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Ch 17: Blood

Ch 17: Blood
93問 • 1年前
  • ava studios
    • 通報

    問題一覧

  • 1

    What does blood do?

    Transport; protect; regulate

  • 2

    What’s the body’s only liquid connective tissue?

    blood

  • 3

    Non-living fluid matrix

    plasma

  • 4

    Living blood “cells”, or formed elements

    erythrocytes; leukocytes; platelets

  • 5

    Percent of blood volume in RBC’s

    hematocrit

  • 6

    3 layers of spun tube of blood

    plasma; buffy coat; erythrocytes

  • 7

    Three major categories of plasma proteins; most from liver

    albumins; globulins; fibrinogen

  • 8

    This type of plasma protein is • smallest and most abundant • contributes to viscosity and osmolarity • influences blood pressure, flow, and fluid balance

    albumins

  • 9

    This type of plasma protein is • provide immune system functions and transport • alpha, beta, and gamma

    globulins

  • 10

    This type of plasma protein is • precursor of fibrin threads that help form blood clots

    fibrinogen

  • 11

    Only ___ have complete cells

    WBCs

  • 12

    How do erythrocytes generate ATP?

    anaerobically

  • 13

    Typically do not divide; renewed by division of cells in bone marrow

    erythrocytes

  • 14

    Are erythrocytes large or small?

    small

  • 15

    Flattened discs; biconcave

    erythrocytes

  • 16

    Do not consume oxygen or that they transport

    erythrocytes

  • 17

    Primary functions: 1. Carry oxygen from lungs to cell tissues 2. Pick up some CO2 from tissues and brings to lungs 3. Bags of hemoglobin (97%, not counting water)

    erythrocytes

  • 18

    Binds reversibly with oxygen (97% of RBC volume)

    hemoglobin

  • 19

    Consists of 4 protein chains called Globins (2 a, 2 b)

    hemoglobin

  • 20

    Each polypeptide chain bound to ring-like heme group

    hemoglobin

  • 21

    Each heme group contains one iron atom

    hemoglobin

  • 22

    Each iron atom can bind reversibly with one molecule of oxygen

    hemoglobin

  • 23

    Production of blood, especially its formed elements

    hematopoiesis

  • 24

    Specialized stem cells only producing one class of formed elements of blood (commitment) (Has erythropoietin—EPO)

    colony-forming units

  • 25

    Order the erythrocyte production 1. Hematopoietic stem cell 2. Mature cell 3. Colony-forming unit 4. Precursor cells

    hematopoietic stem cell; colony-forming unit; precursor cells; mature cells

  • 26

    Important to maintain erythrocyte count to avoid ___ (oxygen deprivation) or ___ (too many RBC’s)

    hypoxemia; viscosity

  • 27

    Drop in RBC count causes kidney hypoxia

    negative feedback control

  • 28

    Kidney production of erythropoietin (EPO) stimulates bone marrow

    negative feedback control

  • 29

    RBC count increases in 3 to 4 days

    negative feedback control

  • 30

    - Low level O2 (hypoxemia) - High altitude - Increase in exercise - Loss of lung tissue in emphysema - Testosterone?

    stimuli for increasing erythropoiesis

  • 31

    Usual nutrients - amino acids, lipids, carbs

    erythropoiesis

  • 32

    Iron (toxic if free so stored in protein complexes (ex: Ferritin & Transferrin)

    erythropoiesis

  • 33

    B-complex vitamins (12 & folic acid) needed for DNA synthesis since stem and early cells rapidly divorce)

    erythropoiesis

  • 34

    Blood loss (acute or chronic)

    hemorrhagic anemia

  • 35

    Three main categories of anemias

    hemorrhagic anemia; inadequate erythropoiesis; hemolytic anemia

  • 36

    Insufficient iron ingestion or absorption

    iron-deficiency anemia

  • 37

    Problems with B12 vitamin absorption and protein (hemoglobin) synthesis

    pernicious anemia

  • 38

    Erythrocytes rupture prematurely (bacterial, parasite infection, sickle cell, thalassemia)

    hemolytic anemia

  • 39

    Potential consequences of anemia

    tissue hypoxia; reduced blood osmolarity; reduced blood viscosity

  • 40

    Oxygen deprivation (can be life-threatening)

    tissue hypoxia

  • 41

    Symptoms: pale skin, shortness of breath (fatigue)

    tissue hypoxia

  • 42

    More fluid released from bloodstream

    reduced blood osmolarity

  • 43

    Symptoms: Edema - swelling of tissues

    reduced blood osmolarity

  • 44

    Less resistance to blood flow (possible cardiac failure)

    reduced blood viscosity

  • 45

    Symptoms: reduced blood pressure, increased heart rate

    reduced blood viscosity

  • 46

    • Sugar-coating of the cell • Enriched by glycolipids and glycoproteins • Diverse patterns of sugar distribution facilitate cell recognition

    glycocalyx

  • 47

    Blood types and transfusion comparability are a matter of interactions between ___ and ___

    plasma proteins; erythrocytes

  • 48

    Blood types are based on interactions between ___ and ___

    antigens; antibodies

  • 49

    Complex molecules in surface of cell membrane that are unique to the individual (30+ of these on RBC’s)

    antigens

  • 50

    Used to distinguish self from foreign matter

    antigens

  • 51

    Foreign antigens generate an ___

    immune response

  • 52

    Antigens on the surface of the RBC that is the basis for blood typing

    agglutinogens

  • 53

    Proteins (gamma globulins) secreted by plasma cells

    antibodies

  • 54

    Part of immune response to foreign matter

    antibodies

  • 55

    Bind to antigens and mark them for destruction

    antibodies

  • 56

    Forms antigen-antibody complexes

    antibodies

  • 57

    Antibodies in the plasma membrane that bring about transfusion mismatch (fight off unmatched blood via antigens)

    Agglutinins

  • 58

    - Antibody molecule binding to antigens - Causes clumping of red blood cells

    agglutination

  • 59

    Genetic disease that prevents the production of heme; without heme, RBC’s can’t carry oxygen

    erythropoietic porphyria

  • 60

    Symptoms: tired, pale, crave iron, extremely sensitive to light (result in blisters)

    erythropoietic porphyria

  • 61

    • Complete cells with nuclei and organelles • Less abundant than RBC’s (<1% of blood) • Only stay in the blood stream for a few hours > move into tissues • Combat diseases derived from bacteria, viruses, parasites, toxins, cancerous cells • Outside of blood in tissues

    WBC’s

  • 62

    Ability of WBC’s to travel out of capillary into tissues (inflammatory response)

    diapedesis

  • 63

    ___ triggered by chemical cues released by damaged cells

    amoeboid motion

  • 64

    Two types of leukocytes

    granulocytes; agranulocytes

  • 65

    • Sphere shaped • Larger than erythrocytes • Shorter-lived than erythrocytes (generally) • Lobed nuclei

    granulocytes

  • 66

    Types of granulocytes

    neutrophils; eosinophils; basophils

  • 67

    • Most numerous - 60% • Phagocytoze bacteria • Release antumicrobial chemicals

    neutrophils

  • 68

    • Phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes, allergens • Release parasite-destroying enzymes (tapeworms, pinworms)

    eosinophils

  • 69

    • Very rare • Secretes histamine, increase blood flow • Secretes heparin, prevents clotting and allows WBC mobility

    basophils

  • 70

    Types of agranulocytes

    lymphocytes; monocytes

  • 71

    • Lack visible cytoplasmic granules • Spherical or kidney-shaped nuclei

    agranulocytes

  • 72

    • Most in lymph nodes or spleen • (T) Destroy cancer cells, viral infections, foreign cells • Activate other cells of immune system • (B) Secrete antibodiesm; serve in immune memory

    lymphocyte

  • 73

    • Very large • Differentiate into macrophages • Phagocytize pathogens and debris • Activate other cells of immune system

    monocytes

  • 74

    • Main phagocytic cell in tissues • Consume 25% of their volume per hour • Fught bacteria (TB)

    macrophage

  • 75

    Production of WBC’s

    leukopoiesis

  • 76

    WBC’s are formed from the same ___ as erythropoiesis

    hemopoietic stem cells

  • 77

    Some differentiate into distinct CFUs

    leukocyte

  • 78

    Circulating ___ do not stay in bloodstream

    WBCs

  • 79

    ___ leave in 8 hours and live 5 days longer

    granulocytes

  • 80

    ___ leave in 20 hours, transform into macrophages, and live for several years

    monocytes

  • 81

    ___ provide long-term immunity (decades), being continuously recycled from blood to tissue fluid to lymph and back to the blood

    lymphocytes

  • 82

    A group of cancers that affect WBCs in which these cells proliferate without control

    leukemia

  • 83

    An inherited disease in which stem cells of WBCs lack and enzyme that allows them to fight infection

    severe combined immunodeficiency disease

  • 84

    Hormone ___ initiates megakaryotype formation

    thrombopoietin

  • 85

    Steps of hematostasis

    vascular spasms; platelet plug formation; fibrin mesh formation

  • 86

    • Stabilizes clot • Actin and myosin in platelets contract with 30-60 minutes • Contracting pulls on fibrin strands, squeezing serum from clot • Draws ruptured blood vessel edges together

    clot retraction

  • 87

    • Vessel is healing as clot retraction occurs • Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) stimulates division of smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts to rebuild blood vessel wall • Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) stimulates endothelial cells to multiply and restore endothelial lining

    vessel repair

  • 88

    Undesirable clot formation

    thromboembolic disorders

  • 89

    Abnormalities that prevent normal clot formation

    bleeding disorders

  • 90

    Clot that develops and persists in unbroken blood vessel; may block circulation leading to tissue death

    thrombus

  • 91

    Thrombus freely floating in bloodstream

    embolus

  • 92

    Embolus obstructing a vessel (eg., pulmonary and cerebral emboli)

    embolism

  • 93

    Risk factors: Atherosclerosis, inflammation, slowly flowing blood or blood stasis from immobility

    thromboembolic conditions

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    問題一覧

  • 1

    What does blood do?

    Transport; protect; regulate

  • 2

    What’s the body’s only liquid connective tissue?

    blood

  • 3

    Non-living fluid matrix

    plasma

  • 4

    Living blood “cells”, or formed elements

    erythrocytes; leukocytes; platelets

  • 5

    Percent of blood volume in RBC’s

    hematocrit

  • 6

    3 layers of spun tube of blood

    plasma; buffy coat; erythrocytes

  • 7

    Three major categories of plasma proteins; most from liver

    albumins; globulins; fibrinogen

  • 8

    This type of plasma protein is • smallest and most abundant • contributes to viscosity and osmolarity • influences blood pressure, flow, and fluid balance

    albumins

  • 9

    This type of plasma protein is • provide immune system functions and transport • alpha, beta, and gamma

    globulins

  • 10

    This type of plasma protein is • precursor of fibrin threads that help form blood clots

    fibrinogen

  • 11

    Only ___ have complete cells

    WBCs

  • 12

    How do erythrocytes generate ATP?

    anaerobically

  • 13

    Typically do not divide; renewed by division of cells in bone marrow

    erythrocytes

  • 14

    Are erythrocytes large or small?

    small

  • 15

    Flattened discs; biconcave

    erythrocytes

  • 16

    Do not consume oxygen or that they transport

    erythrocytes

  • 17

    Primary functions: 1. Carry oxygen from lungs to cell tissues 2. Pick up some CO2 from tissues and brings to lungs 3. Bags of hemoglobin (97%, not counting water)

    erythrocytes

  • 18

    Binds reversibly with oxygen (97% of RBC volume)

    hemoglobin

  • 19

    Consists of 4 protein chains called Globins (2 a, 2 b)

    hemoglobin

  • 20

    Each polypeptide chain bound to ring-like heme group

    hemoglobin

  • 21

    Each heme group contains one iron atom

    hemoglobin

  • 22

    Each iron atom can bind reversibly with one molecule of oxygen

    hemoglobin

  • 23

    Production of blood, especially its formed elements

    hematopoiesis

  • 24

    Specialized stem cells only producing one class of formed elements of blood (commitment) (Has erythropoietin—EPO)

    colony-forming units

  • 25

    Order the erythrocyte production 1. Hematopoietic stem cell 2. Mature cell 3. Colony-forming unit 4. Precursor cells

    hematopoietic stem cell; colony-forming unit; precursor cells; mature cells

  • 26

    Important to maintain erythrocyte count to avoid ___ (oxygen deprivation) or ___ (too many RBC’s)

    hypoxemia; viscosity

  • 27

    Drop in RBC count causes kidney hypoxia

    negative feedback control

  • 28

    Kidney production of erythropoietin (EPO) stimulates bone marrow

    negative feedback control

  • 29

    RBC count increases in 3 to 4 days

    negative feedback control

  • 30

    - Low level O2 (hypoxemia) - High altitude - Increase in exercise - Loss of lung tissue in emphysema - Testosterone?

    stimuli for increasing erythropoiesis

  • 31

    Usual nutrients - amino acids, lipids, carbs

    erythropoiesis

  • 32

    Iron (toxic if free so stored in protein complexes (ex: Ferritin & Transferrin)

    erythropoiesis

  • 33

    B-complex vitamins (12 & folic acid) needed for DNA synthesis since stem and early cells rapidly divorce)

    erythropoiesis

  • 34

    Blood loss (acute or chronic)

    hemorrhagic anemia

  • 35

    Three main categories of anemias

    hemorrhagic anemia; inadequate erythropoiesis; hemolytic anemia

  • 36

    Insufficient iron ingestion or absorption

    iron-deficiency anemia

  • 37

    Problems with B12 vitamin absorption and protein (hemoglobin) synthesis

    pernicious anemia

  • 38

    Erythrocytes rupture prematurely (bacterial, parasite infection, sickle cell, thalassemia)

    hemolytic anemia

  • 39

    Potential consequences of anemia

    tissue hypoxia; reduced blood osmolarity; reduced blood viscosity

  • 40

    Oxygen deprivation (can be life-threatening)

    tissue hypoxia

  • 41

    Symptoms: pale skin, shortness of breath (fatigue)

    tissue hypoxia

  • 42

    More fluid released from bloodstream

    reduced blood osmolarity

  • 43

    Symptoms: Edema - swelling of tissues

    reduced blood osmolarity

  • 44

    Less resistance to blood flow (possible cardiac failure)

    reduced blood viscosity

  • 45

    Symptoms: reduced blood pressure, increased heart rate

    reduced blood viscosity

  • 46

    • Sugar-coating of the cell • Enriched by glycolipids and glycoproteins • Diverse patterns of sugar distribution facilitate cell recognition

    glycocalyx

  • 47

    Blood types and transfusion comparability are a matter of interactions between ___ and ___

    plasma proteins; erythrocytes

  • 48

    Blood types are based on interactions between ___ and ___

    antigens; antibodies

  • 49

    Complex molecules in surface of cell membrane that are unique to the individual (30+ of these on RBC’s)

    antigens

  • 50

    Used to distinguish self from foreign matter

    antigens

  • 51

    Foreign antigens generate an ___

    immune response

  • 52

    Antigens on the surface of the RBC that is the basis for blood typing

    agglutinogens

  • 53

    Proteins (gamma globulins) secreted by plasma cells

    antibodies

  • 54

    Part of immune response to foreign matter

    antibodies

  • 55

    Bind to antigens and mark them for destruction

    antibodies

  • 56

    Forms antigen-antibody complexes

    antibodies

  • 57

    Antibodies in the plasma membrane that bring about transfusion mismatch (fight off unmatched blood via antigens)

    Agglutinins

  • 58

    - Antibody molecule binding to antigens - Causes clumping of red blood cells

    agglutination

  • 59

    Genetic disease that prevents the production of heme; without heme, RBC’s can’t carry oxygen

    erythropoietic porphyria

  • 60

    Symptoms: tired, pale, crave iron, extremely sensitive to light (result in blisters)

    erythropoietic porphyria

  • 61

    • Complete cells with nuclei and organelles • Less abundant than RBC’s (<1% of blood) • Only stay in the blood stream for a few hours > move into tissues • Combat diseases derived from bacteria, viruses, parasites, toxins, cancerous cells • Outside of blood in tissues

    WBC’s

  • 62

    Ability of WBC’s to travel out of capillary into tissues (inflammatory response)

    diapedesis

  • 63

    ___ triggered by chemical cues released by damaged cells

    amoeboid motion

  • 64

    Two types of leukocytes

    granulocytes; agranulocytes

  • 65

    • Sphere shaped • Larger than erythrocytes • Shorter-lived than erythrocytes (generally) • Lobed nuclei

    granulocytes

  • 66

    Types of granulocytes

    neutrophils; eosinophils; basophils

  • 67

    • Most numerous - 60% • Phagocytoze bacteria • Release antumicrobial chemicals

    neutrophils

  • 68

    • Phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes, allergens • Release parasite-destroying enzymes (tapeworms, pinworms)

    eosinophils

  • 69

    • Very rare • Secretes histamine, increase blood flow • Secretes heparin, prevents clotting and allows WBC mobility

    basophils

  • 70

    Types of agranulocytes

    lymphocytes; monocytes

  • 71

    • Lack visible cytoplasmic granules • Spherical or kidney-shaped nuclei

    agranulocytes

  • 72

    • Most in lymph nodes or spleen • (T) Destroy cancer cells, viral infections, foreign cells • Activate other cells of immune system • (B) Secrete antibodiesm; serve in immune memory

    lymphocyte

  • 73

    • Very large • Differentiate into macrophages • Phagocytize pathogens and debris • Activate other cells of immune system

    monocytes

  • 74

    • Main phagocytic cell in tissues • Consume 25% of their volume per hour • Fught bacteria (TB)

    macrophage

  • 75

    Production of WBC’s

    leukopoiesis

  • 76

    WBC’s are formed from the same ___ as erythropoiesis

    hemopoietic stem cells

  • 77

    Some differentiate into distinct CFUs

    leukocyte

  • 78

    Circulating ___ do not stay in bloodstream

    WBCs

  • 79

    ___ leave in 8 hours and live 5 days longer

    granulocytes

  • 80

    ___ leave in 20 hours, transform into macrophages, and live for several years

    monocytes

  • 81

    ___ provide long-term immunity (decades), being continuously recycled from blood to tissue fluid to lymph and back to the blood

    lymphocytes

  • 82

    A group of cancers that affect WBCs in which these cells proliferate without control

    leukemia

  • 83

    An inherited disease in which stem cells of WBCs lack and enzyme that allows them to fight infection

    severe combined immunodeficiency disease

  • 84

    Hormone ___ initiates megakaryotype formation

    thrombopoietin

  • 85

    Steps of hematostasis

    vascular spasms; platelet plug formation; fibrin mesh formation

  • 86

    • Stabilizes clot • Actin and myosin in platelets contract with 30-60 minutes • Contracting pulls on fibrin strands, squeezing serum from clot • Draws ruptured blood vessel edges together

    clot retraction

  • 87

    • Vessel is healing as clot retraction occurs • Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) stimulates division of smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts to rebuild blood vessel wall • Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) stimulates endothelial cells to multiply and restore endothelial lining

    vessel repair

  • 88

    Undesirable clot formation

    thromboembolic disorders

  • 89

    Abnormalities that prevent normal clot formation

    bleeding disorders

  • 90

    Clot that develops and persists in unbroken blood vessel; may block circulation leading to tissue death

    thrombus

  • 91

    Thrombus freely floating in bloodstream

    embolus

  • 92

    Embolus obstructing a vessel (eg., pulmonary and cerebral emboli)

    embolism

  • 93

    Risk factors: Atherosclerosis, inflammation, slowly flowing blood or blood stasis from immobility

    thromboembolic conditions