comfort and pain management

59問 • 1年前

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A sensation of physical or mental hurt suffering that cause distress or agony

pain

Nature of pain 4 statements

it is whatever the patient say it is it exists whenever the patient say it does it is subjective in nature only the person experiencing it may describe it it is protective because it provides warning signal for tissue injury

The amount of pain stimulation a person requires before feeling pain

pain threshold

The maximum amount anf duration of pain that an individual id willing to endure

pain tolerance

The actual feeling of pain

pain perception

Universal stimulus for pain

bradykinin

Excessive sensitivity to pain

hyperalgesia

What are the four physiological processes

transduction transmission perception modulation

Thermal chemical or mechanical stimuli usually cause pain

Transduction

Cellular damage caused by thermal, mechanical or chemical stimuli result in the release of excitatory neurotransmitter

Transmission

Gate is called substantia gelatinosa

Spinal cord

Center for awareness of pain

thalamus

Center for interpretation of pain

Cerebral cortex

Once a pain stimulus riches, the cerebral cortex, the brain interprets the quality of the pain and process information from past experience knowledge and cultural association in the perception of the pain

Perception

Once the brain perceived pain, there is a release of Inhibitory neurotransmitter Such as endorphins

Modulation

What are the five Theories of pain

Pattern theory, specificity theory control theory affect theory, parallel processing model

It states that pain is perceived whenever the stimulus is intense enough

Pattern theory

It states that there are specific nerve receptors for particular stimuli

Specificity theory

It conceptualized that there’s a gate in the spinner cold substantial gelatinosa

Gate control theory

It a verse that the pain is emotional. The intensity of pain perceived depends on the value of the organ affected to the individual.

Affect theory

It believes that the physiological or neurologic deciphering of the pain sensation and the cognitive emotional properties occur along different nerve fibers

Parallel processing model

What are the two types of response to pain?

Involuntary response, voluntary response

Physiological response are mediated by

Autonomic nervous system

If the pain is off low to moderate intensity, it is manifested by

Sympathetic nervous system

If the pain is continuous, severe or deep pain typically involving the visceral organs, it is manifested by

Parasympathetic nervous system

Example, crying, moaning, grimacing, tossing in bed, splinting Painful area

Behavioral response

Example, depression, withdrawal, social isolation

Emotional response

Types of pain

Cutaneous or superficial somatic pain Visceral pain Referred pain Intractable pain Phantom pain Radiating pain Psychogenic pain, intermittent pain

Get the cars over the body surface or skin segment

Cutaneous or superficial pain

Maybe deep or superficial it occurs in the skin muscle or joints

Somatic pain

It arrives from stimulation of pain receptors in the abnormal cavity thorax

Visceral pain

The pain is perceived an area other than the side of injury

Referred pain

It is resistant to cure or relief

Infractable pain

It’s actual pain felt in a body part that is no longer present example amputation of a limb

Phantom pain

It is filled at the source and extends to surrounding tissue

Radiating pain

It is primary due to emotional factors with no physiological basis

Psychogenic pain

Pain that stopped and starts again

Intermittent pain

What are the factors influencing pain?

Physiological factors Social factors psychological factors Cultural factors

Physiological factors

Age fatigue genes Neurological function

Social factors

Attention Previous experience Family and social support Spiritual factors

Psychological factors

Anxiety Coping style

Heightens the perception of pain and decrease coping abilities

Fatigue

Research, unhealthy humans subjects suggest that genetic information pass on by parents possibly increase or decrease a person, sensibility to pain and determine pain threshold or tolerance

genes

Any factor that interrupts or influence, normal pain, reception or perception?

Neurological function

The degree which a patient focused attention and pain influence its perception increase attention is associated with Cris pain

attention

Learn from painful experience

Previous experience

People in pain often depend on family members are close friends

Family and social support

Is an active searching for meaning a situation in which one finds one self

Spiritual factors

Present perceived being differently if it’s just a threat loss punishment or challenge

Anxiety

It’s a lonely experience that often causes patience to feel a loss of control

Coping style

The meaning that the person associate with pain affects The experience of pain and how adapts to it

Cultural factors

What is ABC DE?

ask believe choose deliver deliver empower

A patient self report the pain in the single most reliable indicator

Patient expression of pain

Allows you to understand the type of pain it’s pattern and the types of interventions that bring relief

Characteristic of pain

When did it begin? How long has it lasted? Does it occur at the same time each day?

Timing onset duration and pattern

As a patient to describe or point areas of discomfort to assess pain

Location

One of the most objective in therefore, most useful characteristic for reporting pain

Severity

Types of pain scale

Numerical descriptive Visual analog

Asian girl version of the oucher pain scale

Zero no hurt One hurts little bit To hurts little more Three hurts even more four hurts whole lot 5 Hurts most

Biochem Lec

amy martos · 172問 · 2年前

Biochem Lec