Module 3

89 questions • 2 mo ago

Question list

It was during this time when Mendel’s principles were awaiting rediscovery.

1900

Some (1) human genes with know conseuqneces are listed Nearly (2) genetic diseases or phenotypes have been described, of which the molecular genetic basis is known in approximately (3)

13000, 6500, 2650

Who proposed the Theory of Blending Inheritance

Aristotle

It is the theory of mixing of parents traits in the offspring (e.g., Tall + Short = Medium-sized)

Theory of Blending Inheritance

Who rediscovered Gregor Mendel’s principle

Hugo De Vries, Carl Correns, Erich Von Tschermak

Who termed Genetics

William Bateson

When was Genetics termed

1905

Origin of the term Genetics

Genesis

About 200,000 years ago, man was roaming (?). It is supposed that our early ancestors were curious in inheritance.

East Africa

Engravings in (1) in Babylonia (Modern-day Iraq) dating back at least (2) documented horse’s mane.

Chaldea, 6000 years ago

Who are the two Greek philosophers that concluded semen to be produced by the whole body. (Ancient Greeks)

Aristotle, Hippocrates

During (?) century, the existence of sperm and ova was recognized.

17th

Who are the Dutch scientists that recogonized the existence of sperm and ova?

Leeuwenhoek, De Graaf

During the 18th and 19th centuries, who studied hereditary traits such as extra digits and lack of pigmentation?

Pierre de Maupertuis

Extra digits

Polydactyl

Lack of Pigmentation

Albinism

During the 18th and 19th century, who published a Treatise on the Supposed Hereditary Properties of Diseases?

Joseph Adams (1756-1818)

Gregor Mendel Lifespan

1822-1884

When did Gregor Mendel presented theresults of his breeding experiments?

1865

Where did Gregor Mendel ‘present’ his experiment?

Natural History Society of Brünn in Bohemia

Who published Mendel’s breeding experiments?

Transactions of the Society

Who coined the term gene (1) and when (2)

Johannsen, 1909

What is the derived term for ‘gene’ (1) and who introduced it?

Pangen, De Vries

Pangen is a derivative of the word (1), coined by (2) in (3)

Pangenesis, Darwin, 1868

In acknowledgement of Mendel’s enourmous contribution, this term is now part of scientific vocabulary.

Mendelian

Another term for allele

Allelomorphs

The three main principes under Mendel’s breeding experiments

Law of Uniformity, Law of Segregation, Law of Independent Assortment

This laws states that all offspring in the F1 generation are identical and heterozygous.

Law of Uniformity

This law refers to the observation that each person possesses two genes for a particular characterstic, only one of which can be transmitted at any one time.

The Law of Segregation

Failure of separation under the Law of Segregation at the first meiotic division

Chromosome non-disjunction

Under the law of segregation, where do the ‘rare exception’ when two allelic genes fail to separate occur?

First Meiotic Division

This refers to the fact that members of different gene pairs segregate to offspring independently of one another.

Law of Independent Assortment

In reality, this law is not always true due to some genes being ‘linked’

Law of Independent Assortment

They are threadlike structures in the nucleus of cells

Chromosomes

In Greek, this means color

Chroma

In Greek, this means Body

Soma

Human Mitotic Figures were observed from the?

Late 1880s

Who proposed that chromosomes could be the bearers of heredity?

Theodour Boveri, Walter Sutton

Thomas Morgan transformed (1) chromosome theory into the theory of the (2)

Sutton’s, Gene

Who observed the formation of chiasmats between homologous chromosomes at meiosis?

Alfons Janssens

Who during the late 1920s and 1930s helped clarify chromosome mechanics?

Cyril Darlington

What did Cyril Darlington used for his clarification of chromosome mechanics

Tulips

Where did Cyril Darlington conduct his experiments?

Pesia

Genome is a fusion of Gen (1) and ome from (2)

German for Gen, Chromosome

It was thought that normal chromosome number in humas might be (?)

(1) is an American cytologist who had been a student of (2) who settled the number (3) in (4) [Chromosome]

Theophilus Painter, Boveri, 48, 1921

When was it when the correct number of chromosomes was established?

1956

Who established the correct number of chromosomes?

Tijo, Levan

Whilst (1) and (2) are justifiably created with discovering the structure of DNA in (3).

James Watson, Francis Crick, 1953

Before the discovery of DNA, it was formerly believed that hereditary characterstics were transmitted by (?)

Proteins

Nucleic acids were actually discovered in (?)

1849

In (1) Fred Griffith worked on two strains of (2) realized that characteristucs of one strain could be conferred on the other by something that he called the (3)

1928, Streptococcus, Transforming principle

Who identified DNA as the genetic material while worning on the pneumococcus?

Oswald Avery, Maclyn McCarty, Colin MacLeod

When was DNA identified as the genetic material?

1944

What did Wilkins and Franklin discover?

X-ray crystallography

Who discovered x-ray crystallography work?

Maurice Wilkins, Rosalind Franklin

Where was x-ray crystallography work discovered?

King’s College, London

Issues instructions for the precise assembly of proteins

Genes

The sequence of bases in DNA, and the sequence of amino acids in proteins, the genetic code was unraveled in the (?)

1960s

They identified tRNA

Francis Crick, Paul Zamecnik, Mahlon Hoagland

Directs genetic instructions via amino acids to intracellular ribosomes, where protein chains are produced.

tRNA

What are produced in tRNA?

Protein Chains

(1) is the first genetic trait to be characterized at the molecular level in the year (2)

Sickle-cell Anemia, 1957

The genetic trait wherein the mutation affects the amino-acid sequence of the blood protein hemoglobin.

Sickle-cell Anemia

The Fruit Fly scientific name

Drosophila Melanogaster

Immature stage of the Fruit Fly

Drosophila Larvae

Fruit advantages 1. It can be (1) easily in a laboratory 2. It (2) rapidly and (3) at a rate of (4) generations per annum 3. It has a number of easily (5), such as curly wings and a yellow body. 4. They only have (6) pairs of chromosomes 5. The chromosomes in the (7) of (8) are among the largest known in nature, being at least (9) than those in other body cells.

Bred, Reproduces, Prolifically, 20 to 25, Recognizable Characterstics, Four, Salivary Glands, Drosophila Larvae, 100 times bigger

Seven Characterstics of Pea Plants from Gregor Mendel

Seed Color, Seed Shape, Seed Coat Color, Pod Color, Pod Shape, Plant Height, Flower Position

Under mating of plants, this is equivalent to sperm

Pollen

Under mating of plants, these are hidden inside the pistil and are connected to the outside world by stigma

Ovaries

Under mating in plants, (1) is the part that produces eggs in a process called (2)

Ovaries, Pollination

Two ways of fertilization

Out-crossing, Self-pollination

Type of fertilization where two plants are crossed

Out-crossing

Way of fertilization wherein flower may fertilize its own eggs

Self-pollination

This kind of inheritance explains how one trait is transmitted from one generation to the next

Simple Inheritance

Under mating in plants, this is the pollen-receiving part

Stigma

Crosses of parent organisms that differ by only one trait

Monohybrid crosses

This means that one ractor masks the presence of another

Dominance

Ahlelele?

Ahlelas

Term used when things get separated from each other

Segregation

The general term for sex cells/pollen

Gametes

It is when any individual with an unknown genotype is crossed with a true-breeding with the recessive phenotype.

Testcross

A consequence of Meiosis

Law of independent assortment

This tells you that alleles at the same locus on pairs of chromosomes separate and that each offspring has the same opportunity of a particular allele being inherited.

Segregation

It means that every offspring alsi has the same opportunity to inherit annu allele at any other locus.

Independent Assortment

Two important rules of probability

Multiplication Rule, Addition Rule

This rule of probability is used when you want to know the probability of one event

Addition rule

This rule of probability is used when the probabilities of events are independent of each other

Multiplication Rule

This rule of probability is used if you want to know the probability of X and Y happening at the same time.

Multiplication Rule

Medical Terminology (Abbreviations)

Anonymous · 19 questions · 1 y ago

Medical Terminology (Abbreviations)