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PLUMBING CODE 2023
99問 • 1年前
  • Mea Jane Ramos
  • 通報

    問題一覧

  • 1

    For expanding the ends of a lead pipe, what is the tool used?

    Turn pin

  • 2

    All pipings shall be of durable materials, free from defective workmanship, the system, designed and constructed by an, _______, to ensure satisfactory service.

    RMP

  • 3

    A storm drain is defined as that portion of the storm drainage system that receives _______ from inlets and conveys it to some point where it is then discharged into a channel, water body or piped system.

    surface run-off

  • 4

    A final water heater inspection shall be made only after _______.

    All work authorized by the permit has been installed

  • 5

    Any joint obtained by joining of metal parts which alloys will melts at a temperature higher than 449 degree centigrade but lower than the melting temperature the parts to be joined.

    Brazed joint

  • 6

    Which of the following does NOT belong to a sump pump system?

    Hinged covers

  • 7

    What is the term used to a drain from two of three fixtures connected to a single trap?

    common vent

  • 8

    In threading pipes, you'll use the die carrying part of the threading. What do you call this part?

    Stock

  • 9

    When a saprogenic bacteria converts urea into ammonia, it is called _______.

    Ammunonification

  • 10

    What is that level in a fixture at which water begins to overflow over the top or rim of the fixture?

    flood

  • 11

    Who is the present Committee chairman of the Board for Master Plumber incharge in unification/integration of Professional Association?

    Engr. Camilet

  • 12

    Which of the following is required in the installation of a storm drainage system?

    Cleanouts

  • 13

    Drain-cleaning equipment that uses high-pressure water to clear a stoppage is called a _______.

    Jet cleaner (jetter)

  • 14

    What do you call the level of water in a fixture when it overflow on top or rim of the fixture?

    Flood level

  • 15

    What is in water that diminishes the capacity of water to form lather with soap?

    minerals that make water

  • 16

    The safety method to ignite a torch used for soldering is a:

    Striker

  • 17

    What kind of pipe is remarkably suited to embedment in concrete structure and can be used as soil, waste or ventilation pipe and downspout?

    cast iron

  • 18

    What is a liquid waste that contains animal or vegetable matter in suspension or solution?

    Sewage

  • 19

    Any one of special class of device or equipment or intended to perform a special plumbing function, such as motors, heating elements and pressure-temperature elements.

    Plumbing appliance

  • 20

    The PRC adopted the revised Plumbing Code of 1999, which President joseph Estrada approved December 21, 1999 pursuant to Section 4 of RA known as the Plumbing Law.

    1378

  • 21

    All premises intended for human habitation, occupancy or use, shall be provided with a supply of pure and wholesome water, neither connected with unsafe unsafe watersupplies nor subject to hazards of backflow or back-siphonage.

    Principle No. 1

  • 22

    A plugged toilet is _______ related to an obstruction in the fixture.

    Always

  • 23

    What is the maximum vertical distance from the fixture outlet to the trap wire?

    24"

  • 24

    An adequate Plumbing Code is the one of the most important governances in modern and healthful human existence. It involves the three basic necessities of life, such as _______, water and food.

    air

  • 25

    Where should the overflow pipe lead for overhead tank installed on buildings.

    Scuppers

  • 26

    Kind of cleanout plugs that will be installed in case where raise heads may cause hazards to passing personnel or vehicles

    Countersunk

  • 27

    This consists of a pliable rubber cup and handle, and is capable of creating both a positive pressure (by forcing the cup down ) and a negative pressure (vacuum) when pulled away from the fixture. Variations on the design are typically limited to the size of the cup and length of the handle.

    Plunger

  • 28

    Connection between the roof and roof drains that pass through the roof and in to the interior of the building shall be made with watertight by the use of _______.

    Proper flashing materials

  • 29

    What is the combination of elbows or bends in a line of piping, which bring one section of the pipe out of line but into a line parallel with the original section?

    Offset

  • 30

    A _______ is a vertical shaft for installation of different pipe stacks.

    chase

  • 31

    What does "Repubiic Act 1378" signify?

    Plumbing Law

  • 32

    Before each water-supplied appliance slip joint, supply pipings for non-metallic fixture and allowance _______, shall be installed.

    Control gate valves

  • 33

    In water supply and distribution, what type of fullway valve should be used to control two or more openings?

    Gate valve

  • 34

    What does ASTM stand for?

    American Society for Testing Materials

  • 35

    The piping system that conveys the discharge of water closets or fixtures having similar functions with or without the discharges from other fixtures.

    Sanitary Drainage System

  • 36

    Two offsets in successions or in series such that the center line of the outside ends are in the same straight line.

    Double offset

  • 37

    All Administrative Plumbing Personnel, Plumbing Inspector, shall be Registered and Licensed Master Plumbers, in accordance with the provision of Republic Act _______, Plumbing Law.

    1378

  • 38

    What is an effective protection of the quality of surface water?

    Isolation of the reservoir

  • 39

    What do you call the main water pipe which delivers potable water to a building?

    Water service

  • 40

    INC in plumbing tern means:

    Increaser, Increasing

  • 41

    What kind of material is best suited as strainer of the outlet pipe in the water reservoir?

    brass

  • 42

    What is the total fall of a pipe traveling 70 feet at 1/g per foot slope?

    8 3/4"

  • 43

    What device is used to prevent backflow into a potable water supply?

    Backflow preventer

  • 44

    Sleeves shall be provided to protect all piping through walls.

    Concrete, masonry

  • 45

    An adjustable wrench :

    Has an adjustable smooth jaw

  • 46

    Drain traps contain water seals that block offensive gas odors from entering homes. Sewer gases invade homes through drains without water seals. Water seal evaporation usually occurs in floor drains not used itequently. How will you re-establish the water seal and solve the problem of indoor sewer odors?

    By pouring a gallon of water down the drain will reestablish the water seal

  • 47

    What is the PRC Resolution Number issued by the Board f Master Plumber for the adoption and promulgation of the Revised National plumbing Code of the Philippines?

    Res No. 1378

  • 48

    Any one of special class of device or equipment or intended to perform a special plumbing function, such as motors, heating elements and pressure-temperature elements.

    Plumbing appliance

  • 49

    What water supply pipe offers excellent resistance to destructive elements and is not subjected to electrolytic action or tuberculation?

    Galvanized pipe

  • 50

    How many basic principles governs the National Plumbing Code?

    22

  • 51

    What is the minimum size of a house sewer that will NOT be carrying human excrement and installed underground?

    4' '

  • 52

    A flanged adapter connecting a basket strainer to the drainpipe with a dishwasher inlet.

    Dishwasher tailpiece

  • 53

    What type of surface must plumbing fixtures should NOT have?

    Concealed fouling surfaces

  • 54

    An unobstructed vertical distance through the free atmosphere between the lowest opening from any pipe or faucet conveying potable water to the flood-level rin of any tank, vat or fixture.

    Air gap, water distribution

  • 55

    Dining rooms for public use without artificial ventilation shall be properly _______.

    Screened

  • 56

    What will prevent the passage of odor, gases and vermin from the common sewer into the drainage system within the building?

    Main-drain trap

  • 57

    Indirect waste from equipment or specialized fixtures is often calculated as:

    Continuous or semi-continuous flow

  • 58

    What will be the basis in the design of the water piping system in localities where the water pressure ls fluctuating all throughout the day?

    Minimum pressure available

  • 59

    What is represented by a solid line broken with two dots or dashes in piping diagrams?

    Hot water

  • 60

    What is the minimum distance above the floor the relief line from temperature and pressure relief valves on the heater tank be installed?

    12 in

  • 61

    What is the minimum diameter of any pump discharge or any discharge pipe from a pump having a water closet connected thereto?

    50.8 mm

  • 62

    Pressure loss in a water supply system:

    Can be a result of friction loss

  • 63

    What is the minimum trap diameter (in nm) that floor drains shall have?

    51

  • 64

    What is the standard working pressure for a water heater?

    75 psi

  • 65

    What portion of an underground drainage system CANNOT drain by gravity into the building sewer?

    Building subdrain

  • 66

    What pressure exists without any flow motion?

    Static

  • 67

    Copper tube for water supply piping shall have a weight, of not less than:

    Type "L"

  • 68

    What do you call that layer of organic materials accumulating in the form of a mat on the surface of the filter as the liquid passes?

    Schmutzdecke

  • 69

    An approved type installed receptacles, devices or appliances supplied with water or receive liquid or liquid borne waste and discharge such waste into the drainage system.

    Plumbing fixtures

  • 70

    A _______ valve is a one way flow control valve installed in a drainage system, that under normal conditions allows the waste water to drain out of the system but if a reversal of flow should occur, the valve will be forced closed and protect the interior of the building from sewage backup. Every year thousands of homes are flooded with raw sewage and storm water causing millions in damages that could have been avoided with properly installed backwater valves.

    Backwater

  • 71

    What is the maximum distance between the fixture trap and the vent in roughing in for a lavatory that is to have a 1" inches drain?

    5 ft

  • 72

    Medical gas piping is most often joined by:

    silver braze

  • 73

    The piping and equipment between the street gas main and the gas piping system inlet, which is installed by and is under the control and maintenance of the serving gas supplier, is listed in the code as _______.

    Service Piping

  • 74

    What do you call the vertical vent pipe installed primarily to provide circulation of air to and from any part of the drainage system?

    Vent Stack

  • 75

    How many threads per inch has a cleanout having a size of 89 mm have?

    8

  • 76

    Each family dwelling unit on premises abutting on a sewer or with a private sewage - disposal system shall have at least one water closet and one kitchen type sink. In additíon to this, a _______ , _______ and _______ shall be installed to meet the basic requirements of sanitation and personal hygiene.

    lavatory, bath tub and shower

  • 77

    What is the pressure exerted of a 1 meter of water?

    9.8 kPa

  • 78

    The level in a fixture at which water begins to overflow over the top rim of the fixture.

    Flood level

  • 79

    Why is that it's NOT a good practice to use a gate valve on a lawn sprinkler?

    Bulky

  • 80

    A joint made by firmly packing with oakum and filled with molten lead to a depth of not less than one inch, etc., is used with _______.

    cast-iron bell and spigot soil pipe

  • 81

    What do you call that short pipe or nipple whose thread at both ends meet?

    Close

  • 82

    What is the MOST common plumbing fixtures wherein back siphonage usually occur?

    Water Closet

  • 83

    A valve used to control two (2) or more openings shall be a _______ gate valve.

    multi

  • 84

    What is the minimum distance above the floor the relief line from temperature and pressure relief valves on the heater tank be installed?

    12 in

  • 85

    "A Registered Master Plumber shall maintain a professional bearing consistent with an honorable and dignified pursuit of his/her profession, adhering to a set of conduct becoming of his/her calling and shall not act in an unprofessional manner and demand any renumeration other than his her original charges except for additional services not covered in the basic contract". This is an excerpt from:

    Revised National Plumbing Code of the Philippines

  • 86

    Sewer or other drainage piping that shall not be installed under or within 2 feet of any building or structure is _______.

    Asbestos cement

  • 87

    Minimum plumbing facilities for night club; water closet 1:40 male, 1:40 female. How about for lavatory?

    1:45 persons

  • 88

    According to Art 3.2.2.2 of PD 1096 what scope of working plan preparation for new sanitary installation with more than 20 units does sanitary engineer differs with a registered Master Plumber?

    Sanitary plans, layouts and details

  • 89

    An adjustable wrench:

    Has an adjustable smooth jaw

  • 90

    A schedule 40 plastic pipe with nominal size of 4'' has a horizontal run of 20 feet. What is the maximum distance of support?

    every 10 ft

  • 91

    What is used in disinfecting large public water supply?

    Chlorine

  • 92

    A length of soil or waste stack corresponding in general to a story height, but in no case less than 2.43 meters within which the horizontal branches from one floor or storey of a building are connected to the _______.

    Branch interval

  • 93

    The two comnon bit designs for a jackhamner are:

    Chisel and point

  • 94

    Polyetylene pipe is black and is used for cold water and sprinkler systems. It comes, in coils of 100 feet. Diameter sizes range from 2". How is polyetylene pipe represented?

    PE

  • 95

    Who are the present members of the Board for master Plumbers? Engr. Mangila, Engr. Camilet and _______.

    Arch. Abellano

  • 96

    What material is used to protect a pipe from breakage whenever it passes under and through walls?

    Metal pipe sleeve

  • 97

    Which does NOT belong to the same class of water?

    Distilled

  • 98

    Unless it is connected to a combined sewer system, a roof drain does not have to be installed:

    With a p-trap

  • 99

    Which of the following is not applicable to thrust blocks?

    changes in atmosphere

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    問題一覧

  • 1

    For expanding the ends of a lead pipe, what is the tool used?

    Turn pin

  • 2

    All pipings shall be of durable materials, free from defective workmanship, the system, designed and constructed by an, _______, to ensure satisfactory service.

    RMP

  • 3

    A storm drain is defined as that portion of the storm drainage system that receives _______ from inlets and conveys it to some point where it is then discharged into a channel, water body or piped system.

    surface run-off

  • 4

    A final water heater inspection shall be made only after _______.

    All work authorized by the permit has been installed

  • 5

    Any joint obtained by joining of metal parts which alloys will melts at a temperature higher than 449 degree centigrade but lower than the melting temperature the parts to be joined.

    Brazed joint

  • 6

    Which of the following does NOT belong to a sump pump system?

    Hinged covers

  • 7

    What is the term used to a drain from two of three fixtures connected to a single trap?

    common vent

  • 8

    In threading pipes, you'll use the die carrying part of the threading. What do you call this part?

    Stock

  • 9

    When a saprogenic bacteria converts urea into ammonia, it is called _______.

    Ammunonification

  • 10

    What is that level in a fixture at which water begins to overflow over the top or rim of the fixture?

    flood

  • 11

    Who is the present Committee chairman of the Board for Master Plumber incharge in unification/integration of Professional Association?

    Engr. Camilet

  • 12

    Which of the following is required in the installation of a storm drainage system?

    Cleanouts

  • 13

    Drain-cleaning equipment that uses high-pressure water to clear a stoppage is called a _______.

    Jet cleaner (jetter)

  • 14

    What do you call the level of water in a fixture when it overflow on top or rim of the fixture?

    Flood level

  • 15

    What is in water that diminishes the capacity of water to form lather with soap?

    minerals that make water

  • 16

    The safety method to ignite a torch used for soldering is a:

    Striker

  • 17

    What kind of pipe is remarkably suited to embedment in concrete structure and can be used as soil, waste or ventilation pipe and downspout?

    cast iron

  • 18

    What is a liquid waste that contains animal or vegetable matter in suspension or solution?

    Sewage

  • 19

    Any one of special class of device or equipment or intended to perform a special plumbing function, such as motors, heating elements and pressure-temperature elements.

    Plumbing appliance

  • 20

    The PRC adopted the revised Plumbing Code of 1999, which President joseph Estrada approved December 21, 1999 pursuant to Section 4 of RA known as the Plumbing Law.

    1378

  • 21

    All premises intended for human habitation, occupancy or use, shall be provided with a supply of pure and wholesome water, neither connected with unsafe unsafe watersupplies nor subject to hazards of backflow or back-siphonage.

    Principle No. 1

  • 22

    A plugged toilet is _______ related to an obstruction in the fixture.

    Always

  • 23

    What is the maximum vertical distance from the fixture outlet to the trap wire?

    24"

  • 24

    An adequate Plumbing Code is the one of the most important governances in modern and healthful human existence. It involves the three basic necessities of life, such as _______, water and food.

    air

  • 25

    Where should the overflow pipe lead for overhead tank installed on buildings.

    Scuppers

  • 26

    Kind of cleanout plugs that will be installed in case where raise heads may cause hazards to passing personnel or vehicles

    Countersunk

  • 27

    This consists of a pliable rubber cup and handle, and is capable of creating both a positive pressure (by forcing the cup down ) and a negative pressure (vacuum) when pulled away from the fixture. Variations on the design are typically limited to the size of the cup and length of the handle.

    Plunger

  • 28

    Connection between the roof and roof drains that pass through the roof and in to the interior of the building shall be made with watertight by the use of _______.

    Proper flashing materials

  • 29

    What is the combination of elbows or bends in a line of piping, which bring one section of the pipe out of line but into a line parallel with the original section?

    Offset

  • 30

    A _______ is a vertical shaft for installation of different pipe stacks.

    chase

  • 31

    What does "Repubiic Act 1378" signify?

    Plumbing Law

  • 32

    Before each water-supplied appliance slip joint, supply pipings for non-metallic fixture and allowance _______, shall be installed.

    Control gate valves

  • 33

    In water supply and distribution, what type of fullway valve should be used to control two or more openings?

    Gate valve

  • 34

    What does ASTM stand for?

    American Society for Testing Materials

  • 35

    The piping system that conveys the discharge of water closets or fixtures having similar functions with or without the discharges from other fixtures.

    Sanitary Drainage System

  • 36

    Two offsets in successions or in series such that the center line of the outside ends are in the same straight line.

    Double offset

  • 37

    All Administrative Plumbing Personnel, Plumbing Inspector, shall be Registered and Licensed Master Plumbers, in accordance with the provision of Republic Act _______, Plumbing Law.

    1378

  • 38

    What is an effective protection of the quality of surface water?

    Isolation of the reservoir

  • 39

    What do you call the main water pipe which delivers potable water to a building?

    Water service

  • 40

    INC in plumbing tern means:

    Increaser, Increasing

  • 41

    What kind of material is best suited as strainer of the outlet pipe in the water reservoir?

    brass

  • 42

    What is the total fall of a pipe traveling 70 feet at 1/g per foot slope?

    8 3/4"

  • 43

    What device is used to prevent backflow into a potable water supply?

    Backflow preventer

  • 44

    Sleeves shall be provided to protect all piping through walls.

    Concrete, masonry

  • 45

    An adjustable wrench :

    Has an adjustable smooth jaw

  • 46

    Drain traps contain water seals that block offensive gas odors from entering homes. Sewer gases invade homes through drains without water seals. Water seal evaporation usually occurs in floor drains not used itequently. How will you re-establish the water seal and solve the problem of indoor sewer odors?

    By pouring a gallon of water down the drain will reestablish the water seal

  • 47

    What is the PRC Resolution Number issued by the Board f Master Plumber for the adoption and promulgation of the Revised National plumbing Code of the Philippines?

    Res No. 1378

  • 48

    Any one of special class of device or equipment or intended to perform a special plumbing function, such as motors, heating elements and pressure-temperature elements.

    Plumbing appliance

  • 49

    What water supply pipe offers excellent resistance to destructive elements and is not subjected to electrolytic action or tuberculation?

    Galvanized pipe

  • 50

    How many basic principles governs the National Plumbing Code?

    22

  • 51

    What is the minimum size of a house sewer that will NOT be carrying human excrement and installed underground?

    4' '

  • 52

    A flanged adapter connecting a basket strainer to the drainpipe with a dishwasher inlet.

    Dishwasher tailpiece

  • 53

    What type of surface must plumbing fixtures should NOT have?

    Concealed fouling surfaces

  • 54

    An unobstructed vertical distance through the free atmosphere between the lowest opening from any pipe or faucet conveying potable water to the flood-level rin of any tank, vat or fixture.

    Air gap, water distribution

  • 55

    Dining rooms for public use without artificial ventilation shall be properly _______.

    Screened

  • 56

    What will prevent the passage of odor, gases and vermin from the common sewer into the drainage system within the building?

    Main-drain trap

  • 57

    Indirect waste from equipment or specialized fixtures is often calculated as:

    Continuous or semi-continuous flow

  • 58

    What will be the basis in the design of the water piping system in localities where the water pressure ls fluctuating all throughout the day?

    Minimum pressure available

  • 59

    What is represented by a solid line broken with two dots or dashes in piping diagrams?

    Hot water

  • 60

    What is the minimum distance above the floor the relief line from temperature and pressure relief valves on the heater tank be installed?

    12 in

  • 61

    What is the minimum diameter of any pump discharge or any discharge pipe from a pump having a water closet connected thereto?

    50.8 mm

  • 62

    Pressure loss in a water supply system:

    Can be a result of friction loss

  • 63

    What is the minimum trap diameter (in nm) that floor drains shall have?

    51

  • 64

    What is the standard working pressure for a water heater?

    75 psi

  • 65

    What portion of an underground drainage system CANNOT drain by gravity into the building sewer?

    Building subdrain

  • 66

    What pressure exists without any flow motion?

    Static

  • 67

    Copper tube for water supply piping shall have a weight, of not less than:

    Type "L"

  • 68

    What do you call that layer of organic materials accumulating in the form of a mat on the surface of the filter as the liquid passes?

    Schmutzdecke

  • 69

    An approved type installed receptacles, devices or appliances supplied with water or receive liquid or liquid borne waste and discharge such waste into the drainage system.

    Plumbing fixtures

  • 70

    A _______ valve is a one way flow control valve installed in a drainage system, that under normal conditions allows the waste water to drain out of the system but if a reversal of flow should occur, the valve will be forced closed and protect the interior of the building from sewage backup. Every year thousands of homes are flooded with raw sewage and storm water causing millions in damages that could have been avoided with properly installed backwater valves.

    Backwater

  • 71

    What is the maximum distance between the fixture trap and the vent in roughing in for a lavatory that is to have a 1" inches drain?

    5 ft

  • 72

    Medical gas piping is most often joined by:

    silver braze

  • 73

    The piping and equipment between the street gas main and the gas piping system inlet, which is installed by and is under the control and maintenance of the serving gas supplier, is listed in the code as _______.

    Service Piping

  • 74

    What do you call the vertical vent pipe installed primarily to provide circulation of air to and from any part of the drainage system?

    Vent Stack

  • 75

    How many threads per inch has a cleanout having a size of 89 mm have?

    8

  • 76

    Each family dwelling unit on premises abutting on a sewer or with a private sewage - disposal system shall have at least one water closet and one kitchen type sink. In additíon to this, a _______ , _______ and _______ shall be installed to meet the basic requirements of sanitation and personal hygiene.

    lavatory, bath tub and shower

  • 77

    What is the pressure exerted of a 1 meter of water?

    9.8 kPa

  • 78

    The level in a fixture at which water begins to overflow over the top rim of the fixture.

    Flood level

  • 79

    Why is that it's NOT a good practice to use a gate valve on a lawn sprinkler?

    Bulky

  • 80

    A joint made by firmly packing with oakum and filled with molten lead to a depth of not less than one inch, etc., is used with _______.

    cast-iron bell and spigot soil pipe

  • 81

    What do you call that short pipe or nipple whose thread at both ends meet?

    Close

  • 82

    What is the MOST common plumbing fixtures wherein back siphonage usually occur?

    Water Closet

  • 83

    A valve used to control two (2) or more openings shall be a _______ gate valve.

    multi

  • 84

    What is the minimum distance above the floor the relief line from temperature and pressure relief valves on the heater tank be installed?

    12 in

  • 85

    "A Registered Master Plumber shall maintain a professional bearing consistent with an honorable and dignified pursuit of his/her profession, adhering to a set of conduct becoming of his/her calling and shall not act in an unprofessional manner and demand any renumeration other than his her original charges except for additional services not covered in the basic contract". This is an excerpt from:

    Revised National Plumbing Code of the Philippines

  • 86

    Sewer or other drainage piping that shall not be installed under or within 2 feet of any building or structure is _______.

    Asbestos cement

  • 87

    Minimum plumbing facilities for night club; water closet 1:40 male, 1:40 female. How about for lavatory?

    1:45 persons

  • 88

    According to Art 3.2.2.2 of PD 1096 what scope of working plan preparation for new sanitary installation with more than 20 units does sanitary engineer differs with a registered Master Plumber?

    Sanitary plans, layouts and details

  • 89

    An adjustable wrench:

    Has an adjustable smooth jaw

  • 90

    A schedule 40 plastic pipe with nominal size of 4'' has a horizontal run of 20 feet. What is the maximum distance of support?

    every 10 ft

  • 91

    What is used in disinfecting large public water supply?

    Chlorine

  • 92

    A length of soil or waste stack corresponding in general to a story height, but in no case less than 2.43 meters within which the horizontal branches from one floor or storey of a building are connected to the _______.

    Branch interval

  • 93

    The two comnon bit designs for a jackhamner are:

    Chisel and point

  • 94

    Polyetylene pipe is black and is used for cold water and sprinkler systems. It comes, in coils of 100 feet. Diameter sizes range from 2". How is polyetylene pipe represented?

    PE

  • 95

    Who are the present members of the Board for master Plumbers? Engr. Mangila, Engr. Camilet and _______.

    Arch. Abellano

  • 96

    What material is used to protect a pipe from breakage whenever it passes under and through walls?

    Metal pipe sleeve

  • 97

    Which does NOT belong to the same class of water?

    Distilled

  • 98

    Unless it is connected to a combined sewer system, a roof drain does not have to be installed:

    With a p-trap

  • 99

    Which of the following is not applicable to thrust blocks?

    changes in atmosphere