TRANSPORTATION AND HIGHWAY TERMS

100問 • 1年前

問題一覧

It is defined as the number of vehicles per unit distance occupying a section of roadway at a given instant time and is usually measured in vehicles per mile or per km.

Density

The number of vehicles moving in a specified direction on a given lane or roadway that pass a given point during specified unit time and expressed as vehicles per hour or vehicles per day.

Traffic volume

The ability of a roadway to accommodate traffic volume. It is expressed as the maximum numbers of vehicle in a lane or or a road that can pass a given point in unit time, usually an hour, that is vehicles per hour per lane or roadway.

Traffic capacity

The max. number of passenger cars that can pass a given point on a lane or roadway during one hour under the most nearly ideal roadway and traffic conditions which can possibly be attained.

Basic capacity

The max. number of passenger cars that can pass a given point on a lane or roadway during one hour under prevailing roadway and traffic conditions.

Possible capacity

The max. number of vehicles that can pass given point on a lane or roadway during one hour without traffic density so great as to cause unreasonable delay, hazard, or restrictions to the driver's freedom to maneuver under the prevailing roadway and traffic conditions.

Practical capacity

The crossing of two or more traffic streams traveling in the same general direction along a significant path of highway without the aid of traffic signals.

Weaving

The instantaneous speed of a vehicle at a specified section or location.

Spot speed

The average of the spot speeds of all vehicles passing a given point in the highway.

Average speed

The average speed of vehicles in a certain road length at any time.

Space mean speed

The speed distribution of vehicles at a point on the roadway and it is the average of instantaneous speeds of observed vehicles at the spot.

time-mean speed

The average speed maintained by a vehicle over a particular stretched of road, while the vehicle is in motion. This is obtained by dividing the distance covered by the time during which the vehicle is in. motion.

running speed

The time interval between the passage of successive vehicles moving in the same lane and measured from head to head as they pass a point on the road.

Time headway

The distance between successive vehicles moving in the same lane measured from head to head at any instance.

space-headway

The distance ahead that must be clear to permit safe passing is called:

passing sight distance

The ratio between parallel forces divided by the normal forces is known as:

All of the above

Divided arterial highway for through traffic with full or partial control of access and generally with grade separations at major intersections.

Expressway

An expressway with full control of access.

Expressway

An arterial highway for non-commercial traffic with full or partial control of access and usually located within a park.

Parkway

Minimum sight distance required for driver to stop a vehicle after seeing an object in the vehicle's path without hitting that object. This distance is the sum of the distance traveled during perception-reaction time and the distance traveled during braking.

stopping sight distance

Minimum sight distance required on a two-lane, two-way highway that will permit a driver to complete a passing maneuver without colliding with an opposing vehicle and without cutting off the passed vehicle.

passing sight distance

The length of super elevation development from zero cross slope to full design super. elevation in a circular curve alignment...

Super elevation run off

The length of super elevation development from the normal cross slope to the zero cross slope point on the tangent.

Tangent run out

The location of super elevation development onto circular curves has been continuous concern to designers throughout the world. This concern is due to the fact that design super elevation is not available for the curve radius at the P.C. This results in the vehicle experiencing 2 to 3 sec. where lateral acceleration tends to force the driver to adopt a natural spiral curve during entry and exit. This problem can be prevented by:

Provide a proportion of super elevation run off. This proportion tends to minimize the adverse effects of lateral acceleration and improves the safety of the transition from tangent to circularcurve.

The longitudinal profile along the centerline of the road. It is made up of a series of grades and vertical curves.

Vertical alignment

Time required for transmission of the sensations received (through eyes, ears , and body) to the brain and the spinal chord by the nervous system, to a particular traffic situation.

Perception time

After perception occurs, the formation of new thoughts and ideas, recalling old memories of similar occasions to a particular traffic situation.

Intellection

The time linked with the two stages perception and intellection based on a particular traffic situation like fear or anger which has a vital influence on the final message or decision sent by the brain to the muscle is called:

Emotion

The time of taking a decision to produce action to a particular traffic situation called:

Volition time

The total time required for perception, intellection, emotion and volition that is from the instant the object comes in the line of sight of the driver to the instant he arrives a decision, say to slow down or overtake, under normal circumstances is called:

Reaction time

Distance traveled by the vehicle during the total reaction time.

lag distance

Distance traveled by the vehicle after the application of the brakes until it will stop.

braking distance

The basic traffic maneuvers: I. Diverging II. Merging III. Crossing IV.Weaving

I, II and III only

When a vehicle moves obliquely across the path of another vehicle moving in the same direction, at relatively small angle of crossing, the action is termed as:

Weaving

The number of vehicle occupying a unit length of lane roadway at a given instant, usually expressed as vehicle per km.

Traffic density

The maximum sustained 15 min. rate of flow, expressed in passenger cars per hour per lane, which can be accommodated by a uniform freeway segment under prevailing traffic and roadway conditions in one direction.

Capacity

The maximum number of passenger cars that can pass a given point on a lane or roadway during one hour ander the most nearly ideal roadway and traffic conditions which can possibly be attained.

Road capacity

The difference between the time the front of a vehicle arrives at a point on the highway and the time the front of the next vehicle arrives at the same point.

Time headway

The distance between the front of a vehicle and the front of the following vehicie.

Space headway

The arithmetic mean of the speeds of vehicles passing a point on a highway during an interval of time.

Time mean speed

The harmonic mean of the speed of vehicles passing a point on a highway during an interval of time. It is obtained by dividing the total distance traveled by two or more vehicles on a section of a highway by the total time required by these vehicles to travel that distance.

Space mean speed

The maximum speed that can be attained on a highway as the flow tends to zero.

Mean free speed

The process by which a vehicle in on traffic stream joins another traffic stream moving in the same direction such as a ramp vehicle joining a freeway stream.

Merging

The process by which a vehicle in a traffic stream leaves that traffic stream, such as a vehicle leaving the outside lane of an expressway.

Diverging

The process by which a vehicle first merges into a stream of traffic obliquely crosses that stream, then merges into a second stream moving in the sam direction.

Weaving

The headway in a major stream, which evaluated by a vehicle driver in a minor stream who wishes to merge into the major stream.

Gap

The difference between the time a vehicle that merges into a main traffic stream reaches a point on the highway in the area of merge and the time a vehicle in the main stream reaches the same point.

Time lag

The average of 24-hour traffic counts collected every day in the year. These counts are used to estimate highway user revenues, compute accident rates, and establish traffic volume trends.

Average annual daily traffic (AADT)

The average of 24-hour traffic counts collected over a number of days greater than one but less than a year. These counts are used for planning of highway activities, measuring current traffic demand and evaluating existing traffic flow.

Average daily traffic (ADT)

A measure of travel usage along a section of road. It is the product of the volume (ADT) and the length of roadway in miles to which the volume is applicable. This measure is used mainly as a base for allocating resources for maintenance and improvement of highways and to establish highway system usage trends.

Vehicle miles of travel (VMT)

The maximum number of vehicles that pass a point on a highway during a period of 60 consecutive minutes. This volume is used for functional classification of highways, geometric design standards selection, capacity analysis, development of operational programs, and development of parking regulations.

Peak hour volume (PHV)

Harbors can be broadly classified as: I. Natural harbors ll. Semi-natural harbors III. Artificial harbors IV. Commercial harbors

I, II and III only

A port is a harbor in which terminal facilities are provided. The different types of ports are as follows: I. Ocean port II. Inland port III. Entry port IV. Free port

All of the above

The harbor entrance should, if possible, be located on the ____ of the harbor.

lee side

Generally the width of the harbor entrance should be _______.

between 0.7 = 1.0 times the length of the design ship

The maximum current velocity through the harbor entrance should not exceed ____.

1.5 m/s or 3 knots

The stopping distance of a ship will depend on factors such as ship speed, the displacement and shape of the hull, and horsepower ratio. The stopping distance a a loaded ship ______.

7 to 8 times the ship's length

When more than one ship has to be accommodated along the berth, a clearance length of _____ should be provided between the adjacent ships.

0.1 times the length of the largest ship

For a single-berth pier, the clear water area between two piers should be _____ to allow for tugboat assistance.

2 times the beam of the largest ship plus 30 m

For harbor basins, the width required to permit a ship to swing freely into a berth is _____ for berths at 45°.

1.5 times the length of the ship

For harbor basins, the width required to permit a ship to swing freely into a berth is ___ for berths at 90 degree.

2 times the length of the ship

The safety distance between two moored tankers or moored tanker and a passing ship, will depend upon the overall layout of the harbor, the number of tugboats assisting in the berthing or unberthing operation, the environmental conditions and the population of in the area. The safety distance between a moored oil tanker and a passing ship shall be:

from 50 - 150

The size of water area for anchorages will therefore primarily depend on the number, type and size of ships, which require protection and the type of mooring system available. The water depth at an anchoring area should preferably not exceed approximately _____ due to the length of the anchor chain of the ship. The bottom condition must not be too hard, otherwise the anchor will be dragged along the bottom and not dig into the sea bottom.

50 - 60m

Waves continue to grow after they reach a velocity equal to _____ but at a decreasing rate. Energy losses from friction, transfer of energy into currents and the the development of white caps means the wave will not grow until the wave speed reaches the wind speed. The wind speed is 146 kph.

48.67

The ratio of the wave length to its height for ocean waves is between:

17 and 33

A very long standing wave on a large but limited body of water generally occurring when a storm dies down after producing a wind tide is called:

Swells

An instrument use to measure the intensity of wind.

Beuforts scale

A wave generated in deep water, when reaching shoaling waters, changes not only in its height but also in its length but the period will _____.

remain constant

An open water of navigable depth is called:

Fairway

Waves are formed by the frictional drag of wind across the water surface. This is a process of transferring energy from wind to water. Water particles are moved from their position by the wind, and then returned to the original position by gravity, which is a restoring force. These waves are called:

Gravity waves

The pressure against a vertical wall due to waves is called:

Clapotis

A change in the dissection of travel of the wave with change in depth of water which distributes wave energy along the seashore unevenly is called:

wave refraction

Waves generated by wind that are acting on the sea surface bordering on the port site.

wind waves

Wind generated waves which are created in the deep ocean at some distance from the port site and the wind that created them may be too distant to be felt in the port or may have stopped blowing or changed, its direction by the time the wave reach the port.

Swell waves

Waves of this type have very long periods, typically from 30 sec. up to the tidal period of 12 hr. 25 min. and are mostly found in enclosed or semi-enclosed basins such as artificial port basins or bays.

Seiching waves

Waves created by large, sudden impacts, such as earthquakes, volcanoes or landslides that ends up in the ocean.

Tsunamis

Waves in which the ratio of water depth to the wave length is greater than 0.5

Deep water waves

Waves in which the ratio of water depth to the wave length is less than 0.50 but greaterthan 0.40.

Intermediate water waves

Waves in which the ratio of water depth to the wave length is equal to or less than 0.40.

Shallow-water waves

Waves which fall forward since the forward velocity of the creast particles exceeds the velocity of propagation of the wave itself. In deep water, this normally occurs when ° the wave length L is less than 7 times the wave height (L < 7 H) and in shallow water when the depth d is approximately equal to 1.25 H (where H is the wave height).

Breaking waves

The distance that the wind blows over the sea in generating the waves is known as:

fetch

The ratio of the wave height to its wave length is called:

steepness

The arithmetical mean value of the highest one third of the waves for a stated interval.

Significant wave height

An abnormal rise of the sea level tha occurs when a typhoon passes by. This rise above normal level on this open coast is due to atmospheric pressure reduction as well as due to wind stress.

Storm surge

Waves with an extremely long period thet mainly occur when there is a sudden large scale sea floor movements associated severe, shallow focus earthquake.

Tsunamis

The falling tide is known as:

Ebb tide

The horizontal extension of the generating area in the direction of the wind is called:

fetch

The difference in height between the mean higher high water and the mean lower low water is called:

Diurnal range

The highest tides which occur at intervals of half a lunar month is called:

Spring tides

The datum line for design of port facilities in accordance with charts, which is being used by the Phil. Ports Authority (PPA).

MLLW

The type of tide which will occur at or near the time when the moon is new or full that Is when the sun, moon and earth fall in line and the tide generating forces of the moon and sun are additive.

Spring tides

The PPA (Phil. Ports Authority) requires that water level that guarantees about water depth for safety of the ships berthing on a certain ports and harbor, below the mean lower low water should be equal to:

0.15 - 0.40 m

When the lines connecting the earth with the sun and the moon form a right angle, that is the moon is in her quarters, then the actions of the moon and sun are subtractive, and the lowest tides of the month occur, this is called:

Neap tide

Owing to retardation of the tidal wave In the ocean by frictional force, as the earth revolves daily around its axis and as the tide tends to follow the direction of the moon, the highest tide for each location is not coincident with conjunction and opposition but occurs at some constant , time after new and full moon. This interval which may amount to as much as two and a half days is known as:

Age of the tide

Generally, the average interval between successive high tides, which is half the time between successive passages of the moon across a given meridian is:

12 hrs. and 25 min

In many parts of the world, the high waters reach their greatest height and the low waters at the least height, soon after the time of full and new moon. These tides are called:

Spring tides

The difference in height between high water and low water at a tidal station is called:

tidal range

When the daily high waters are usually at their least height and the daily low waters their greatest height soon after the moon is in quandrature. This tides are called:

Neaptides

Waves formed by moving ship or boats are called:

wakes

100

Waves formed by earthquake disturbances.

Tsunamis

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問題一覧

It is defined as the number of vehicles per unit distance occupying a section of roadway at a given instant time and is usually measured in vehicles per mile or per km.

Density

The number of vehicles moving in a specified direction on a given lane or roadway that pass a given point during specified unit time and expressed as vehicles per hour or vehicles per day.

Traffic volume

Traffic capacity

The max. number of passenger cars that can pass a given point on a lane or roadway during one hour under the most nearly ideal roadway and traffic conditions which can possibly be attained.

Basic capacity

The max. number of passenger cars that can pass a given point on a lane or roadway during one hour under prevailing roadway and traffic conditions.

Possible capacity

Practical capacity

The crossing of two or more traffic streams traveling in the same general direction along a significant path of highway without the aid of traffic signals.

Weaving

The instantaneous speed of a vehicle at a specified section or location.

Spot speed

The average of the spot speeds of all vehicles passing a given point in the highway.

Average speed

The average speed of vehicles in a certain road length at any time.

Space mean speed

The speed distribution of vehicles at a point on the roadway and it is the average of instantaneous speeds of observed vehicles at the spot.

time-mean speed

running speed

The time interval between the passage of successive vehicles moving in the same lane and measured from head to head as they pass a point on the road.

Time headway

The distance between successive vehicles moving in the same lane measured from head to head at any instance.

space-headway

The distance ahead that must be clear to permit safe passing is called:

passing sight distance

The ratio between parallel forces divided by the normal forces is known as:

All of the above

Divided arterial highway for through traffic with full or partial control of access and generally with grade separations at major intersections.

Expressway

An expressway with full control of access.

Expressway

An arterial highway for non-commercial traffic with full or partial control of access and usually located within a park.

Parkway

stopping sight distance

passing sight distance

The length of super elevation development from zero cross slope to full design super. elevation in a circular curve alignment...

Super elevation run off

The length of super elevation development from the normal cross slope to the zero cross slope point on the tangent.

Tangent run out

Provide a proportion of super elevation run off. This proportion tends to minimize the adverse effects of lateral acceleration and improves the safety of the transition from tangent to circularcurve.

The longitudinal profile along the centerline of the road. It is made up of a series of grades and vertical curves.

Vertical alignment

Time required for transmission of the sensations received (through eyes, ears , and body) to the brain and the spinal chord by the nervous system, to a particular traffic situation.

Perception time

After perception occurs, the formation of new thoughts and ideas, recalling old memories of similar occasions to a particular traffic situation.

Intellection

Emotion

The time of taking a decision to produce action to a particular traffic situation called:

Volition time

Reaction time

Distance traveled by the vehicle during the total reaction time.

lag distance

Distance traveled by the vehicle after the application of the brakes until it will stop.

braking distance

The basic traffic maneuvers: I. Diverging II. Merging III. Crossing IV.Weaving

I, II and III only

When a vehicle moves obliquely across the path of another vehicle moving in the same direction, at relatively small angle of crossing, the action is termed as:

Weaving

The number of vehicle occupying a unit length of lane roadway at a given instant, usually expressed as vehicle per km.

Traffic density

Capacity

The maximum number of passenger cars that can pass a given point on a lane or roadway during one hour ander the most nearly ideal roadway and traffic conditions which can possibly be attained.

Road capacity

The difference between the time the front of a vehicle arrives at a point on the highway and the time the front of the next vehicle arrives at the same point.

Time headway

The distance between the front of a vehicle and the front of the following vehicie.

Space headway

The arithmetic mean of the speeds of vehicles passing a point on a highway during an interval of time.

Time mean speed

Space mean speed

The maximum speed that can be attained on a highway as the flow tends to zero.

Mean free speed

The process by which a vehicle in on traffic stream joins another traffic stream moving in the same direction such as a ramp vehicle joining a freeway stream.

Merging

The process by which a vehicle in a traffic stream leaves that traffic stream, such as a vehicle leaving the outside lane of an expressway.

Diverging

The process by which a vehicle first merges into a stream of traffic obliquely crosses that stream, then merges into a second stream moving in the sam direction.

Weaving

The headway in a major stream, which evaluated by a vehicle driver in a minor stream who wishes to merge into the major stream.

Gap

The difference between the time a vehicle that merges into a main traffic stream reaches a point on the highway in the area of merge and the time a vehicle in the main stream reaches the same point.

Time lag

The average of 24-hour traffic counts collected every day in the year. These counts are used to estimate highway user revenues, compute accident rates, and establish traffic volume trends.

Average annual daily traffic (AADT)

Average daily traffic (ADT)

Vehicle miles of travel (VMT)

Peak hour volume (PHV)

Harbors can be broadly classified as: I. Natural harbors ll. Semi-natural harbors III. Artificial harbors IV. Commercial harbors

I, II and III only

A port is a harbor in which terminal facilities are provided. The different types of ports are as follows: I. Ocean port II. Inland port III. Entry port IV. Free port

All of the above

The harbor entrance should, if possible, be located on the ____ of the harbor.

lee side

Generally the width of the harbor entrance should be _______.

between 0.7 = 1.0 times the length of the design ship

The maximum current velocity through the harbor entrance should not exceed ____.

1.5 m/s or 3 knots

The stopping distance of a ship will depend on factors such as ship speed, the displacement and shape of the hull, and horsepower ratio. The stopping distance a a loaded ship ______.

7 to 8 times the ship's length

When more than one ship has to be accommodated along the berth, a clearance length of _____ should be provided between the adjacent ships.

0.1 times the length of the largest ship

For a single-berth pier, the clear water area between two piers should be _____ to allow for tugboat assistance.

2 times the beam of the largest ship plus 30 m

For harbor basins, the width required to permit a ship to swing freely into a berth is _____ for berths at 45°.

1.5 times the length of the ship

For harbor basins, the width required to permit a ship to swing freely into a berth is ___ for berths at 90 degree.

2 times the length of the ship

from 50 - 150

50 - 60m

48.67

The ratio of the wave length to its height for ocean waves is between:

17 and 33

A very long standing wave on a large but limited body of water generally occurring when a storm dies down after producing a wind tide is called:

Swells

An instrument use to measure the intensity of wind.

Beuforts scale

A wave generated in deep water, when reaching shoaling waters, changes not only in its height but also in its length but the period will _____.

remain constant

An open water of navigable depth is called:

Fairway

Gravity waves

The pressure against a vertical wall due to waves is called:

Clapotis

A change in the dissection of travel of the wave with change in depth of water which distributes wave energy along the seashore unevenly is called:

wave refraction

Waves generated by wind that are acting on the sea surface bordering on the port site.

wind waves

Swell waves

Seiching waves

Waves created by large, sudden impacts, such as earthquakes, volcanoes or landslides that ends up in the ocean.

Tsunamis

Waves in which the ratio of water depth to the wave length is greater than 0.5

Deep water waves

Waves in which the ratio of water depth to the wave length is less than 0.50 but greaterthan 0.40.

Intermediate water waves

Waves in which the ratio of water depth to the wave length is equal to or less than 0.40.

Shallow-water waves

Breaking waves

The distance that the wind blows over the sea in generating the waves is known as:

fetch

The ratio of the wave height to its wave length is called:

steepness

The arithmetical mean value of the highest one third of the waves for a stated interval.

Significant wave height

An abnormal rise of the sea level tha occurs when a typhoon passes by. This rise above normal level on this open coast is due to atmospheric pressure reduction as well as due to wind stress.

Storm surge

Waves with an extremely long period thet mainly occur when there is a sudden large scale sea floor movements associated severe, shallow focus earthquake.

Tsunamis

The falling tide is known as:

Ebb tide

The horizontal extension of the generating area in the direction of the wind is called:

fetch

The difference in height between the mean higher high water and the mean lower low water is called:

Diurnal range

The highest tides which occur at intervals of half a lunar month is called:

Spring tides

The datum line for design of port facilities in accordance with charts, which is being used by the Phil. Ports Authority (PPA).

MLLW

The type of tide which will occur at or near the time when the moon is new or full that Is when the sun, moon and earth fall in line and the tide generating forces of the moon and sun are additive.

Spring tides

0.15 - 0.40 m

Neap tide

Age of the tide

Generally, the average interval between successive high tides, which is half the time between successive passages of the moon across a given meridian is:

12 hrs. and 25 min

In many parts of the world, the high waters reach their greatest height and the low waters at the least height, soon after the time of full and new moon. These tides are called:

Spring tides

The difference in height between high water and low water at a tidal station is called:

tidal range

When the daily high waters are usually at their least height and the daily low waters their greatest height soon after the moon is in quandrature. This tides are called:

Neaptides

Waves formed by moving ship or boats are called:

wakes

100

Waves formed by earthquake disturbances.

Tsunamis