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1
it is the area of metaphysics concerned with the study of the nature and relations of being
ontology
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"a human being is a mystery. this mystery must be revealed"
fyodor dostoevsky
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a man, wiman, or a child of the species homo sapiens, distinguished from other animals by superior mental development, power of articulate speech, and upright stance
human being
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human being's material composition
somatic
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human being's mode of acting
behavioral
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human being's inclinations, feelings, ideas, convictions, and prejudices or biases
attitudinal
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you, as a human, havr a doul because you are moved from within, the sould is deemed immortal
the human person as an immortal soul
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"every soul is immortal..." as stated in one of plato's dialogue
phaedrus
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all capacities possessed by all living things (as stated in de anima, by aristotle, 1968)
the human person as a composite of body and soul
10
rene descartes asserted that the human person is a _ - distinct and unextended
the human person as a "thinking thing"
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is a pure mind and having a body is an accident
human nature
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is defined as the inevitable positice or negative events of existence as a human being
human condition
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a french philosopher, published being and nothingnesss: a phenomenological essay on ontology
jean paul sartre
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is a philosophical tradition that focuses on the centrality of the human person's existence
existentialism
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those who beliece in existentialism
existentialist
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a german philosopher who formalized phenomenology as a philosophical tradition, the conception of consciousness as a consciousness of something
edmund husserl
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is the constitutive structure of consciousness
transcendence
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consciousness is born supported by a being which is not itself
ontological proof
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it is completely constituted, "what is"
being-in-itself
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presence of consciousness to itself
being-for-itself
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it is the dimension of veing having transcendence as its constituent
consciousness
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the union of the body and the soul by
aristotle
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the soul is the source of these phenomena and is characterized by them, viz. by the power of self-nutrition, sensation, tin
the union of the body and soul
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addressed the mind-body problem by characterizing human nature as body and soul, "man is composed of spiritual and corporeal substance"
st. thomas aquinas
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distinguished between the kinds of mover and moved
first concern
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explained that knowledge of a corporeal body does not necessarily entail that there should be necessary likeness to the thing which needs to be known
second concern
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distinguished between the contact of quality and contact of power
third concern
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claimed that the soul is incorruptiblefor it is impossible for a substance like the soul which has existence per se to be generated or corrupted accidentally
st. thomas aquinas
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concerned with the study of phenomena or appearances if things as they are experienced
phenomenon
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is the study of conscious experience as experienced from the first person point of view
phenomenology
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founder of phenomenology, directed his studies toward understanding the body through naturalistic presuppositions abiut it
edmund husserl
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a french phenomenologist, used the concept of "my body" to explain the unity of body and soul
gabriel marcel
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gabriel marcel believes that human person will arruve at an idea or conception of who he is, through...
reflection
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where knowledge of something is arrived at by treating the object of reflection outside of the body
primary reflection
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reveals that the body is part of what is being investigated
secondary reflection
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a professor of philosophy and neurobiology at duke university, he presented the concept called de-souling persons
owen flanagan
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a concept that according to the author is a minimal requirement- the first level of surgery, because it will demystify or demyhtologize the human person
de-souling persons
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refer to existence of the human person in the philosophy of martin heidegger
dasein
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german term "da"
there
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germain term "sein"
being
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a professor of medieval history at princeton, wrote in 1967 that the source of ecologixal cirsis id primarily due to the judeo-christian tradition, he claims that people use the environment based on how it can benefits them
lynn white
42
wrote "the judeo-christian stewardship attitude to nature", suggests that judeo christian belief that nature exusts for the sole purpose of serving human beings must be put under closure scrutiny
patrick dobel
43
is geared toward harmony with the world without abandoning humanity's commitment to social justice
christian ecology
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introduced an ethics which enlarges the human person's attitude toward nature, expans the boundaries of the ecological community
aldo leopold
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is a theory which calls for respect for nature as its central moral attitude
biocentric egalitarianism
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christianity beliefs that adam and all humans thereafter are made master over nature because humans are created in
god's image
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a german philosopher and phenomenologist, who disclosed that the mood of anxiety reveals the nothing
martin heidegger
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view states that th3 world is governed by determinism if and only if giv3n a specified way things are at a time, suggests that a determinate set of conditions can produce only one possible outcome, has a direct implication on human actions
determinism
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is incompatible with the notion of free will because it can undermine free choice if past events will be revealed as the cause of future actions
causal determinism
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claims that the body is physical, every event involving the body is determined, bodily movements are causally determined
physical determinism
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a view that states that one is powerless to do anything than what he actually wants to do
fatalism
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valuable because it gives human person the reasin to make deliberate actions out of motives
act of choosing
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are not incommensurable
chance and choosing
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explains that making a choice seems to feel like there are various reasons for and against doing each of the alternative actionsz, he introduced the concept of weighing the reasons
robert nozick
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a book by robert nozick in 1981
philosophical explanations
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is the value it has itself apart from or independent of its consequences
intrinsic value
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is the function and measure of the intrinsic value that it leads to
instrumental value
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introduces new values to the world, may be newky intrinsic values if new newly instrumental values
originative value
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focuses on the value contribution that a human action effects,
contributory value
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is a concept that robert nozick introduced in relation to determinism, is to take into consideration the act of choosing
tracking bestness
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is the formal existential expression of being of dasein, which has being-in-the-world as its essential state, claimed by martin heidegger
being-in
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argues that a human person is not a spirituak things misplaced into a space
martin heidegger
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explain that it is through the "outher-as-a-look- that the "i" experiences the self or is revealed
jean paul sartre
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experiences the self or is revealed
"i"
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is the other conscious for-itself who
"other"
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is experienced by other consciousness entring into a community neither in rhe capacity of transcendebce-transcending
we-subject
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are two sifferent forms of experiencinf the "we", depending on where the look directed
us vs. they
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"being in the act of looking", is the experience of the i as it apprehends the third
us
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"being looked at in common", is the experience where the other and a third looks or objectifies the i
they
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means engaged, is disclosedness
concern
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is being in a mood or being in an affective state
affectedness
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other basic mode of disclosedness (understanding)
verstehen
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kind of knowledge we have of other human beings (explanation)
erklaren