APHG S1 Final: Vocab

100問 • 2年前

問題一覧

The study of issues by regions Ex: World map: small _____ (few details,) map of Denver: big _____ (many details

Scale

The relative size of the map or lens we choose to use to observe geographical phenomena Ex: global, regional, national, local

Scale of analysis

An absolute location defined by its physical features Ex: defined by landforms, climate, vegetation, etc.

Site

A place defined by its connections with other places Ex: defined by transportation routes, proximity to a major city, etc.

Situation

An area with common trait(s)/data Ex: Quebec, Canada because of language

Formal region

An area based on its function and focal point Ex: a pizza restaurant, shop itself=node

Functional region

An area based on the judgements/stereotypes of others Ex: Eastern Europe for its political history

Vernacular region

Distance (figuratively) is getting smaller over time with advancements in communication, technology, transportation, and more Ex: airplanes, boats, trucks, social media

Space time compression

There is less communication between places that are far apart than close together Ex: Africa and the U.S. don't interact as often as the U.S. and Canada

Distance decay

The belief that the impact of distance can be weakened by time, effort, and money Ex: technology supports the idea

Friction of distance

The increased interconnectedness/knowledge of cultures, economics, politics, military, and socials through the advancement in communication, technology, transportation, and more Ex: products manufactured, shipped, sold, and brought to different parts of the world

Globalization

The idea that all humans have bigger capacities to make an impact with less respect to their physical environment Ex: someone from Africa can be just as capable as someone from the US

Possibilism

The idea that humans advance according to their environment Ex: the West is more superior in advancement than the rest of fhe world

Environmental determinism

A name that shows the history/features of a region Ex: Red Rock, Colorado

Toponym

The visible marks of human activity/culture on a landscape that reflect the culture of the modifier(s) Ex: churches, farms, towns

Cultural landscape

The study of the adaption of humans into their environment Ex: agriculture, climate, materials

Cultural ecology

When a cultural trait spreads from person/place to person/place Ex: a new handshake

Contagious diffusion

When a cultural trait(s) inspires the creation of a new, related trait Ex: pizza from Italy changing as it comes to America

Stimulus diffusion

When a cultural trait spreads through the migration of people to a new place Ex: Spanish to the US through Mexican immigrants

Relocation diffusion

When a cultural trait spreads from a powerful figure/organization to lower-class people (and vice versa) Ex: popular fashion trends started by an influencer

Hierarchical diffusion

When a population doesn't grow or decline (stable) Ex: Iceland

Zero Population Growth (ZPG)

Land with all the resources available for human life (permanent human settlement) Ex: defined by having moist soil, mild climate, water sources, abundant in materials, etc.

Ecumene

The maximum amount of people that can be sustained based on the resources available Ex: US - 200 million people

Carrying capacity

The difference in births and deaths as a percentage (per year) Ex: US - 0.4% (2022)

Natural Increase Rate (NIR/RNI)

The average number of children women will have in their lifetime Ex: US - 1.64 (2020)

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

The amount of farmers per unit of arable (farmable) land Ex: 50 farmers per square mile of arable land (lower is better)

Agricultural density

The amount of people per unit of area, excluding uninhabitable lands Ex: 900 people per square kilometer (lower is better)

Arithmetic denisty

The amount of people per unit of arable land Ex: 150,000 people per square kilometer of arable land (lower is better)

Physiological density

The average number of births per 1,000 people (per year) Ex: US - 11 (2022)

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

The average number of deaths per 1,000 people (per year) Ex: US - 9.3 (2022)

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

The amount of deaths of infants under one per 1,000 people (per year) Ex: US - 5.547 (2022)

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

The amount of deaths of women during childbirth per 1,000 people (per year) Ex: US - 32.9 (2022)

Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR)

Policies made by the government to decrease fertility/birth rates Ex: China's One-Child Policy

Antinatalist (policies)

Policies made by the government to increase fertility/birth rates Ex: Singapore's Have Three or More Policy

Pronatalist (policies)

Something that weakens the chances of a person staying in their country Ex: war, unstable politics, bad economy

Push factor

Something that strengthens the chances of a person moving to a country Ex: good economy, culture, freedom

Pull factor

Migration resulting from the previous migration of one's family, friends, or similars Ex: Irish citizens to the US during the potato famine

Chain migration

When the migration was decided by the person Ex: jobs, environment, people

Voluntary migration

When the migration happened because of a significant push factor(s) Ex: war, famine, persecution

Forced migration

Migration across a country, inside a country Ex: Arizona to New York (US)

Internal migration

Immigrants share two cultures, their home country and their new country, and often visit their home country Ex: Mexican immigrant to America that still visits family in Mexico

International migration

Migration from one region to another Ex: rural to urban

Interregional migration

Migration within a region Ex: older cities to newer suburbs

Intraregional migration

When a loss of educated of people, due to emigration in LDCs, prevent LDCs from developing Ex: Indian doctors/nurses go to the US

Brain drain

Migrants who travel to another country temporarily for work Ex: Mexicans went to the US to work in agriculture for the Bracero program

Guest workers

Money, from an emigrant, given to the emigrant's international family/friends/relatives Ex: Ethiopian emigrant sending $100 to their father in Ethiopia

Remittance

A limit on the amount of immigrants that can be brought into a country each year Ex: US - 700,000

Quotas

The amount of migrants with types of migration based on a country's stage in the DTM (5 stages) Ex: migration types - international, internal, rural to urban, urban to urban

Migration transition (model)

When people move from [urban] cities to rural areas Ex: caused by job opportunities and a desire for a simple lifestyle

Counter urbanization

Something that prevents migrants from migrating Ex: a river, a loss in resources/money

Intervening obstacle

Something that makes migrants stop their journey by choice Ex: better jobs, change in mindset

Intervening opportunity

Migrants who left their home country in fear of persecution or death, seeking asylum in another country Ex: caused by persecution of religion, race, beliefs, etc.

Refugees

Migrants requesting to stay in a country for fear of persecution or death Ex: granted for protection from crime, prevention of danger, etc.

Asylum seeker

People living on the borders of their country due to conflict ot natural disasters Ex: caused by hurricanes, floods, wildfires, war, etc.

Internally Displaced Person (IDP)

When a cultural group maintains both the culture of themselves and the culture they are surrounded by Ex: an Ethiopian emigrant maintaining Ethiopian customs while celebrating American culture as well

Acculturation

When a minority culture completely takes in the culture of the host society Ex: Native Americans during British colonialism

Assimilation

When two cultures start blending together due to increased interactions Ex: authentic Italian food in the US

Cultural convergence

The binding of two different cultural traits into a new, hybrid trait Ex Paganism + Chrisianity = Christmas

Syncretism

A large area with the same cultural complexes and landscape Ex: Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa

Cultural realm

A bundle of cultural traits Ex: religious, sports, business behavior

Cultural complex

A specific quality ot a culture, building blocks of culture Ex: language, artifacts, architecture

Cultural trait

Areas that share some cultural traits Ex: Chinatown, Little Africa

Cultural region

The birthplace of a specific or unique culture or trait Ex: Democracy- Greece, Rap - New York (The Bronx)

(Cultural) hearth

An action done repeatedly by a single person Ex: waking up early, smoking

Habit

A culture with a lot of distinct customs (can be an action or specific culture) Ex: Morris dancing (English culture)

Folk culture

A temporary behavior/belief/practice that is used globally Ex: slang

Pop culture

The spread of culture with likeness to local cultures Ex: McDonalds in Vietnam but with some Vietnamese cuisine

Glocalization

A distinct variation in a language's pronoucination, grammar, and vocabulary, often associated with a specific area Ex: Boston Brahmin, African American English

Dialect

A variation in a language's pronoucination, but with the same grammar and vocabulary Ex: Southern/country

Accent

The boundary that separates two or more different dialects or languages Ex: pop, coke, and soda in the US

Isogloss

The language adopted by a country as a basis for communication, used by their government Ex: Mexico - Spanish

Official language

The language used for particular subjects as a means of communication Ex: business (worldwide) - English

Standard language

Languages that aren't used anymore (no native speakers) Ex: Cornish, Coptic, Latin, Greek

Extinct languages

A language that has been saved/revived from the brink of extinction/extinction

Revitalized languages

A group of languages that share a common hearth (largest) Ex: Indo-European, Autronesian, Afro-Asiatic, Sino-Tibetan

Language family

A group of languages that share a common ancestor from the relatively recent past Ex: Romance _____, Germanic _____

Language branch

A group of languages with similar vocabulary and grammar (smallest) Ex: Ibero-Romance, High German, Low Franconian

Language group

Select all of Ravenstein's Laws of Migration

Migration is typically over a short distance, Migration occurs in steps, like from a rural area to a nearby city, and then perhaps on to a larger city, Long-distance migrants often move to places of economic opportunity (urban areas), Every migration generates a movement in the opposite direction, or a counterflow (not necessarily of the same number of migrants), People in rural areas migrate more than people in cities, Males migrate over long distance than females, Most migrants are young adult males, Cities grow more by migration than by natural increase, Migration increases with economic development, Migration is mostly due to economic factors

A combination of a dominant culture's language and a smaller culture's language for communication Ex: Haitian _____

Creole language

An unofficial mix of two languages due to high levels of interaction Ex: Spanglish (English + Spanish)

Pidgin language

An official language that is commonly used by people with different native tongues as a basis for communication Ex: East Africa - Swahili

Lingua Franca

A language distinct from any other and not belonging to any language family Ex: Ainu (Japan)

Isolated language

A religion that desires to be spread to everyone, thought of as the one true religion Ex: Christianity, Buddhism, Islam

Universalizing religion

A religion that has a close bond with a particular ethnicity, usually born into and isn't seeking for converts Ex: Hinduism, Judaism

Ethnic religion

The belief in one God Ex: Christianity, Islam, Judaism

Monotheism

The belief in multiple gods Ex: Hinduism

Polytheism

A religion that does not have a central authority but shares ideas and cooperates informally Ex: Islam

Autonomous religion

The strict and literal interpretation of the religious texts of a religion Ex: Al-Queda, The Taliban (Islam)

Religious fundamentalism

The independence from religion, morals come from/are decided by humans not God(s) Ex: China (_____ country)

Secularism

The travel to a place, usually one that holds spiritual significance Ex: Mecca, Saudi Arabia - Islam

Pilgrimage

Religious people who migrate to other regions to preach their religion Ex: Christian _____ in Nigeria

Missionaries

A place that holds spiritual significance to a religion Ex: Jerusalem - all Abrahamic religions

Sacred space

A hierarchical pyramid in which rank is assigned at birth (by parents) Ex: maintained majorly in India

Caste system

A major component of a religion Ex: Christianity: Catholic - Eastern Orthodox - Protestant

Branch

A sub-component of a major component in a religion Ex: Eastern Orthodox: Coptic Orthodox - Greek Orthodox

Denomination

A small religious organization separate from a denomination or branch Ex: Mormon, Amish, Jehovah's Witnesses

Sect

An independent territory with borders, sovereignty, and a government Ex: United States, Sweden

State

An entity that shares a common identity/culture Ex: Native Hawaiians, Navajo (US)

Nation

A nation that occupies the same territory as their state Ex: Japan - Japanese

Nation state

100

A state with multiple ethnic groups Ex: Russia: Indigenous Groups + Ethnic Russians

Multiethnic state

APHG Summer Exam 1

Verena · 100問 · 2年前

APHG Summer Exam 1