PSYC 4 - Psychological Disorders (M.47~52) #1

psychological disorder thoughts, emotions, or behaviors are dysfunctional or maldaptive

dyfunctional or maladptive

depressive disorder and schizophernia

Biological influences: evolution, individual genes, brain structure and chemistry Psychological influences: stress, trauma, learned helplessness, mood-related perceptions and memories Social-cultural influences: roles, expectations, definitions of normality and disorder

Some psychological disorders are culture-specific. ex) anorexia nervosa occurs mostly in Western cultures, and taijin kyofusho appears largely in Japan. Others like major depressive disorder and schizophrenia are universal that it occurs in all cultures.

biological + psychological + social-cultural influences = psychological disorders --> genes + brain functioning + inner thoughts and feelings + the social and culture environment

Feeling unsatisfied with amount or quality of sleep, Sleep disruption causes distres or diminished everyday functioning, Happens 3 or more nights each week, Occurs during at least 3 consecutive months, Happens even with sufficient sleep opportunities, Independent from other sleep disorders, Independent from substance use or abuse, Independent from other mental disorders or medical conditions

Therapists and others apply disorder labels to communicate with one another using a common language, and to share concepts during research. Clients may benefit from knowing that they are not the only ones with these symptoms. The dangers of labeling are 1: overly broad classifications may pathologize normal behavior 2: the labels can trigger assumptions that will change people's behavior toward those labeled

national differences, racial differences, gender differences, trait differences, age differences, other group differences - rich, nonreligious, unmarried, day-of-the-week and seasonal differences, year-by-year differencces

1. listen and empathize 2. connect the person with their campus counseling center 3. protect someone who appears at immediate risk by seeking help from a doctor, the neaarest hosputal emergency room, or 911

women

find relief from intense negative thoughts through the distraction of pain, attract attention and possibly get help, relieve guilt by punishing themselves, get other to change thier negative behavior, fit in with a peer group

47 million adults, 19%

Depressive disorders or bipolar disorders Phobia of specific object or situation Social anxiety disorder Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Generalized anxiety disorder Schizophrenia Obessive-compulvise disorder

cultures vary, lowest rate of mental disorders was in Nigeria, highest rate in United States

academic failure, birth complications, caring sick people, child abuse and neglect, chronic insomnia and chronic pain, family disorganization or conflict, low birth weight, low socioeconomic status, medical illness, neurochemical imbalance, parental mental illness or substance abuse, personal loss and bereavement, poor work skills and habits, reading disabilities, sensory disabilities, social incompetence, stressful life events, substance abuse, trauma experiences

mid-teens, mid-twenties

Poverty-related stress can help trigger disorders, but disabling disorders can also contribute to poverty. Thus, poverty and disorder are often a chicken-and-egg situation, hard to know hich came first.

According to psychologists and psychiatrists, psychological disorders are marked by a significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior. Such dyfunctional or maladaptive thoughts, emotions, or behaviors interfere with daily life, and thus are disordered.

The medical model assumes that psychological disorders have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and often cured through therapy, sometimes in a hospital. The biopsychosocial perspective assumes that disordered behavior comes from the interaction of biological characteristics, psychological dynamics, and social-cultural circumstances. This approach has given rise to the vulnerability-stress model, in which individual characteristics and environmental stressors combine to increase or decrease the likelihood of developing a psychological disorder, a model supported by epigenetics research.

The American Psychiatric Associations' DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition) contains diagnostic labels and descriptions that provide a common language and shared concepts for communication and research. Critics say it casts too wide a net, pathologizing normal behaviors. Complementary approach to classification = National Institute of Mental Health's Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) project that organizes disorders according to behaviors and brain activity along several dimensions. Any classification attempt produces diagnostic labels that may create preconceptions, which bias perceptions of the labeled person's past and present behavior.

Suicide rates differ by nation, race, gender, age, income, religious involvement, martial status, and other factors. Suicide rates have been increaseing in most countries. Lacking social support (gay, trandgender, gender nonconforming youth, are at increased risk, as are people who have been anxious or depressed. Isolation and unemployment can also heighten risk. Forwarnings of suicide may include verbal hints, giving away possessions, withdrawal, and preoccupation with death.

Mental disorders could lead to violence, BUT most of them are nonviolent and are more likely to be victims --> clinicians cannot predict who is likely to harm others. << better predictors of violence are alcohol or drug use, previous violence, gun availability, and brain damage

Psychological disorder rates vary, depending on the time and place of the survey. Poverty is a risk factor. But some disorders like schizophrenia can also drive people into poverty.

immigrant paradox

major depressive disorder

No. Her behavior is unusual, causes her distress, and may make her a few minutes late on occasion, but it does not appear to significantly disrupt her ability to function. Like us, she demonstrates some unusual behaviors. Since they are not disabling or dysfunctional, they do not suggest a psychological disorder.

medical

susto - Latin America taijin kyofusho - Japan amok - Malaysia eating disorders - food-abundant Western cultures

biopsychosocial

Negative effects of labeling by the DSM and other classification systems. Labels have the potential to be both subjective an stigmatizing. It casts too wide a net on disorders, pathologizing normal behavior.

women, men

poverty

phobias; major depressive disorder

It's marked by distressing, persistent anxiety or by dyfunctional anxiety-reducing behaviors.

generalized anxiety disorder: continually tense and uneasy - marked by excessive and uncontrollable worry that persists for 6 months or more - worry continually, and often jittery, agitated, and sleep-deprived - mostly women panic disorder: experience panic attacks - a minutes-long episode of intense fear that something horrible is about to happen - irregular heartbeat, chest pains, shortness of breath, choking, trembling, or dizziness - for 3%, it's recurrent specific phobias: intensely and irrationally afraid of something - consumed by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of some object, activity, or situation - common specific fears: heights, animals, enclosed spaces, blood, water, storms, flying, being alone

generalized anxiety

panic

specific phobia

obsessive thoughts are unwanted and seemingly unending & compulsive behaviors are responses to those thoughts persistent and repetitive thoughts (obsessions), actions (compulsions), or both characterize obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

concern with dirt, germs, or toxins - 40, something terrible happening (fire, death, illness) - 24, symmetry, order, or exactness - 17

excessive hand washing, bathing, toothbrushing, or grooming - 85, repeating rituals (in/out of a door, up/down from a chair) - 51, checking doors, locks, appliances, car brakes, homework - 46

teems, young adults

hoarding disorder - cluttering one's space with acquired possessions one can't part with, body dysmorphic disorder - preoccupation with perceived body defects, trichotillomania - hair-pulling disorder, excoritation - skin-picking

obsessive-compulsive

posttraumatic stress

somatic symptom disorder, somatoform disorder

illness anxiety disorder

somatic means "relating to the body" somatic symptom disorders produce distresing bodily symptoms that have no apparent physical cause

Through classical conditioning, our fear responses can become linked with formerly neutral objects and events. anxious or traumatized people learn to associate their anxiety with certain cues

When a person experiences a fear-provoking event and later develops a fear of similar events.

reinforcement

genes, the brain, natural selection (ancestors)

inherited temperament differences, gene variations, experience-altered brain pathways, outdated, inherited responses that had survival value for our distant ancestors.

Anxiety disorders: psychological disorder characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety. People with thsi feel persistently and uncontrollably tense and apprehensive, for no apparant reason. In more extreme panic disorder, anxiety escalates into periodic episodes of intense dread. Those with a specific phobia may be irrationally afraid of some object, activity, or situation.

Symptoms include 4 or more weeks of haunting memories, nightmares, hypervigilance, avoidance of trauma-related stimuli, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or sleep problems following some traumatic experience.

In somatic symptoms and related disorders, including anxiety disorder, symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause.

The learning perspective views anxiety-related disorders as products of fear conditioning, stimulus generalization, fearful-behavior reinforcement, and observational learning of others' fears and cognitions. The biological perspective considers genetic predispositions for high levels of emotional reactivity and neurotransmitter production; abnormal responses in the brain's fear circuits; and the role that fears of life-threatening dangers played in natural selection and evolution.

a panic attack

specific phobia

obsessive-compulsive

reinforcement

conditioned fears

Anxiety: a response to the threat of future loss Depression: a response to past and current stress

They experience hopelessness and letharagy lasting weeks or months Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia) is similar, but with milder depressive symptoms that last 2 years or more Bipolar disorders (manic-depressive disorder) alternate between depression and overexcited hyperactivity

It's like the difference between breathlessness after a hard run and chronic breathing problems

depressed mood most of the time, dramatically reduced interest or enjoyment in most activities most of the time, significant challenges regulating sleep, physical agitation or lethargy, feeling listless or with much less energy, feeling worthless, or feeling unwarranted guilt, problems in thinking, concentrating, or making decisions, thinking repetitively of death and suicide

bipolar disorder

mania, bipolar cycling, hypomania

sleep

behavioral and cognitive changes accompany depression, depression is widespread, with women everywhere at greater risk (2~3 times more women), most major depressive episodes self-terminate (optimal well-being), work and relationship stress often precede depression, compared with generations past, depression strikes earlier and more often, with the highest rates among older teens and young adults

genetic influences: major depressive disorder and bipolar disorders run in families, emotions are "postcards from our genes" - heritability estimate: bipolar disorders > schizopherenia, etc brain activity: dimished brain activity during slowed-down depressive states & more activity during periods of mania - brain can cause the brain's reward centers to become less active + positive emotions --> left frontal lobe & adjacent reward center become more active nutritional effects: people who eat a heart-healthy "mediterranean diet" have a comparatively low risk of developing heart disease, stroke, late-life cognitive decline, and depression - which are associated with inflammation in the body - alcohol misuse --> depression

self-defeating beliefs and negative explanatory style feed depression negative thoughts, negative moods, and gender: women may respond more strongly to stress --> more vulnerable than men - women has tendency to ruminate or overthink - self-focused rumination can distract us, increase negative emotion, and disrupt daily activity depression's vicious sycle: depression is both a cause and an effect of stressful experiences that disrupt our sense of who we are and why we matter - disruptions --> brooding, negative feelings - being withdrawn, self-focused, and complaining can in turn elicit rejection - stressful experiences --> negative eplanatory style --> depressed mood --> cognitive and behavioral changes

Many factors contribute to depression, including the biological influences of genetics and brain functions. Social-cognitive factors also matter, including the interaction of explanatory style, mood, our responses to stressful experiences, changes in our patterns of thinking and behaving, and cultural influences. Depression involves the whole body and may disrupt sleep, energy levels, and concentration.

women's, men's

people 19 and uner

norepinephrine, serotonin

social-cognitive

a person with major depressive disorder expereiences at least 5 symptoms of depression (depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure for 2 or more weeks persistent depressive disorder includes a long-lasting mildly depressed mood a person with bipolar disorder experiences not only depression but also mania (episodes of hyperactive and wildly optimistic, impulsice behavior