ENZYMES

35問 • 1年前

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are the biological substance (proteins) that act as CATALYSTS and help complex reactions occur everywhere in life.

Enzymes

A _____ is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction by reducing the amount of energy needed to start that reaction. This is called lowering the activation energy.

catalyst

_____ can be thought of as a hill that must be gotten over. When a catalysts acts, it lowers the energy required to get over the HILL and the reaction can proceed.

ACTIVATION ENERGY

An enzyme is an _____ meaning that it is a protein that catalyzes reactions in living organisms. Most reactions in the body require enzymes.

organic catalyst

Each cell in the human body contains thousands of ________. It provide help with facilitating chemical reactions within each cell. Since they are not destroyed during the process, a cell can reuse each ______ repeatedly.

enzymes

Enzymes help with the chemical reactions that keep a person alive and well. For example, they perform a necessary function for ________ , the process of breaking down food and drink into energy.

metabolism

Enzymes speed up (catalyze) chemical reactions in cells. More specifically, they lower the threshold necessary to start the intended reaction. They do this by binding to another substance known as a _____.

substrate

What do enzymes do? Enzymes provide support for many important processes within the body. Some examples include:

The digestive system, DNA replication, Liver enzymes

Enzymes help the body break down larger complex molecules into smaller molecules. such as glucose, so that the body can use them as _____

fuel

Fach cell in the body contains DNA. Each time a cell divides, the cell needs to copy its DNA. Enzymes help in this process by unwinding the _____

DNA coils

The ______ breaks down toxins in the body. To do this, it uses a range of enzymes the facilitate the process of destroying the toxins.

liver

Enzyme is also used for:

hormone production, cell regulation, creating movement to make the muscle contract, transporting materials around a cell, respiration, signal transduction

LOCKS and KEYS Model Key is the ______ Lock is the ______

substrate, enzyme

Enzymes can only work in certain conditions. Most enzymes in the human body work best at around________, which is the body's typical temperature. At lower temperatures, they may still work but much more slowly

98.6-degrees Fahrenheit (F) (37°C),

If the temperature is too high or if the environment is too acidic or alkaline, the enzyme changes shape; this alters the shape of the active site so that substrates cannot bind to it. This is ______

denaturing

Different enzymes tolerate different levels of acidity. For instance, enzymes in the intestines work best at around _____, whereas enzymes in the stomach work best at about _____ because the stomach is much more acidic.

8 pH, pH 1.5

Thousands of enzymes in the human body exist to perform around _____ different functions

5,000

This group of enzymes help digest fats in the gut.

Lipases

In the saliva, _______ helps change starches into sugars.

Amylase

This also occurs in the saliva, and breaks the sugar maltose into glucose.

Maltase

These enzymes break proteins down into amino acids in the small intestine.

Trypsin

_____ breaks lactose, the sugar in milk, into glucose and galactose.

Lactase

These enzymes break down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in nerves and muscles

Acetylcholinesterase

An enzyme and a ______ are in the same area. The _____ is the biological molecule that the enzyme will work on

substrate

The enzyme grabs onto the substrate with a special area called the ________. It is a specially shaped area of the enzyme tgat fits around the substrate. It is the keyhole of the lock

active site

is when the substate is changed. It could be broken down or combined with another molecule to make something new.

Catalysis

The enzyme lets go. It returns to normal, ready to do another reaction. The substrate is bo longer the same, it is now called the _____

product

Enzyme sometimes need to be controlled when done with their function. Other time they are controlled because of poisons. ______ occurs when the control changes the enzymes shape

Denaturing

4 things that can affect how enzyme work

Temperature, pH levels, Activators, Inhibitors

Proteins change shape as ______ change. Because so much of enzymes activity is based on its shape, _____ changes can mess up the process and the enzymes wont work

temperature

Sometimes you need an enzyme to work faster and your body creates an _______. Other times you might eat something that acts as an _____. ________ make an enzyme work harded and faster. It can help the enzyme bind the substrate

Activators

In the same way that tenperatue can change the shape of proteins, the __________ does t he same thing.The proteins denature if its too acidic or too basic

pH of the environment

either slow down or stop the activity of an enzyme.

INHIBITORS

An inhibitor can be a ________ and block the active site

competitive inhibitor

An inhibitor can also be _______ and bond to another spot causing the shape to change. Remember - When the shape changes, the enzyme will not work the same way. A nasty example of an inhibitor is snake venom or cyanide.

ALLOSTERIC INHIBITOR

CH 1

OBILLO, MIKAELA T. · 78問 · 1年前

CH 1