This is the application of scientific principles to the planning, operation, and management of transportation systems.

Also known as carriers, are primarily concerned with operating fleets to provide transportation services.

If viewed in transportation system functional terms, the includes the following components: I. Physical Facilities II. Fleets of vehicles III. Operating bases and facilities IV. Organizations V. Operating Strategies

Most civil engineering activity related to the provision of physical facilities is what might be called as.

These are primarily involved in planning, designing, constructing, maintaining, and operating fixed facilities.

This is a highly specialized mode of transportation. It includes traditional mass transit modes such as buses, streetcars, and light rail and rail rapid transit, as well as paratransit modes such as jitneys and dial-a-ride services.

This exists wherever demand exceeds the capacity of the transportation system.

Is the distance required to see an oncoming vehicle of a certain minimum size.

Is a major challenge to the transportation system and the transportation engineering profession because it undermines the effectiveness and efficiency of the system.

Is defined as the maximum safe speed that can be maintained over a specified section of highway when conditions are so favorable that the design features of the highway govern.

Is a continuing challenge for the transportation engineering profession because of public expectations that safety will continue to improve.

Is the distance required to see an object 150 mm high on the roadway.

What are the two components in stopping sight distance?

The components of passing sight distance includes: I. Distance traversed during perception and reaction time II. Distance traveled while the passing vehicle occupies left lII. Distance between the passing vehicle at the end of its maneuver IV. Distance traversed by opposing vehicle for two-thirds of the time the passing vehicles occupies the left lane

These are written instructions detailing how the facility is to be constructed.

These include cost estimates for various parts of the project and are used to evaluate the acceptability of bids and financial feasibility of the project.

Bid documents are often spoken of as including: I. Plans II. Specifications III. Estimates

The four basic elements of standard plans include: I. Plan view II. Profile III. Geometric cross-section IV. Superelevation diagram

There refer to drawings, usually accompanied by notes, of various aspects or components of the design.

This is a drawing of the facility as it would look to an observer directly above it.

This drawing has elevation as its vertical axis, and horizontal distance as measured along the centerline of the facility (or other reference line), as its horizontal axis.

The line representing the facility on the profile.

These are in meters above some datum; usually this datum is mean sea level, but it may be any arbitrary scale.

This view has elevation as its vertical axis and horizontal distance, measured perpendicular to the centerline, as its horizontal axis.

These are normally specified in m/m or in percentages. In railway practice, cross- slopes may be expressed in millimeters (or inches) that the high rail is above the low rail, since there is a standard horizontal distance maintained between rails.

This applies to curved facilities, such as highways or railways, only. It consists of a graph with roadway or railway cross slope versus horizontal distance.

Are expressed as decimal fractions (m/m) or as percentages (m/station).

Geometric design for transportation facilities includes the design of the following elements. I. Geometric cross sections II. Horizontal alignment III. Vertical alignment IV. Intersections V. Various design details

These may consist of ditches (usually graded swales) or of paved shoulders with berns or curbs and gutters.

The vertical alignment of a transportation facility consists of the following:

The primary consideration in the design of geometric cross sections for highways, runways, and taxiways is _____.

These are normally parabolas centered about the point of intersection (P.I) of the vertical tangents they join.

These are intended primarily as a safety feature. They provide for accommodation of stopped vehicles, emergency use, and lateral support of the pavement.

For highways, minimum length of vertical curve may be based on the following: I. Sight distance II. Comfort standards involving vertical acceleration III. Apperance criteria

For crest vertical curve, the minimum length depends on the following: I. Sight distance II. Height of the driver's eye III. Height of the objects

These are usually laid out in the field by occupying the tangent-to-curve point TC with a transit and then establishing successive points by turning deflection angles and measuring chords.

Horizontal alignment for linear transportation facilities such as highways and railways consist of the following: I. Horizontal Tangents II. Circular Curve III. Transition Curves

These are used to connect tangents to circular curves.

The purpose of this is to counteract the centripetal acceleration produced as a vehicle round a curve.

These are described in terms of their lengths (as expressed in the stationing of the job) and their directions.

This involve modification of the roadway cross section from normal crown to full superelevation, at which point the entire roadway width has a cross-slope of e.

The distance which runs from the point at which the outside half of the roadway is at zero cross-slope to the P.I. at full superelevation is called

This traffic conflict occurs when vehicles enter a traffic stream.

This determines the length of the superelevation runoff of transitional curves (spiral curves).

These result when two crves of differing radius (or for vertical curves, different rate of change of grade) join one another.

Geometric design of transportation facilities must provide for the resolution of traffic conflicts. In general, these may be classified as: I. Merging conflicts II. Diverging conflicts III. Weaving conflicts IV. Crossing conflicts

This traffic conflict occurs when vehicles leave the traffic stream.

These consist of two curves in the same direction separated by a short tangent.

This traffic conflict occurs when vehicles cross paths by first merging and the diverging.

These traffic solutions eliminates the crossing conflicts by placing the conflicting traffic streams at different elevations at their point of intersection.

This traffic conflict occurs when they cross paths directly.

These quantities are normally expressed as volumes, in metric units, they are given in cubic meters (cubic yards in traditional units).

The basic ways of resolving crossing conflicts in traffic. I. Time-sharing II. Space-sharing III. Grade-separation

Wherever the existing ground is above the constructed section, the construction is said to involve _____.

These traffic solution involve assignment of the right-of-way to particular movements for particular time.

Wherever the existing ground is below the constructed section, the construction is said to invole.

The points at which the cut or fill slopes intersect the existing ground are referred to as:

The product of a volume of materials times the average distance it is hauled is referered to as a _____, and it is expressed in stations times cubic meters.

In earthworks, it is defined as the proportional change in volume of the material, relative to the volume it occupied in its natural state.

The cost of excavation normally includes the cost of removing the material from its existing state, hauling it up to some specified distance referred to as the ____.

Calculation of optimum haul strategies and earthwork costs is done by means of a _____.

This is the cost of any material that has to be obtained off the job site in order to make a fill.

This is a graph of cumulative volume of earthwork versus distance in stations from the beginning of the job, in which cut is considered to be positive and fill to be negative.

The longest distance material should ever be hauled is called the _____.

Pavement consists of the following: I.Surface course II. Subbase III. Base course IV. Subgrade V. Base course

These are sometimes used in constructing pavements. These are used to add strength, control moisture, and prevent the movement of fine materials into drainage layers.

This term refers to any material consisting of a mixture of aggregates, such as sand, gravel, or crushed stone, fastened together by cement.

For a given service life and performance index value, a _____ is determined based on the traffic loads, soils support, and other design factors.

This normally consists of aggregates such as gravel and crushed rock.

A series of interconnected or interlaced cracks caused by fatigue failure of the asphalt concrete sureface under repeated traffic loading.

These are usually local aggregate materials. They may consist of either unstabilized compacted aggregate stabilized materials.

Cracks forming large interconnected polygons, usually with sharp corners or angles. These cracks are generally caused by hardening and shrinkage of the asphalt and/or reflection cracking from underlying layers such as cement-treated base.

Wearing away of the pavement surface caused by the dislodging of aggregate particles and binder.

Progressive disintegration of the surface between the heel paths caused by dripping of a gasoline or oil from vehicles.

Cracks approximately at right angles to the pavement center-line. These may be caused by shrinkage or differential thermal stress of the asphalt concrete, or may be reflective crack.

Cracks approximately at right angles to the pavement center-line. These are caused by poorly constructed construction joints and shrinkage of the asphalt concrete surface; they may also be reflective cracks.

The exuding of bitumen ono the pavement surface, causing a reduction in skid resistance.

Type of pavement distress affecting VI. Surface polish Portland cement concrete pavements include the following: I. Faulting II. Settlement Ill. Blowups IV. Joint or crack spalling V. Surface attrition or surface abrasion VI. Surface polish

Localized upward buckling and shattering of the slabs at transverse joins or cracks.

The breakdown or disintegration of slab edges at joints or cracks, usually resulting in the loss of sound concrete and the progressive widening of the joint or crack.

Elevation differences between adjacent slabs at transverse joints. This is usually the result of pumping, and is a major source of Portland concrete pavement failure.

Abnormal surface wear, usually resulting from poor-quality surface mortar or coarse aggregate.

Local sagging in the pavement caused by differential settlement, consolidation, or movement of the underlying earth mass.

Loss of the original surface texture due to traffic action.