Physiological need

It means "staying the same" - the maintenance of a steady internal state

It states that when a physiological need increases, our psychological drive to reduce it. Need (water) --> Drive (thirst) --> Drive-reducing behaviours (drinking)

Incentives such positive stimuli increase our dopamine levels, causing our underlying drives (food or sex) to become active impulses

moderate arousal leads to optimal performance

(a) Well-practiced runners tend to excel when aroused by competition (b) High anxiety about a difficult exam may disrupt test-takers' performance.

Self-transcendence needs - need to find meaning and identity beyond the self Self-actualization needs - need to live up to our fullest and unique potential Esteem needs - need for self-esteem, achievement, competence, and independence; need for recognition and respect from others Safety needs - need to feel that the world is organized and predictable; need to feel safe, secure, and stable Physiological needs - need to satisfy hunger and thirst

There is a genetic basis for unlearned, species-typical behaviour (birds building nests)

Physiological needs (hunger and thirst) create an aroused state that drives us to reduce the need (eating or drinking)

Our need to maintain an optimal level of arousal motives behaviours that meet no physiological need (our yearning for stimulation and our hunger for information)

We prioritize survival-based needs and then social needs more than the needs for esteem and meaning.

Our drive to meet the physiological needs of hunger and thirst takes priority over our safety needs, prompting us to take risks at times

genes predispose species-typical behaviour

hunger, a "push" to find food

incentive

Arousal

moderate

safety

It's a blood sugar that gets dimishes in increases in the hormone insulin, partly by converting it to stored fat.

It performs various body maintenance functions, including control of hunger. Blood vessels supplu the hypothalamus, enabling it to respond to our current blood chemistry as to incoming neural information about the body's state.

Laptin: Protein hormones secreted by fat cells; when abundant, causes brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger PYY: Digestive tract hormone; sends "I'm not hungry" signals to the brain

Ghrelin, Orexin

the resting rate of energy expenditure for maintaining basic body functions

low, high

A phenomenon where to a surprising extent, situations also control our eating

Friends and food, Serving size, Stimulating selections, Nudging nutrition

Offered a surprized portion, people put away more calories. Lager portions induce bigger bites, which may increase intake by decreasing oral exposure time. Children eat more when using adult-sized dishes.

Food variety stimulates eating. Offered a dessert buffet, people eat more than they do when choosing a portion from one favorite dessert. When foods were abundant and varied, eating more provided a wide range of vitamins and minerals and produced protective fat for winter cold or famine. When a bounty of varied foods was unavaliable, eating less extended the food supply until winter or famine ended.

By offering schoolchildren carrots before they picked up other foods in a lunch line, one research team quadrupled the carrots taken. "nudges" show how psychological science can improve your everyday life.

You have learned to respond to the sight and aroma that signal the food about to enter your mouth. Both physiological cues (low blood sugar) and psychological cues (anticipation of the tasty food) heighten your experienced hunger.

Adaptive storing fat , Set point and metabolism matter, Gene influence

Sleep loss, Social influence, Food and activity levels

It makes us more vulnerable to obesity. - It increases ghrelin, appetite-stimulating stomach hormone - It decreases Leptin, reports body fat to the brain

Begin only if you feel motivated and self-disciplined, Exercise and get enough sleep, Minimize exposure to tempting food cues, Limit variety and eat healthy foods, Reduce portion sizes and relabel your portions, Time your intake (eat in the early evening), Beware of the binge (drinking) , Eating slowly, Decide how much you want to eat before eating with others, Remember, most people occasionally lapse, Connect to support group, Chart your progress online

Genetically influenced setting points, metabolism, and other factors (adequate sleep) influence the way our body burns calories.

Motivation is a need or desire that energizes and directs behaviour. 1. The instinct/evolutionary prespective explores genetid influences on complex behaviours. 2. Drivereduction theory explores how physiological needs create aroused tension states (drives) that direct us to satisfy those needs. 3. Environmental incentices can intensify drives. Drive-reduction's goal is homeostasis, maintaining a steady internal state. 4. Arousal theory proposes that some behaviours (such as those driven by curiosity) do not reduce physhiological needs but rather are prompted by a search for an optimum level. The Yerkes-Dodson law describes the relationship between arousal and performance. Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs proposes a pyramid of human needs, from basic needs up to higher-level needs.

homeostasis

Hunger correspond to stomach contractions, but it also has other causes. Neural areas in the brain, some within the hypothalamus, monitor blood chemistry (level of glucose) and incoming info about the body's state. Appetite hormones include ghrelin (secreted by an empty stomach), orexin (secreted by the hypothalamus), leptin (secreted by fat cells), and PYY( secreted by the digestive tract) Basal metabolic rate is the body's resting rate of energy expenditure. The bidy may have a set poing (biologically fixed tendency) or a looser settling point (also influenced by the environment)

Hunger reflects our memory of when we last ate and our expectation of when we should eat again. Humans prefer certain tastes, but our individual preferences are also influenced by conditioning, culture, and situation. Some taste preferences have survival value. Situational influences include the presence of others, serving size, and the variety of food offered.

Obesity is associated with increased depression (especially women) and bullying, and with many physical health risks. Genes and environment interact to produce obesity. - storing fat was adaptive to our ancestors - fat requires less food intake to maintain than it did to gain - set poing and metabolism matter - body weight is also genetically influenced shown on twin and adoption studies - environmental influences include sleep loss, social influence, and food and activity levels

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

set

a preference for sweet and salty foods

basal metabolic

low

there is a genetic influence on body weight

After gaining weight, the extra fat will require less energy to maintain than it did to gain in the first place, It will be hard to get rid of it later when the metabolism slows down in an effort to retain body weight

It's our sexual attraction toward members of the other gender (heterosexual orientation), our own gender (same-sex orientation), male and female genders (bisexual orientation), or to no one at all (asexual orientation), and for some, sexual attraction is not restricted to any sex or gender identity (pansexual orientation)

The size of a certain cell cluster in the hypothalamus, Prenatal hormone exposure, For right-handed men, having multiple older biological brothers

spatial abilities, fingerprint ridge counts, auditory system development, handedness, occupational preferences, relative finger lengths, gender nonconformity, age of onset of puberty in males, face structure and birth size/weight, sleep length, physical aggression, walking style

One hypothalamic cell cluster is smaller in women and gay men that in straight men, Gay men's hypothalamus reacts as does straight women's to the smell of men's sex-related hormones.

Shared sexual orientation is higher among identical twins than among fraternal twins, Sexual attraction in fruit flies can be genetically manipulated. , Male same-sex attraction often appears to be transmitted from the mother's side of the family.

External stimuli can trigger sexual arousal. Sexually explicit material may lead people to perceive their pertners as comparatively less appealing and to devalue their relationships. Viewing sexually coercive material can lead to increased acceptance of violence toward women. Extensive online porn exposure may desensitize young adults to real-life sexuality, leading to lowered sexual desire and satisfaction, and to erectile problems for men. Imagines stimuli (dreams and fantasies) also influence sexual arousal.

Sex is a socially significant act. Sexual motivates people to form intimate, committed relationships, which in turn enable satisfying sex. Sex at its human best is life uniting and love renewing.

sharp rise in sexual interest at puberty

a sexually explicit film

environmental factor - parental relationships, childhood experiences, peer relationships, or dating experiences)

need to belong

social exclusion

They engaged in more self-defeating behaviors and displayed more disparaging and agressive behaviour. These students' basic need to belong seems to have been disrupted.

sharing ourselves like joys, worries, and weaknesses

self-esteem, self-important, self-focused, and self-promoting & lack emphathy for others

monitor your time, monitor your feelings, hide from your incessantly posting online friends when necessary, when studying, get in the habit of checking your device less often, refocus by taking a nature walk

strengthen & increase

a desire for significant accomplishment, for mastering skills/ideas, for control, and for attaining a high standard. , a drive to excel and outperform others