暗記メーカー

暗記メーカー

​

Ch 18: The Cardiovascular System (Part 1)

Ch 18: The Cardiovascular System (Part 1)
100問 • 1年前
  • ava studios
    • 通報

    問題一覧

  • 1

    It includes the heart and blood vessels

    cardiovascular system

  • 2

    It brings nutrients and oxygen to cells and helps get rid of wastes

    cardiovascular system

  • 3

    Blood is refreshed in the lung, kidneys, intestine, and liver

    cardiovascular system

  • 4

    Blood is always in vessels

    cardiovascular system

  • 5

    Each minute ___ blood volume is circulated

    whole

  • 6

    Functions: 1. Generate blood pressure (move blood) 2. Transport blood 3. Exchange of nutrients and wastes at the capillaries 4. Regulate blood flow as needed (vasoconstriction)

    cardiovascular system

  • 7

    Heart located in ___, between lungs

    mediastinum

  • 8

    • Double-walked sac enclosing the heart • Serosa (serous membrane)

    pericardium

  • 9

    • Outer wall • Lining of the pericardium cavity

    parietal pericardium

  • 10

    • epicardium • covering heart

    visceral pericardium

  • 11

    • space between parietal and visceral layers • pericardial fluid reduces friction • pericarditis = friction rub, gets bad

    pericardial cavity

  • 12

    List three layers of heart

    epicardium; myocardium; endocardium

  • 13

    • Otherwise known as visceral pericardium • Serous membrane covering heart • Adipose in thick layer in some places • Coronary blood vessels travel through this layer

    epicardium

  • 14

    • Middle muscular layer of the heart (cardiac) • Muscle spirals around heart which produces wringing motion

    myocardium

  • 15

    • Smooth inner lining of heart and blood vessels • Covers the valve surfaces and is continuous with endothelium of blood vessels

    endocardium

  • 16

    Major divisions of circulatory system

    pulmonary circuit; systemic circuit

  • 17

    • Right side of heart • Carries blood to lungs for gas exchange and back to heart

    pulmonary circuit

  • 18

    • Left side of heart • Supplies oxygenated blood to all tissues of the body and returns it to the heart

    systemic circuit

  • 19

    Large organ consisting of mostly cardiac muscle

    heart

  • 20

    Heart: consists of 2 sides, right and left, separated by a ___

    septum

  • 21

    Heart: consists of 4 chambers, 2 ___ (thin) and 2 ___ (thick)

    atria; ventricles

  • 22

    Heart: 2 sets of valves, ___ valves and ___ valves (AV valves)

    semilunar; atrioventricular

  • 23

    Valves produce the “___” and “___” sounds of the heartbeat

    lub; dub

  • 24

    Valves ensure a ___ flow of blood through the heart

    one-way

  • 25

    Control flow between atria and ventricles

    atrioventricular valves

  • 26

    Right AV valve has three cusps

    tricuspid valve

  • 27

    Left AV valve has two cusps

    mitral / bicuspid valve

  • 28

    • Cords connect AV valves to papillary muscles on floor of ventricles • Prevent AV valves from flipping inside out or bulging into the atria when the ventricles contract

    chordae tendineae

  • 29

    Control flow into great arteries; open and close because of blood flow and pressure

    semilunar valve

  • 30

    In opening between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

    pulmonary semilunar valve

  • 31

    In opening between left ventricle and aorta

    aortic semilunar valve

  • 32

    Pulmonary circuit is short, low-pressure (fed by ___ ventricle)

    right

  • 33

    Systemic circuit is long with lots of resistance to blood flow (fed by ___ ventricle)

    left

  • 34

    Regarding ventricles, higher pressure = ___ muscle

    more

  • 35

    Correspondence between structure & function: ___ ventricle walls are thick and muscular

    left

  • 36

    The ___ are more muscular than ___ to withstand the higher pressure exerted on them

    arteries; veins

  • 37

    The ___ have a thinner wall and a larger center to contain blood

    veins

  • 38

    ___ of blood pumped by heart is pumped to the heart itself through the coronary circulation to sustain its strenuous workload

    5%

  • 39

    Chest pain from partial obstruction of coronary blood flow

    angina pectoris

  • 40

    Pain caused by ischemia of cardiac muscle

    angina pectoris

  • 41

    Obstruction partially blocks blood flow

    angina pectoris

  • 42

    The formation of a blood clot inside a blood vessel of the heart

    coronary thrombosis

  • 43

    Interruption of blood supply to the heart from a blood clot or fatty deposit (atheroma) can cause death of ___ within minutes

    cardiac cells

  • 44

    Some protection from MI is provided by ___ which provides an alternative route of blood flow (___) within the myocardium

    arterial anastomoses; collateral circulation

  • 45

    Striated, short, thick, branches / interconnected cells; one central nucleus

    cardiocytes

  • 46

    Join cardiocytes end to end. Complex structure with three features NOT found in skeletal muscle

    intercalated discs

  • 47

    Folds interlock with each other, and increase surface area of contact

    interdigitating folds

  • 48

    (Desmosomes) - tightly join cardiocytes

    mechanical junctions

  • 49

    (gap junctions) allow ions to flow between cells; can stimulate neighbors

    electrical junctions

  • 50

    ___ depends almost exclusively on aerobic respiration used to make ATP

    cardiac muscle

  • 51

    Rich in myoglobin and glycogen

    cardiac muscle

  • 52

    ___: fill 25% of cell (2% in skeletal muscle)

    huge mitchondria

  • 53

    • Fatigue resistant because it makes little use of anaerobic fermentation or oxygen debt mechanisms • Does not fatigue for a lifetime

    cardiac muscle

  • 54

    • Adaptable to organic fuels used • Fatty acids (60%); glucose (35%); ketones, lactic acid, and amino acids (5%)

    cardiac muscle

  • 55

    Coordinates contractions of the heart (heartbeat)

    cardiac conduction system

  • 56

    Composed of an internal pacemaker and nervelike conduction pathways (based on gap junctions) through myocardium

    cardiac conduction system

  • 57

    This system allows the heart to contract independently; no outside nervous stimulation needed

    cardiac conduction system

  • 58

    Internal control

    SA node; AV node

  • 59

    Signal passes from cell to cell through ___

    gap junctions

  • 60

    ___ signals > atria to contract in unison - Reaches AV node in 50 ms

    SA node

  • 61

    Signal slows down through ___ - Thin cardiocytes / fewer gap junctions - Delays signal allowing the ventricles to fill

    AV node

  • 62

    Signals travel very quickly through ___ and ___ - Entire ventricular myocardium depolarizes and contracts in near unison - Papillary muscles contract an instant earlier than the rest, tightening slack in chordae tendineae

    AV bundle; Purkinje fibers

  • 63

    ___ progresses up from the apex of the heart - Spiral arrangement of cardiocytes twists ventricles slightly; like someone wringing out a towel

    ventricular relaxation

  • 64

    During ___, the atria contract together followed by the ventricles contracting together

    systole

  • 65

    This is followed by ___, a rest phase, when the chamber relax

    diastole

  • 66

    1. Atria depolarization, initiated by the SA node, causes the ___ wave

    P

  • 67

    2. With atrial depolarization complete, the impulse is delayed at the ___

    AV node

  • 68

    3. Ventricular depolarization begins at apex, causing the ___. Atrial repolarization occurs

    QRS complex

  • 69

    4. ___ is complete

    ventricular depolarization

  • 70

    5. Ventricular repolarization begins at apex, causing the ___

    T wave

  • 71

    6. ___ is complete

    ventricular repolarization

  • 72

    • abnormal pacemaker • another part of heart fires before the SA node • caused by hypoxia, electrolyte imbalance l, or caffeine, nicotine, and other drugs

    ectopic focus

  • 73

    Caused by stimulants, stress, or lack of sleep

    premature ventricular contractions

  • 74

    • ectopic foci in atria • atria beat 200 to 400 times per minute

    atrial fibrillation

  • 75

    • any abnormal cardiac rhythm • failure of conduction system to transmit signals (heart block) - bundle branch block - total heart block (damage to AV node) - requires implanted pacemaker

    arrhythmia

  • 76

    Heartbeat modified by ANS via cardiac centers in ___

    medulla oblongata

  • 77

    ___ = ^ rate and force

    sympathetic

  • 78

    ___ - sympathetic - affects SA, AV nodes, heart muscle, coronary arteries

    cardioacceleratory center

  • 79

    ___ = lowered rate

    parasympathetic

  • 80

    ___ - parasympathetic - inhibits SA and AV nodes via vagus nerves

    cardioinhibitory center

  • 81

    Only nerve and muscle cells (excitable membranes) can generate ___

    action potentials

  • 82

    Brief reversal of membrane potential with total amplitude of 100mV hyperpolarize becomes less sensitive and less likely to produce an action potential (from -70 to -80)

    action potential

  • 83

    ___ = refractory period

    hyperpolarization

  • 84

    Each depolarization of the ___ sets off one heartbeat

    SA node

  • 85

    ___ is the system’s pacemaker

    SA node

  • 86

    ___: resting membrane potential is unstable

    SA node

  • 87

    1) variation in strength of stimulation 2) by changing frequency of stimulation

    graded muscle responses

  • 88

    Motor neurons ___ firing rate > increased force of muscle contraction

    increase

  • 89

    Muscle exposed to two stimuli in rapid succession; 2nd contraction stronger than 1st; think about relaxation time

    wave summation

  • 90

    Sustained but “quivering” contraction in response to increased rate of muscle stimulation

    incomplete tetanus

  • 91

    Maximum muscle tension yielding smooth contraction plateau (if prolonged > fatigue)

    complete tetanus

  • 92

    Heart sounds:

    auscultation

  • 93

    ___ = First as AV valves close; beginning of systole (loud)

    lub

  • 94

    ___ = Second as SL valves close; beginning of ventricular diastole (quiet)

    Dub

  • 95

    Abnormal heart sounds; usually indicate incompetent or stenosis valves

    heart murmurs

  • 96

    Sounds heard in 2nd intercostal space at right sternal margin

    aortic valve

  • 97

    Sounds heard in 2nd intercostal space at left sternal margin

    pulmonary valve

  • 98

    Sounds heard over heart apex (in 5th intercostal space) in line with middle clavicle

    mitral valve

  • 99

    Sounds typically heard in right sternal margin of 5th intercostal space

    tricuspid valve

  • 100

    = heart rate x stroke volume

    CO

    • Spanish - A (Part 1)

    Spanish - A (Part 1)

    ava studios · 100問 · 2年前

    Spanish - A (Part 1)

    Spanish - A (Part 1)

    100問 • 2年前
    ava studios

    Spanish - A (Part 2)

    Spanish - A (Part 2)

    ava studios · 100問 · 2年前

    Spanish - A (Part 2)

    Spanish - A (Part 2)

    100問 • 2年前
    ava studios

    Spanish - A (Part 3)

    Spanish - A (Part 3)

    ava studios · 29問 · 1年前

    Spanish - A (Part 3)

    Spanish - A (Part 3)

    29問 • 1年前
    ava studios

    Duolingo - Part 1

    Duolingo - Part 1

    ava studios · 83問 · 1年前

    Duolingo - Part 1

    Duolingo - Part 1

    83問 • 1年前
    ava studios

    Ch. 14

    Ch. 14

    ava studios · 99問 · 1年前

    Ch. 14

    Ch. 14

    99問 • 1年前
    ava studios

    Ch. 15

    Ch. 15

    ava studios · 50問 · 1年前

    Ch. 15

    Ch. 15

    50問 • 1年前
    ava studios

    Exam Review

    Exam Review

    ava studios · 15問 · 1年前

    Exam Review

    Exam Review

    15問 • 1年前
    ava studios

    Ch. 13

    Ch. 13

    ava studios · 16問 · 1年前

    Ch. 13

    Ch. 13

    16問 • 1年前
    ava studios

    Management

    Management

    ava studios · 32問 · 1年前

    Management

    Management

    32問 • 1年前
    ava studios

    Ch 17: Blood

    Ch 17: Blood

    ava studios · 93問 · 1年前

    Ch 17: Blood

    Ch 17: Blood

    93問 • 1年前
    ava studios

    Ch 18: The Cardiovascular System (Part 2)

    Ch 18: The Cardiovascular System (Part 2)

    ava studios · 18問 · 1年前

    Ch 18: The Cardiovascular System (Part 2)

    Ch 18: The Cardiovascular System (Part 2)

    18問 • 1年前
    ava studios

    Ch 19: Blood Vessels and Circulation

    Ch 19: Blood Vessels and Circulation

    ava studios · 94問 · 1年前

    Ch 19: Blood Vessels and Circulation

    Ch 19: Blood Vessels and Circulation

    94問 • 1年前
    ava studios

    1 - Heart

    1 - Heart

    ava studios · 6問 · 1年前

    1 - Heart

    1 - Heart

    6問 • 1年前
    ava studios

    1 - Heart Layers

    1 - Heart Layers

    ava studios · 14問 · 1年前

    1 - Heart Layers

    1 - Heart Layers

    14問 • 1年前
    ava studios

    1 - Heart Condition

    1 - Heart Condition

    ava studios · 5問 · 1年前

    1 - Heart Condition

    1 - Heart Condition

    5問 • 1年前
    ava studios

    1 - Heart Anatomy

    1 - Heart Anatomy

    ava studios · 15問 · 1年前

    1 - Heart Anatomy

    1 - Heart Anatomy

    15問 • 1年前
    ava studios

    1 - Pacemaking and Conduction System

    1 - Pacemaking and Conduction System

    ava studios · 16問 · 1年前

    1 - Pacemaking and Conduction System

    1 - Pacemaking and Conduction System

    16問 • 1年前
    ava studios

    1 - Blood Supply to Heart Muscle

    1 - Blood Supply to Heart Muscle

    ava studios · 11問 · 1年前

    1 - Blood Supply to Heart Muscle

    1 - Blood Supply to Heart Muscle

    11問 • 1年前
    ava studios

    1 - Cardiac Output and Heart Sounds

    1 - Cardiac Output and Heart Sounds

    ava studios · 9問 · 1年前

    1 - Cardiac Output and Heart Sounds

    1 - Cardiac Output and Heart Sounds

    9問 • 1年前
    ava studios

    1 - Blood Vessels

    1 - Blood Vessels

    ava studios · 42問 · 1年前

    1 - Blood Vessels

    1 - Blood Vessels

    42問 • 1年前
    ava studios

    Ch. 16 Outline

    Ch. 16 Outline

    ava studios · 8問 · 1年前

    Ch. 16 Outline

    Ch. 16 Outline

    8問 • 1年前
    ava studios

    Ch. 17 Outline

    Ch. 17 Outline

    ava studios · 24問 · 1年前

    Ch. 17 Outline

    Ch. 17 Outline

    24問 • 1年前
    ava studios

    Ch. 19 Outline

    Ch. 19 Outline

    ava studios · 16問 · 1年前

    Ch. 19 Outline

    Ch. 19 Outline

    16問 • 1年前
    ava studios

    Evolution of Nursing Thought and Action

    Evolution of Nursing Thought and Action

    ava studios · 36問 · 1年前

    Evolution of Nursing Thought and Action

    Evolution of Nursing Thought and Action

    36問 • 1年前
    ava studios

    Ch. 15 - Communication and Therapeutic Relationships

    Ch. 15 - Communication and Therapeutic Relationships

    ava studios · 40問 · 1年前

    Ch. 15 - Communication and Therapeutic Relationships

    Ch. 15 - Communication and Therapeutic Relationships

    40問 • 1年前
    ava studios

    Introduction to Pharmacology

    Introduction to Pharmacology

    ava studios · 31問 · 1年前

    Introduction to Pharmacology

    Introduction to Pharmacology

    31問 • 1年前
    ava studios

    GI System Drugs

    GI System Drugs

    ava studios · 33問 · 1年前

    GI System Drugs

    GI System Drugs

    33問 • 1年前
    ava studios

    問題一覧

  • 1

    It includes the heart and blood vessels

    cardiovascular system

  • 2

    It brings nutrients and oxygen to cells and helps get rid of wastes

    cardiovascular system

  • 3

    Blood is refreshed in the lung, kidneys, intestine, and liver

    cardiovascular system

  • 4

    Blood is always in vessels

    cardiovascular system

  • 5

    Each minute ___ blood volume is circulated

    whole

  • 6

    Functions: 1. Generate blood pressure (move blood) 2. Transport blood 3. Exchange of nutrients and wastes at the capillaries 4. Regulate blood flow as needed (vasoconstriction)

    cardiovascular system

  • 7

    Heart located in ___, between lungs

    mediastinum

  • 8

    • Double-walked sac enclosing the heart • Serosa (serous membrane)

    pericardium

  • 9

    • Outer wall • Lining of the pericardium cavity

    parietal pericardium

  • 10

    • epicardium • covering heart

    visceral pericardium

  • 11

    • space between parietal and visceral layers • pericardial fluid reduces friction • pericarditis = friction rub, gets bad

    pericardial cavity

  • 12

    List three layers of heart

    epicardium; myocardium; endocardium

  • 13

    • Otherwise known as visceral pericardium • Serous membrane covering heart • Adipose in thick layer in some places • Coronary blood vessels travel through this layer

    epicardium

  • 14

    • Middle muscular layer of the heart (cardiac) • Muscle spirals around heart which produces wringing motion

    myocardium

  • 15

    • Smooth inner lining of heart and blood vessels • Covers the valve surfaces and is continuous with endothelium of blood vessels

    endocardium

  • 16

    Major divisions of circulatory system

    pulmonary circuit; systemic circuit

  • 17

    • Right side of heart • Carries blood to lungs for gas exchange and back to heart

    pulmonary circuit

  • 18

    • Left side of heart • Supplies oxygenated blood to all tissues of the body and returns it to the heart

    systemic circuit

  • 19

    Large organ consisting of mostly cardiac muscle

    heart

  • 20

    Heart: consists of 2 sides, right and left, separated by a ___

    septum

  • 21

    Heart: consists of 4 chambers, 2 ___ (thin) and 2 ___ (thick)

    atria; ventricles

  • 22

    Heart: 2 sets of valves, ___ valves and ___ valves (AV valves)

    semilunar; atrioventricular

  • 23

    Valves produce the “___” and “___” sounds of the heartbeat

    lub; dub

  • 24

    Valves ensure a ___ flow of blood through the heart

    one-way

  • 25

    Control flow between atria and ventricles

    atrioventricular valves

  • 26

    Right AV valve has three cusps

    tricuspid valve

  • 27

    Left AV valve has two cusps

    mitral / bicuspid valve

  • 28

    • Cords connect AV valves to papillary muscles on floor of ventricles • Prevent AV valves from flipping inside out or bulging into the atria when the ventricles contract

    chordae tendineae

  • 29

    Control flow into great arteries; open and close because of blood flow and pressure

    semilunar valve

  • 30

    In opening between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

    pulmonary semilunar valve

  • 31

    In opening between left ventricle and aorta

    aortic semilunar valve

  • 32

    Pulmonary circuit is short, low-pressure (fed by ___ ventricle)

    right

  • 33

    Systemic circuit is long with lots of resistance to blood flow (fed by ___ ventricle)

    left

  • 34

    Regarding ventricles, higher pressure = ___ muscle

    more

  • 35

    Correspondence between structure & function: ___ ventricle walls are thick and muscular

    left

  • 36

    The ___ are more muscular than ___ to withstand the higher pressure exerted on them

    arteries; veins

  • 37

    The ___ have a thinner wall and a larger center to contain blood

    veins

  • 38

    ___ of blood pumped by heart is pumped to the heart itself through the coronary circulation to sustain its strenuous workload

    5%

  • 39

    Chest pain from partial obstruction of coronary blood flow

    angina pectoris

  • 40

    Pain caused by ischemia of cardiac muscle

    angina pectoris

  • 41

    Obstruction partially blocks blood flow

    angina pectoris

  • 42

    The formation of a blood clot inside a blood vessel of the heart

    coronary thrombosis

  • 43

    Interruption of blood supply to the heart from a blood clot or fatty deposit (atheroma) can cause death of ___ within minutes

    cardiac cells

  • 44

    Some protection from MI is provided by ___ which provides an alternative route of blood flow (___) within the myocardium

    arterial anastomoses; collateral circulation

  • 45

    Striated, short, thick, branches / interconnected cells; one central nucleus

    cardiocytes

  • 46

    Join cardiocytes end to end. Complex structure with three features NOT found in skeletal muscle

    intercalated discs

  • 47

    Folds interlock with each other, and increase surface area of contact

    interdigitating folds

  • 48

    (Desmosomes) - tightly join cardiocytes

    mechanical junctions

  • 49

    (gap junctions) allow ions to flow between cells; can stimulate neighbors

    electrical junctions

  • 50

    ___ depends almost exclusively on aerobic respiration used to make ATP

    cardiac muscle

  • 51

    Rich in myoglobin and glycogen

    cardiac muscle

  • 52

    ___: fill 25% of cell (2% in skeletal muscle)

    huge mitchondria

  • 53

    • Fatigue resistant because it makes little use of anaerobic fermentation or oxygen debt mechanisms • Does not fatigue for a lifetime

    cardiac muscle

  • 54

    • Adaptable to organic fuels used • Fatty acids (60%); glucose (35%); ketones, lactic acid, and amino acids (5%)

    cardiac muscle

  • 55

    Coordinates contractions of the heart (heartbeat)

    cardiac conduction system

  • 56

    Composed of an internal pacemaker and nervelike conduction pathways (based on gap junctions) through myocardium

    cardiac conduction system

  • 57

    This system allows the heart to contract independently; no outside nervous stimulation needed

    cardiac conduction system

  • 58

    Internal control

    SA node; AV node

  • 59

    Signal passes from cell to cell through ___

    gap junctions

  • 60

    ___ signals > atria to contract in unison - Reaches AV node in 50 ms

    SA node

  • 61

    Signal slows down through ___ - Thin cardiocytes / fewer gap junctions - Delays signal allowing the ventricles to fill

    AV node

  • 62

    Signals travel very quickly through ___ and ___ - Entire ventricular myocardium depolarizes and contracts in near unison - Papillary muscles contract an instant earlier than the rest, tightening slack in chordae tendineae

    AV bundle; Purkinje fibers

  • 63

    ___ progresses up from the apex of the heart - Spiral arrangement of cardiocytes twists ventricles slightly; like someone wringing out a towel

    ventricular relaxation

  • 64

    During ___, the atria contract together followed by the ventricles contracting together

    systole

  • 65

    This is followed by ___, a rest phase, when the chamber relax

    diastole

  • 66

    1. Atria depolarization, initiated by the SA node, causes the ___ wave

    P

  • 67

    2. With atrial depolarization complete, the impulse is delayed at the ___

    AV node

  • 68

    3. Ventricular depolarization begins at apex, causing the ___. Atrial repolarization occurs

    QRS complex

  • 69

    4. ___ is complete

    ventricular depolarization

  • 70

    5. Ventricular repolarization begins at apex, causing the ___

    T wave

  • 71

    6. ___ is complete

    ventricular repolarization

  • 72

    • abnormal pacemaker • another part of heart fires before the SA node • caused by hypoxia, electrolyte imbalance l, or caffeine, nicotine, and other drugs

    ectopic focus

  • 73

    Caused by stimulants, stress, or lack of sleep

    premature ventricular contractions

  • 74

    • ectopic foci in atria • atria beat 200 to 400 times per minute

    atrial fibrillation

  • 75

    • any abnormal cardiac rhythm • failure of conduction system to transmit signals (heart block) - bundle branch block - total heart block (damage to AV node) - requires implanted pacemaker

    arrhythmia

  • 76

    Heartbeat modified by ANS via cardiac centers in ___

    medulla oblongata

  • 77

    ___ = ^ rate and force

    sympathetic

  • 78

    ___ - sympathetic - affects SA, AV nodes, heart muscle, coronary arteries

    cardioacceleratory center

  • 79

    ___ = lowered rate

    parasympathetic

  • 80

    ___ - parasympathetic - inhibits SA and AV nodes via vagus nerves

    cardioinhibitory center

  • 81

    Only nerve and muscle cells (excitable membranes) can generate ___

    action potentials

  • 82

    Brief reversal of membrane potential with total amplitude of 100mV hyperpolarize becomes less sensitive and less likely to produce an action potential (from -70 to -80)

    action potential

  • 83

    ___ = refractory period

    hyperpolarization

  • 84

    Each depolarization of the ___ sets off one heartbeat

    SA node

  • 85

    ___ is the system’s pacemaker

    SA node

  • 86

    ___: resting membrane potential is unstable

    SA node

  • 87

    1) variation in strength of stimulation 2) by changing frequency of stimulation

    graded muscle responses

  • 88

    Motor neurons ___ firing rate > increased force of muscle contraction

    increase

  • 89

    Muscle exposed to two stimuli in rapid succession; 2nd contraction stronger than 1st; think about relaxation time

    wave summation

  • 90

    Sustained but “quivering” contraction in response to increased rate of muscle stimulation

    incomplete tetanus

  • 91

    Maximum muscle tension yielding smooth contraction plateau (if prolonged > fatigue)

    complete tetanus

  • 92

    Heart sounds:

    auscultation

  • 93

    ___ = First as AV valves close; beginning of systole (loud)

    lub

  • 94

    ___ = Second as SL valves close; beginning of ventricular diastole (quiet)

    Dub

  • 95

    Abnormal heart sounds; usually indicate incompetent or stenosis valves

    heart murmurs

  • 96

    Sounds heard in 2nd intercostal space at right sternal margin

    aortic valve

  • 97

    Sounds heard in 2nd intercostal space at left sternal margin

    pulmonary valve

  • 98

    Sounds heard over heart apex (in 5th intercostal space) in line with middle clavicle

    mitral valve

  • 99

    Sounds typically heard in right sternal margin of 5th intercostal space

    tricuspid valve

  • 100

    = heart rate x stroke volume

    CO