communication

48問 • 1年前

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is the lifeblood of any organization. Communicating ideas and information makes action and coordination possible. Likewise, communication plays a major role in modifying behavior, effecting changes, and achieving goals.

Communication

is a process which aims to transfer and implement the meaning of symbols from one person, group or organization to another. Its ultimate goal is the sharing of meaning.

Communication

considers it "as a dynamic process in which man consciously or unconsciously affects the cognition of another through materials of agencies used in symbolic ways.

Andersen

is the communicator who can be any person, group or organization.

Sende

encodes the message into appropriate symbols for transmission. The qualities and characteristics of the sender are usually reflected in the message that is sent.

Sender

likewise, can be an individual, group or orpanization. He decodes the symbols to understand the message. The recipient of the message is, likewise, characterized by his role, authority, educational level and personal, social, educational qualities as reflected panly as the reason for his being sent the message in the first place. On the other hand, these characteristics affect the way he reacts to the message.

Receiver

is communicated through symbols that are sent through a medium such as a memo or a phone call.

Message

can take various forms such as verbal and non-verbal, oral and written, textual and visual.

Symbols

include general appearance, kinesics(facial and body movements), proxemics (gaze, physical orientation, social distance) and paralanguage (voice, pitch, range, tone).

non-verbal communication

which are channels along which its passage may either be facilitated or impeded.

pathways

connect" the sender and the receiver. The best channel is that in which most of the real senses (sight, sound, smell,touch, taste)

pathways

The reaction by the recipient which may be expressed either in silence or actual response directed to the sender is the

feedback

supplies the final link to complete the communication loop. It is the means by which the sender can modify subsequent messages to fit the receiver's responses.

feedback

"Communication is conveying thoughts and feelings to others and receiving them from others." as expressed by

Dean and Bryson

This occurs when the sender and the receiver of the message is one and the same person, as in someone talking to himself, This could involve self-rationalizing, daydreaming, or conscience examination. This is usually done quietly.

Intrapersonal Communication

This requires two people interacting with each other. The supervisor and an employee talking to each other, for instance, can illustrate this type.

Interpersonal Communication

The process involves several people. A meeting of the supervisor and the employees in his unit would be a good illustration.

Group Communication

This takes place with an indefinite number of people which some would term as a faceless audience. The use of television, radio, newspapers, magazines and billboards falls under this category.

Mass Communication

Occurs when information and messages flow down through an organization's formal chain of command or hierarchical structure. In other words, messages and orders start at the upper levels of the organizational hierarchy and move down toward the bottom levels.

Downward route

This is when information is moving from lower-level employees to high-level employees and it is also sometimes called vertical communication.

Upward route

This is the transmission of information between people, divisions, departments, or units within the same level of organizational hierarchy.

Horizontal route

A form of communication that starts at any point or level and moves back and forth in either formal or informal progression or retrogression. These are letters used to circulate any message to a huge number of audiences simultaneously.

circular route

A type of communication that flows across the chain of command or inter-unit exchanges.

Cross channel or diagonal communicatin

While the ultimate goal of communication is to share meanings, it is also to share them in order to arrive at the outcome forwhich communication is intended. Communication is intended to licit action towards the achievement of certain goals.

Goal clarity

The person of the sender, his qualities, characteristics, status, role, affects communication flow.

sender

By the same token, the person or the recipient ---his qualities, characteristics, status, role, emotional state ---is a factor in the success or failure of communication.

receiver

Experience common to participants helps enhance communication process. The greater the area of shared experience, the greater the likelihood thatcommunication would succeed. It provides a frame of reference that is common to both sender and receiver. Thus, an engineer is better able to communicate technical matters to another engineer than to a non-engineer. The more effective sharing of meaning between the enginer derives mostly from their similar education and professional experience.

Shared experience

Communication is largely symbolic. It is achieved through the use of symbols--both verbal (words) and non-verbal (pictures, actions or inactions). In verbal communication, the content, phraseology, and format of the message are very important factors.

Symbols

The message can take various forms of medium such as bulletin board notice, a lecture, a demonstration, slide, etc. Communication is greatly improved if a mix of different medias are used.

Medium

The passages through which the messages travels can either be clear or clogged up with physical or psychological disturbances. A clean, clear passage devoid of noise and disturbances can contribute to fast communication and better transactions

Pathways

Managers are drowning in a flood of numbers, data, information, and indices, and their failure to cope effectively with such information overload will have serious and even disastrous consequences not only for their organizations but for our entire economy. Thus, Wallace and Szilagzi, Jr. caution managers not to be bogged down by excessive details furnished to them by their staff but to concentrate on long-run strategic planning based on concise, relevant and meaningful summaries.

information overload

How do we know if communication has been successful? When do we say that our communication is good? The reaction by the recipient to the communication is the main criterion that determine its success or failure. When the message is received and taken in the very same context and purpose that it is sent, communication is considered good and successful. Chung and Megginson put it this way: "Effective interpersonal communication is achieved only when the sender obtains the intended response(s) from the receiver

feedback

Anything that can impede the flow of communication in any form and at any point is a barrier to communication

barriers to communication

This includes impediments in relation to distance, timing, efficiency of modes used like telephone, telegraph, or post office amenities.

Physical barriers

Differences between sender and receiver in certain factors like age, financial status, educational and family backgrounds, intellectual ability, religion, health status may deter the flow or the understanding of messages that are sent. The gaps between and among individuals and groups need to be lessened for congruence of concepts, ideas, facts, and information.

Social Barriers

The affective mode is the most difficult to tackle in communication. Envy, jealousy, unpleasant feelings, and emotions caused by insecurity and conflict should be given outlets for expression and those in charge should know how to manage these outbursts.

Psychological barriers

an analysis of the verbal communication between two persons. It can help improve interpersonal communication based on a study of ego states of the persons communicating with each other. These ego states are parent, child, and adult as discussed by Eric Berne.

Transactional Analysis

are sets of thoughts, feelings, behaviors, gestures, etc. that characterize the predominant condition of the

Ego states

Judgmental; critical of self and others; moralistic; directive and "how to" oriented; rigid; prejudiced; controlling of others, particularly by invoking guilt feelings; authoritarian-permissive; tradition-bound; supportive; paternalistic.

Ego state parent

Logical; non-emotional; rational; objective; fact-oriented; calculating; unless; ageless; computer-like with constant data updating; probabilistic; here-and-now oriented.

Ego state adult

Spontaneous; fun- loving; curious; creative; impulsive; stubborn; rebellious; manipulative; sulking; "poor me" dependency; reactionary; non-confronting; self-centered and self-pitying.

Ego state child

when a message sent to one ego state gets the predicted or expected response from the other individual.

complementary transaction

occurs when a message addressed to one ego state gets an unexpected response from another ego state.

cross transaction

involves hidden meaning. In this situation, one message is on the observable, social level and one is on the hidden, psychological level.

ulterior transaction

is displayed by a person who "fails to express his thoughts and feelings and does not stand up for the rights of being violated."

passive behavior

is "expressing your thoughts and feelings and defending your rights in a way that is usually inappropriate and often violates the rights of others.

agressive behavior

is "standing up for your rights and expressing your thoughts and feelings in a direct appropriate way that does not violate the right of others."

assertive behavior

the Use of I messages is emphasize in the statement which contains three parts: the description of behavior (behavior description) the disclosure of feeling that is displayed due to the behavior (disclosure of feeling) and its effects (tangible effect).

assertive communication

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Charles Jaojao · 26問 · 1年前

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