CESC - 1ST SEM FINAL TERM (review)

95問 • 2年前

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encompases economic justice, is the virtue which guides us in creating those organized human interactions we call institutions

social justice

terms associated with social justice

fairness and welfare, responsibilities, and natural rights

the social contract or mutual advantage

responsibilities

everyone entitled to an equal share of things

equality

everyone is entitled to get what he or she needs

equity

to ensure fair distribution of available resources across society

equity

ensure all people have access to goods and servuces regardless of age, gebder, ethnicity, etc.

access

enable people to participate in decisions that affect their lives

participation

to protect individual liberties to information about circunstances and decisions affecting them and to appeal decisions to peopke that feel are unfair

rights

types of social justice issues according to pachamama alliance:

inter-social treatment, unequal government regulation

involves the treatment of certain groups of people based on persinally held biases and prejudices

inter-social treatment

involves laws and regulations that purposefully or otherwise create conditions that obsteuct, limit, or deny certain groups equitable access to the same opportunitues and resources available to the rest of society

unequal government regulation

theories of social justice

utilitarianism, justice as fairness, fair equality of opportunity, politics of difference, parity of participation, principles of social justice

by jeremy bentham and john stuart mill, they considered social justice to be anchored on the maximum good of the greatest number of individuals, evil must be changed in favor of the common interest

utilitarianism

by john rawls, consists of two main principles of social justice: liberty and equality

justice as fairness

states that every person has an equal rught to basic liberties and primary goods

liberty

is further subdivided into two principles: fair equality of opportunity and difference principle

equality

states that individuals with the same talents and willingness to use them should be given the same education and economic opportunities regardless ofntheir social status or background

fair equality of opportunity

requires social institutions to address income and wealth inequalities so that the worst off can have a chance in life

difference principle

by iris marion young, she argues that injustice operates in various social groupings of people who experience any of the five faces of oppression

politics of difference

five faces of oppression

exploitation, marginalization, powerlessness, cultural imperialism, violence

a collection of persons differentiated from at least one other group by culturale forms, practices, or way of life

social groups

by nancy fraser, requires social arrangements that permit all members of society to interact with one another as peers

parity of participation

by david miller, he argues that people's view of fairness is dependent of the underlying principle of justice held by a society or community which follows a particular mode of human relationship

principles of social justice

three basic modes of human relationships, according to david miller

solidaristic community, instrumental associations, citizenship

consists of people who share a common identity and a common ethos, closely resembling a gemeinschaft community

solidaristic community

consists of people who relate with one another in a utilitarian mannerz which losely resembles that of gesellschaft communities

instrumental associations

consist of people who see themselves as members of political society, are governed under the rule of law

citizenship

are the basic rights and feedoms that belong to every person the world

human rights

four characteristics of human rights

inherent, universal, indivisible, inalienable

essential part of our lives, intrinsic

inherent

people have human rights whoever they are and wherever they are

universal

human rights must be enjoyable by evertone in their full range

indivisible

can't be taken away or transferred, but can be limited when the exercise of it is an affront to the rights of others

inalienable

core characteristics of human rights

universal and nondiscriminatory, inalienable, interconnected and indivisible

apply equally to all people because everyone is born free and equal in dignity and rights

universal and nondiscriminatory

innate to all human beings and cannot ve traded for something else or be taken away

inalienable

relaized in the fulfillment of other rights, thus, the violation of one affects the other

interconnected and indivisible

the international bill of human rights

universal declaration of human rights, international covenant on economic, social and cultural rights, the international covenant on civil and political rights

fundamental rights to be universally protected

universal declaration of human rights

recognize that the ideal of free human beings enjoying civil and political frwedom and freedom from fear and want can be achieved only if conditions are created

international covenant on economic, social, and cultural rights

elaborates further on the civil and political rights and freedoms listed in the universal declararion of human rights, promote the right to self determination and to respect that right

the international covenant on civil and political rights

considered as the human rights obligations of governments (benedek 2012, unhcr 2006)

respect, protect, fulfill

people must not be deprived or interfered in exercising their rights

respect

private actors must be prevented from violating the rights of others

protect

positive actions must be taken in order to facilitate the enjoyment of basic human rights

fulfill

is a social justice approach in which poverty, social inequalities, predatiry capitalism, occupational injustice, and climate change injustice are addressed by anchoring the process of human development on international human rights standards

human rights-based approach

gender equality entails the freedom of the human being - both mena women- to develop their personal abilities

international labour office

means fairness of treatment for men and women accordinf to their respective needs

gender equality

refers to the biological and psychological differences between males and females that are determined by nature

sex

refers to the set of social norms that regulate the relations between men and women

gender

is the process in which men and women learn about their proper place in society through various practices

gender socialization

form of social organizqtion in which males dominate over females

patriarchy

is respected, protected, and fulfilled, in order to achieve gender equality and equity, one must conserve this human agreement for women's rights

conservation on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women

all persons should enjoy all human rights on an equal basis, and in their totality

equality of opportunity

because women have specific biological needs different from men and thatvgender stereotypes put women in disadvantaged, state should address these biological needs

equality of outcomes

is equated: to have the ability to make one's own decision and be listened to, can make difference

empowerment

enhancing the capacity of the individual or group to make purposive choices and to transfer these choices into desired actions and outcomes

empowerment as a process

an individual or group having the capacity both to make purposive choices and transform those choices into desired actions and outcomes

empowerment as a state

major types of empowerment according to eyben, kabeer, and cornwall

social empowerment, economic empowerment, political empowerment

refers to the capacity of an individual to make effective choices so that his or her own place in society will be respected and recognized

social empowerment

refers to the capacity of an individual to make effective choices so that his or her own place in the economy will be respected and recognized

economic empowerment

refers to individual's capacity to make effective choices in order to increase equity in political instituions

political empowerment

3 domains of empowerment according to alsop, bertelsen, and holland

society, market, state

includes intra-household relationships and intra community relationships, person or a group = social actor

society

includes labor, goods, and private services, a person or group = economic actor

market

includes the realm of justice, politics, and public service, a person or group = civic actor

state

level of activities with accordance to the domains

local, intermediary, macro, supra-macro

refers to the immediate neighborhood or community

local

refers to a larger community in which the person or group is not engaged on a daily basis, fall between residential and national

intermediary

refers to a large context in which a person operates, national level

macro

refers ro ibternational or global community

supra-marco

varrying degrees of empowerment

existence of choice, use of choice, achievements of choice

whether an opportunity to make a choice exists

existence of choice

whether a person or group actually uses the opportunity to choose

use of choice

whether the choice brings about the desired results

achievements of choice

WHO community-based rehabilitation empowerment guidelines

self-advocacy and communication, community mobilization, political participation, self-help groups, people's organization

refers to working with vulnerable people to improve their ability to speak up for themselves

self-advocacy and communication

people having a voice of their own

self-advocacy

refers to working with vulnerable people to bring them together and raise awareness so that they can address social inequalities in wealth, power, and prestige

community mobilization

refers to working with vulnerable people so that they can participate in a broad range of activities

political participation

refers to working with vulnerable people so they xan form and participate in groups

self-help groups

refers to workinf with vulnerable people so that they can establish a registered people's organization

people's organization

the act of pleading or arguing in favor of something

advocacy

a person who leads in another's behalf or is an intercessor

advocate

three types of advocacies

system advocacy, individual advocacy, self-advocacy

focuses on efforts that shall change policies and practices

systems advocacy

focuses on efforts that will change the situation of an individual

individual advocacy

focuses on strengthening an individual's ability to communicate with other people

self-advocacy

is a series of long-term strategic activities undertaken together by alliances

advocacy campaign

is a pricess through which stakeholders can influence and share control over development initiatives

participatory development

two perspective that can define participatory development

social movement perspective, institutional perspective

defines participation as the mobilization of people to eliminate unjust hierarchies of and knowledge

social movement perspective

defines participation as the reach and inclusion of inputs by relevant griups

institutional perspective

stages and levels of participation

manipulative participation, passive participation, participation by consultation, participation for material incentives, functional participation, interactive participation, self-mobilization

CPAR 1ST SEM FINAL TERM (review)

Lyndon Laure · 79問 · 2年前

CPAR 1ST SEM FINAL TERM (review)