APHG S1 Final: Vocab + Questions

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A state with various nations Ex: Iraq: Shia + Sunni + Kurds

Multinational state

A nation without/not in possession of an official state Ex: The Basque, Palestinians

Stateless nation

A nation that lives in multiple, separate states Ex: Ethnic Russians: Estonia + Lativa + Ukraine

Multistate nation

Boundaries that used to exist but can still be seen Ex: The Great Wall of China

Relic boundary

A boundary that is created before people move into an area Ex: The Berlin Wall

Antecedent boundary

Political boundaries made with disregard to the already existing cultural divisions between groups Ex: Africa's border made during the Berlin Conference (1884)

Superimposed boundary

Boundaries that separate cultural groups Ex: Northern Ireland (Protestant) and the Republic of Ireland (Catholic)

Subsequent boundary

A boundary in which there are no establishments and people can freely move through Ex: water boundary, most European countries with each other

Open boundary

A boundary that is guarded and does not allow crossing Ex: North and South Korea

Militarized boundary

A boundary dispute over the administration of a boundary (who manages it) Ex: the US and Mexico with cargo

Operational (function) boundary dispute

A boundary dispute over the claims of resources Ex: Iraq and Kuwait with oil

Allocational (resource) boundary dispute

A boundary dispute over legal terms Ex: Japan and Russia over islands

Definitional boundary dispute

A boundary dispute over the placement/location of a boundary Ex: Poland and Germany after WWII

Locational (territorial) boundary dispute

A region with some authority and autonomy apart from their state (but not sovereignty) Ex: Hong Kong (China)

Autonomous region

When the main government gives some of their power to subnational/regional/local governments Ex: Arizona State Government (US)

Devolution

An area caught between the hostility/conflict of two other areas Ex: Russia | Eastern Europe | Western Europe

Shatterbelt

An attempt to unite states with a shared culture Ex: Russia and Ukraine, Germany and Poland (WWI->WWII)

Irredentism

Every member of the United Nations is granted some parts of the sea for their own use (except landlocked countries) (1 mile = 0.869 nautical mile) Ex: internal waters territorial waters (12 nautical miles, complete sovereignty) contagious zone (24 nautical miles, some sovereignty) exclusive economic zone (EEZ) (200 nautical miles, for extracting minerals) high seas (200 nautical miles, open to all states)

UN Law of the Seas

A state in which the central government holds all the authority Ex: China, France, UK, Singapore

Unitary state

A state where authority is distributed between the central and regional/local governments Ex: US, India, Iraq, Germany

Federal state

Who is Thomas Malthus and what is the Malthusian Crisis?

A demographic who named overpopulation. Population is growing exponentially while food is produced at a constant rate (point of crisis)

Who is Ester Boserup?

The woman who argued that humans can creatively solve any challenge, against Thomas Malthus

What is stage 1 of the DTM (pre-industrial) described as?

High birth rate High death rate Slow population growth Hunter-gatherer/agarian society High rates of communicable diseases Very young population structure No country in this stage as of today

What is stage 2 of the DTM (early industrial) described as?

High birth rate (over 30) Declining death rate (about 20) Better nutrition, sanitation, medicine Rapid increase from a decline in deaths Very young population structure MDCs: early 1800s LDCs: after 1950s Mali, South Sudan, The Gambia

What is stage 3 of the DTM (later industrial) described as?

Low birth rates Declining death rates Less child labor due to urbanization Increasing but slow population growth Young population structure Rising life expectancy MDCs: late 1800s LDCs: after 1980s Mexico, Turkey, Indonesia

What is stage 4 of the DTM (post industrial) described as?

Low birth and death rates Stable population Balanced with slightly more aging population structure Increased urbanization and more opportunities for women MDCs: after 1970s LDCs: not yet United States, Great Britan/UK

What is stage 5 of the DTM (hypothesized) described as?

Low birth and death rate Declining population due to death rate exceeding birth rate Very old population structure Birth rates fall beyond replacement level Japan Germany and much of Europe

What stage of the DTM does this population pyramid show?

Stage 1

What stage of the DTM does this population pyramid show?

Stage 2

What stage of the DTM does this population pyramid show?

Stage 3

What stage of the DTM does this population pyramid show?

Stage 4

What stage of the DTM does this population pyramid show?

Stage 5

How is stage 1 of the ETM (pestilence and famine) described as?

Parasitic or infectious diseases, accidents, animal attacks, or human conflicts cause most deaths A high death rate and low life expectancy

How is stage 2 of the ETM (receding pandemics) described as?

The number of pandemics (widespread diseases that affect large populations) declines as a result of improved sanitation, nutrition, and medicine A decreasing death rate and increasing life expectancy

How is stage 3 of the ETM (degenerative and human-created diseases) described as?

Infectious and parasitic diseases continue to decrease, but diseases associated with aging, such as heart disease and types of cancer-increase as people live Death rate stabilizes at a low level and life expectancy increases

How is stage 4 of the ETM (delayed degenerative diseases) described as?

An extension of the previous stage, but the age-related diseases are put off as medical procedures delay the onset of these diseases through advanced procedures. Diseases such as Alzheimers and dementia increase Death rate reaches its lowest level and life expectancy reaches a peak

How is stage 5 of the ETM (reemerging of infectious and parasitic diseases) described as?

Infectious and parasitic diseases increase as some bacteria and parasites become resistant to antibiotics and vaccines Life expectancy decreases

What is the major language and religion in North America?

Christianity + English

What is the major language and religion in Central and South America?

Christianity + Spanish/Portuguese

What is the major religion of Sub-Saharan Africa?

Christianity

What is the major religion of the Middle East?

Islam

What is the major religion of East Asia?

Buddhism

What is the major religion of Southeast Asia?

Buddhism

What is the major religion of South Asia?

Hinduism

What is the major religion of Europe?

Christianity

What is the major religion for North Asia?

Christianity

Select all that are true for folk culture (others are true for pop culture)

Origins are not definite, Diffuses by relocation, Often in isolated, rural areas, Distributed across a homogeneous, small population, Encourages community

Select the examples of folk culture (the others are pop culture)

Traditional dance, Oral folklore, Pagan religions, Traditional crafts, clothing, and dress, Regional dialects and slang, Traditional ceremonies, Localized Christmas traditions, Regional food dishes

What is this a picture of?

Folk regions in the US

How does popular culture diffuse (the other is folk culture)?

Expansion diffusion, usually hierarchical and/or contagious

What is the most prominent language family in Sub-Saharan Africa?

Niger-Congo

What is the most prominent language family in Europe and the Americas?

Indo-European

What language branch is most prominent in mid-Europe? Ex: Germany, the UK, Norway

Germanic

What language branch is most prominent in western Europe? Ex: France, Spain, Portugal

Romance

What language branch is most prominent in eastern Europe and northern Asia? Ex: Russia, Ukraine, Poland

Slavic

What is English's origin?

Britan

How was English mostly diffused?

By hierarchical and relocation diffusion by influential rulers and British colonizers

What was the biggest forced migration ever made?

The Transatlantic Slave Trade, 12.5 million Africans moved to the America's in the 15th to 19th centuries

Where in the US are people starting to move to (internal migration)?

The west

The amount of people per measure of space Ex: 672 people per square mile (lower is better)

Population density

The exact place of something on the Earth Ex: Eiffel Tower - 48.8584 degrees North, 2.2945 degrees East

Absolute location

The approximate location of something based off of its distance/direction to another place Ex: Southlands is 3 miles Southeast of Eaglecrest

Relative location

A repetitive and predictable design Ex: most people in the West are Christian

Pattern

The act of spreading things out around areas Ex: clustered (closely together in a common ground,) dispersed (not close together)

Distribution

Something defined by its human and physical features/characteristics Ex: defined by religion, animals, climate

Place

The physical gap or interval between two objects Ex: most people live in the South while the North is inhabited by less people

Space

A map about a region's physical or man-made features Ex: oceans, rivers, mountains, countries, states

Reference map

A map showcasing data or specific details/occurrences/phenomena Ex: wealth, food production, language

Thematic map

A map using different sized symbols to show different amounts Ex: circles that show population size by state

Graduated symbol map

A map using connected lines to show data across an area Ex: migration patterns globally

Isoline map

A map where the sizes of countries are determined by certain statistics Ex: larger countries signify larger murder rates

Cartogram map

A map that uses different colors to compare qualities Ex: language by country; each language is a color

Choropleth map

A map with distributed dots to show specific locations Ex: Hispanic populations in the US exceeding 1,000 people are represented by a dot

Dot distribution map

What are some examples of anti-natalist policies (others are pro-natalist policies)?

China's One Child Policy 1979 (fined for having more than one child), China's Later, Longer, Fewer Policy (1970s)

What can anti-natalist policies lead to (other is pro-natalist)?

An aging population/higher dependency ratio, Less people to work, An unintended decline in population

How does an aging population have political consequences?

Elderly populations are more likely to vote than younger populations, More elderly voters than younger voters

How does an aging population have social consequences?

Increased pressure on healthcare (healthcare costs increase), Increased need for housing like nursing homes, Care of elderly longer w/longer life expectancy

How does an aging population have economic consequences?

Increased demand on pension systems, Retirees stop earning an income, cease to pay tax on income, Fewer working people in the economy = shortage of workers, Increased dependency ratio

The migration of people to a country Ex: Indians to America

Immigration

The migration of people out of a country Ex: Indians leaving India

Emigration

The movement of groups and individuals from one place to another, involving a change of usual residence Ex: America to Mexico

Migration

Short-term, repetitive, or cyclical movements that recur on a regular basis Ex: riding a bike to work everyday

Circulation

What can be done to preserve languages?

Teach it to children, Encourage the use of it, Make films or books about it, Give it more opportunities to thrive, Make places accessible to people who speak it

What is the origin, method of diffusion, current distribution, and landscape expression of Hinduism?

Indus River Valley (Pakistan and India) + relocation diffusion + most people are in India and neighboring countries + tall towers with many stories

What is the origin, method of diffusion, current distribution, and landscape expression of Judaism?

Isreal + relocation diffusion + most people are in Isreal + temples with the Star of David

What is the origin, method of diffusion, current distribution, and landscape expression of Buddhism?

India + relocation diffusion + most people are in East and Southeast Asia + temples with a Japanese design

What is the origin, method of diffusion, current distribution, and landscape expression of Islam?

Isreal + contagious and hierarchical diffusion + most people are in the Middle East + mosques with pillars and writings of the Quran in Arabic

What is the origin, method of diffusion, current distribution, and landscape expression of Christianity?

Isreal + contagious, hierarchical, and relocation diffusion + most people are in the West and Europe + fancy/medieval churches

What are the major branches of Christianity?

Eastern Orthodox, Catholic, and Protestant

What are the major branches of Islam?

Sunni and Shiite

What are the major branches of Buddhism?

Mahayana and Theravada

A boundary formed regardless of the physical and cultural features Ex: US and Canada

Geometric boundary

A boundary that separates groups, ethnic or cultural, or ones over a location Ex: Mormons in Utah and the rest of Utah

Consequent boundary

Boundaries established by a legal document Ex: The US and Mexico's border

Defined boundary

Boundaries that are drawn on a map Ex: Alaska and Canada's border

Delimited boundary

Boundaries identified by physical objects Ex: walls, signs, fences

Demarcated boundary

What factors can lead to devolution?

Physical divisions, Ethnic separatism, Ethnic cleansing, Terrorism, Economic and social problems, Irredentism

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