B.F. SKINNER

BEHAVIORAL ANALYSIS

B.F. SKINNER

20問 • 1年前BEHAVIORAL ANALYSIS

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both determined and lawful, there's stimulus and response, reaction to. aprticular event, possible to control

behavior

also known as classical conditioning, involves the association of a neutral stimulus with a natural reflex response. For example, if a bell is repeatedly paired with the presentation of food, eventually the bell alone can elicit a salivation response, even without the presence of food. So, in short, it is about associating a neutral stimulus with a reflex response,

respondent behavior

is behavior that is influenced by its consequences. It involves learning through rewards and punishments. For example, if a behavior is followed by a positive consequence, like receiving praise, it is more likely to be repeated. If it's followed by a negative consequence, like a timeout, it is less likely to be repeated. is about learning through consequences.

operant behavior

reinforcing successive approximations to the final target behavior according to B.F. Skinner, is a technique used to teach new behaviors by reinforcing successive approximations towards the desired behavior. It involves breaking down a complex behavior into smaller, manageable steps and reinforcing each step until the desired behavior is achieved. It's like building a staircase, one step at a time, until you reach the top! This method is often used in animal training and can be applied to humans as well. It's a way to shape behavior gradually and effectively.

shaping

increases behavior,

reinforcement

decreases behavior

punishment

.Let's say you're trying to teach your dog, Max, to sit on command. Every time Max sits when you say "Sit," you give him a treat as a reward. The treat serves as a _________ making it more likely that Max will sit again when you say "Sit" in the future. By associating the desired behavior (sitting) with a positive consequence (getting a treat), you're reinforcing the behavior and increasing the likelihood of it happening again.

positive reinforcement

according to B.F. Skinner, involves the removal or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus to increase the likelihood of a desired behavior. It's not about punishment, but rather about removing something negative to reinforce the behavior. For example, let's say you have a headache, and you take a pain reliever. As a result, your headache goes away. The removal of the headache (the unpleasant stimulus) reinforces the behavior of taking the pain reliever. So, the next time you have a headache, you're more likely to take the pain reliever again to remove the discomfort. It is about using the removal of something unpleasant to strengthen a behavior. It's a way to encourage desired behaviors by creating a more favorable environment.

negative reinforcement

involves adding an aversive stimulus to decrease the likelihood of an undesired behavior. It's about applying something unpleasant to discourage the behavior. For example, let's say you have a habit of biting your nails. Your friend notices this and gently flicks your hand every time they catch you biting. The flicking serves as a positive punishment because it adds an unpleasant stimulus to discourage the nail-biting behavior. Over time, you may find yourself biting your nails less frequently due to the aversive consequence. It is about using an unpleasant consequence to decrease the occurrence of undesired behaviors. It's like a gentle reminder to steer clear of habits that we want to break.

positive punishment

involves the removal or withholding of a desired stimulus to decrease the likelihood of an undesired behavior. It's about taking away something positive to discourage the behavior. For example, let's say you and your friend made plans to go see a movie, but you kept canceling at the last minute. As a result, your friend decides to stop inviting you to movie outings. The removal of the desired stimulus (the movie invitation) serves as a negative punishment, making it less likely for you to cancel plans in the future. It is about taking away something enjoyable or desired to decrease the occurrence of undesired behaviors. It's like a gentle reminder that our actions have consequences and can impact our experiences.

negative punishment

a source of satisfaction, fulfillment, e.g. food, waotor, sex, physical comfort is something that naturally satisfies a biological need or desire, such as food, water, or warmth. These reinforcers don't require any prior learning or conditioning to be rewarding. They have an inherent value and can directly fulfill our basic needs. are naturally rewarding,

primary reinforcer

a stimulus w/c eventually is associated with the primary reinforcer... is a stimulus that becomes reinforcing through association with a primary reinforcer or another conditioned reinforcer. For example, money is a conditioned reinforcer because it gains value and can be exchanged for primary reinforcers like food or entertainment. It has acquired its reinforcing properties through learned associations. reinforcers gain their value through learned associations with primary reinforcers or other conditioned reinforcers.

conditioned reinforcer

type of conditioned reinforcer that has been associated with multiple primary or conditioned reinforcers. It has gained its reinforcing properties through a variety of learned associations. For example, let's say you have a token system where you earn tokens for completing tasks. These tokens can be exchanged for various rewards like snacks, toys, or extra free time. The tokens themselves become a generalized reinforcer because they have been associated with different types of reinforcers. It is like a versatile reward that can be exchanged for different things, making it valuable in a variety of situations. It's pretty cool how our experiences shape the things we find rewarding, right?

generalized reinforcers

reinforcement is provided after every single occurrence of the desired behavior. It's like giving a reward every time a behavior happens. This can be helpful when initially teaching or shaping a behavior because it provides consistent feedback. a constant stream of rewards, It is providing reinforcement after every occurrence of the behavior,

continous sched

you don't reward every occurence of the behavior. also known as partial reinforcement, involves providing reinforcement only some of the time, not after every instance of the behavior. This can be based on a fixed ratio, variable ratio, fixed interval, or variable interval schedule. Intermittent schedules can be more resistant to extinction, meaning the behavior is less likely to disappear if reinforcement is no longer given consistently. Th is more like a surprise reward every now and then. Both have their uses depending on the situation and desired outcome. involves providing reinforcement only some of the time.

intermittent schedule

involves providing reinforcement after a fixed number of responses. For example, imagine you're a barista and you get a free coffee for every 10 drinks you make. The reinforcement (free coffee) is delivered after a fixed ratio (10 responses).

fixed ratio

a type of schedule of reinforcement unpredictable lottos involves providing reinforcement after a varying number of responses. Let's say you're playing a slot machine and you win a prize after an average of every 5th spin, but sometimes it takes more or fewer spins. The reinforcement (prize) is delivered after a (varying number of responses).

variable ratio

Moving on to fixed interval schedules, they involve providing reinforcement after a fixed amount of time has passed since the last reinforcement. For example, if you receive a paycheck every two weeks, the reinforcement (paycheck) is delivered after a fixed interval (two weeks).

fixed interval

irregular yung oagkuha ng reward mining Variable interval schedules involve providing reinforcement after a varying amount of time has passed since the last reinforcement. Think of checking your email. Sometimes you receive an important message after 5 minutes, other times it may take 20 minutes or even an hour. The reinforcement (important message) is delivered after a variable interval (varying amount of time). This type of schedule can lead to consistent and steady responding.

variable interval

are all about how we understand the world around us. They say that our view of reality is influenced by two things: the social stuff (like how we interact with others and what society tells us is important) and the personal stuff (like our own experiences and thoughts). So basically, it's a mix of what we learn from others and what we think and feel ourselves that shapes how we see the world. It's like a big puzzle made up of both social and personal pieces! shared social construction of reality-social and personal

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