Transportation Terms

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A series of interconnected of interfaced cracks caused by fatigue failure of the asphalt concrete surface under repeated traffic loading

Alligator cracking

The height between the trough and the crest of a wave

Amplitude

A layer consisting of properly designed mix od coarse aggregate fine aggregate, a filler and a bituminous binde

Asphatic concrete

the average of the spot speeds of all vehicles passing a given point in the highway

Average speed

highway appurtenances designed to prevent vehicular penetration from the travel way to areas behind the barrier such as to minimize damage to impacting vehicles and their occupants and to reduce the risk of injuries to pedestrians and workers

Barriers

the component of the road structure which receives the traffic load and transfer it to the subgrade

Base

this normally consists of aggregates such as gravel and crushed rock

Base courses

the max number of passenger cars that can pads a given point on a lane or roadway during one hour under the most nearly ideal roadway and traffic conditions which can possible be attained

Basic capacity

process of proportioning cement, water, aggregates and additives prior to mixing concrete

Batching

the physical configuration of the seabed, the measurements of depths of water in the ocean, etc. and also information derived from such measurement

Bathymetry

an instrument use to measure intensity of wind

Beuforts scale

the mooring fitting for mooring ships during a storm installed close to the water line of the berth

Bitt

a 20 mm thick premix bitumen layer over which is laid a seal coat

Bitumen carpet

the exuding of bitumen onto the pavement surface causing a reduction in skid resistance

Bleeding

cracks forming large interconnected polygons, usually with sharp corners or angles. These cracks are generally caused by hardening and shrinkage of the asphalt and/or reflection cracking from underlying layers such as cement treated base

Block cracking

localized upward buckling and shattering of the slabs at traverse joins or cracks

Blowups

the structure that protects harbor from stormy waves and permits calm in the harbor

Breakwater

distance traveled by the vehicle after the application of the brakes until it will stop

Braking distance

waves which fall forward since the forward velocity of the crest particles exceeds the velocity of propagation of the wave itself. In deep water, this normally occurs when the wave length L is less than 7 times the wave height H (L < 7H) and in shallow water when the depth d is approximately equal to 1.25 H

Breaking waves

Type of dolphins which are designed to take the impact of the ship when docking and to hold the ship against a broadside wind. Therefore, they are provided with fenders to absorbed the impact of the ship and to protect the dolphin and the ship from damage

Breasting dolphins

a vertical post to which the eye of a morring line can be attached

Bollard

these consist of two curves in the same direction separated by a short tangent

Broken back curve

a structure for retaining or to prevent earth or fill from sliding into water

Bulkhead

the maximum sustained 15 min rate of flow, expressed in passenger cars per hour per lane, which can be accommodated by a uniform freeway segment under prevailing traffic and roadway conditions in one direction

Capacity

markings that are often used to guide traffic into the right turninglanes separated by an island, such as corner island at a signalized intersection

Chevron markings

the points at which the cut or fill slopes intersect the existing ground

Catch point

these are usually laid out in the field by occupying the tangent to curve point TC with a transit and then establishing successive points by turning deflection angles and measuring chords

Circular curve

the pressure against a vertical wall due to waves

Clapotis

this term refers to any material consisting of a mixture of aggregates, such as sand, gravel, or crushed stone, fastened together by cement

Concrete

these result when two curves of differing radius join one another

Compound curve

joints provided in concrete cement pavement is suspended

Construction joint

a type of rigid pavement, which has no transverse joints, except construction joints or expansion joints when they are necessary at specific positions such as at bridges. This type of pavement is typically used on high-volume, high-speed roadways

Continously reinforced concrete pavements

this is the cost of any material that has to be obtained off job site in order to make a fill

Cost of borrow

this traffic conflict occurs when they cross paths directly

Crossing conflicts

these are normally specified in m/m or in percentages. In railway practice, cross slopes may be expressed in millimeters that the high rail is above the low rail, since there is a standard horizontal distance maintained between rails

Cross slope

the process of providing the required water and maintaining a favorable temperature for a period of time after placing concrete

Curing

the existing ground is above the construction section

Cut

primary consideration in the design of geometric cross sections for highways, runways, and taxi ways

Drainage

waves in which the ratio of water depth to the wavelength is greater than 0.5

Deep water waves

difference between the actual travel time and a given segment of a transportation system and some ideal travel time for that segment

Delay

light retro reflecting devices mounted at the side of the roadway in series to indicate the roadway alignment

Delineator

it is defined as the number of vehicles per unit distance occupying a thsection of roadway at a given instant time and is usually measured in vehicles per mile

Density

defines as the maximum safe speed that can be maintained over a specified section of highway when conditions are so favorable that the design features of highway govern

Design speed

markings which are placed on sealed shoulders or other sealed portion of the road where traffic is not desired.

Diagonal markings

the spread of energy along a wave crest

Diffraction

defined as the fraction of time that vehicles are present at a point in space

Distance gaps

the reciprocal of density which is usually measure in vehicles per mile or per kilometer

Distance separation

tide which occurs only one high tide a day

Diurnal tides

the process by which a vehicle in a traffic stream leaves that traffic stream, such as a vehicle leaving the outside lane if an expressway

Diverging

this traffic conflict occurs when vehicles leave the traffic stream

Diverging conflicts

progressive disintegration of the surface between the heel paths caused by dripping of a gasoline or oil from vehicles

Drip track raveling

an artificial basin for vessels when the basin is pumped out

Dry dock

the time that a wind blows across the water

Duration

these quantities are normally expressed as volumes, in metric units, they are given in cubic meters

Earthwork

these are in meters above some datum; usually this datum is mean sea level, but it may be any arbitrary scale

Elevation

the time linked with the two stages perception and intellection based on a particular traffic situation like fear or anger which has a vital influence on the final message or decision sent by the brain to the muscle

Emotion

these includes cost estimates for various parts of the project and are used too evaluate the acceptability of bids and financial feasibility of the project

Estimates

divided arterial highway for through traffic with full or partial control of access and generally with grade separations at major intersection

Expressway

primarily involved in planning designing, constructing, maintaining, and operating fixed facilities

Facility oriented organization

an open water with navigable depth

Fairway

elevation difference between adjacent slabs at traverse joints. This is usually the result of pumping and is a major source of Portland concrete pavement

Faulting

the distance that the wind blows over the sea in generating the waves is known as:

Fetch

A marine structure consisting of dolphins for tying up the ship and a platform for supporting the cargo handling equipment.

Fixed mooring berth

A marine structure consisting of dolphins for tying up the ship and a platform for supporting the cargo handling equipment.

Fixed mooring berth

warning devices use to supplement either controls and devices necessary to alert motorist of construction and maintenance activities of obstruction in roadway

Flashing lamps

a pavement which has negligible flexural strength

Flexible

defines as the number of vehicles per unit time passing a point in space and is usually expressed in vehicles per hour

Flow

the cost of excavation normally includes the cost of removing the material from its existing state, hauling it up to some specified distance

Free haul distance

Th headway in a major stream, which is evaluated by a vehicle driver in a minor stream who wishes to merge into the major stream

Gap

this view has elevation as its vertical axis and horizontal distance, measured perpendicular to the centerline, as its horizontal axis

Geoemtric cross section

these are sometimes used in constructing pavements. These are used to add strength, control moisture, and prevent the movement of fine materials into drainage layers

Geotextiles

expressed as decima fractions or as percentages

Grade

these traffic solutions eliminates the crossing conflicts by placing the conflicting traffic streams at different elevations at their point of intersection

Grade separation

Waves are formed by the frictional drag of wind across the water surface. This is a process of transferring energy from wind to water. Water particles are moved from their position by the wind, and then returned to the original position by gravity, which is a restoring force.

Gravity wave

a shore protection structure usually built perpendicular to the coastline to retard littoral transport of sedimentary materials

Groin

inform and advice road users of directions, distance, routes, the location of services and points of interests

Guide sign

the product of a volume of materials times the average distance it is hauled

Haul

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