UTILITARIANISM

22問 • 2年前

問題一覧

The greatest happiness of the greatest number is the foundation of morals and legislation.

THE UTILITARIAN APPROACH

made a powerful argument for a novel conception of morality. Morality, he urged, is not about pleasing God, nor is it about being faithful to abstract rules. Rather, morality is about making the world as happy as possible

JEREMY BENTHAM

the ultimate moral principle. This principle requires us, in all circumstances, to produce the most happiness and the least unhappiness that we can

PRINCIPLE OF UTILITY

would become the leading advocate of utilitarian moral theory

JOHN STUART MILL

Utilitarianism is a consequentialist theory for it determines the morality of an action based on the kind of consequences that the action has or results in.

CONSEQUENTIALISM

Utilitarianism is a welfarist theory because the consequences that it considers to be morally relevant are those that affect the welfare (or well-being) of persons. Welfare here generally means whatever that benefits the persons affected by an action or improves the quality of their life.

WELFARISM

Utilitarianism is an aggregationist theory since the welfare that it considers to be morally relevant is the maximum aggregate or sum total of welfare of all affected persons.

AGGREGATIONISM

The more intense the experience of pleasure, the greater the value of the pleasure.

INTENSITY

The longer the experience of pleasure, the greater the value of the pleasure.

DURATION

The greater the probability that the desired pleasure will be experienced, the greater the value of the pleasure.

CERTAINTY

The shorter the temporal distance between an act and the pleasure that it will produce, the greater the value of the ple

PROPINQUITY

The higher the probability an experience of pleasure will be followed by further experiences of pleasure, the greater the value of the pleasure.

FECUNDITY

The higher the probability that the experience of pleasure will not be followed by an experience of pain, the greater the value of the pleasure.

PURITY

The higher the number of persons to experience the pleasure, the greater the value of the pleasure.

EXTENT

Utilitarianism allegedly endorses a "swinish doctrine," for in taking pleasure and pain as the only intrinsic good and evil, respectively, it in effect puts the value of human pleasures and pains on the same level as the value of animal pleasures and pains.

FIRST OBJECTION

Utilitarianism is bound to fail because there is no objective way by which we can decide on which type of pleasure is superior or more valuable than other types.

SECOND OBJECTION

Utilitarianism cannot account for the moral goodness of acts of martyrdom or self-sacrifice. If pleasure is the basis of moral goodness, how can acts that renounce one's pleasures (as in the case of martyrdom) be morally good?

THIRD OBJECTION

Just like hedonistic consequentialism in general, claims that pleasure is the only intrinsic good and pain is the only intrinsic bad.

HEDONISTIC UTILITARIANISM

Being a form of non-hedonistic consequentialism, rejects the view that pleasure and pain are the only intrinsic good and bad, respectively.

NON-HEDONISTIC UTILITARIANISM

The utilitarian principle should be applied to the act Itself, thus, to determine whether action is morally good or bad, act utilitarianism asks, does performing action maximize aggregate good? If it does, then it is morally good; if not, then it is morally bad.

ACT UTILITARIANISM

The utilitarian principle should be applied to the rule governing the act.

RULE UTILITARIANISM

referring to a good rule in utilitarian sense

OPTIMIFIC RULE

WORLD BANK AND IMF (FROM WEB)

Honey Joy T. Dallego · 21問 · 2年前

WORLD BANK AND IMF (FROM WEB)