Collects characters into logical groupings and assigns internal codes to the groupings based on their structure. These logical groupings are called lexemes, and the internal codes for categories of these groupings are the tokens.

Lexical analyzer

Which statement is NOT TRUE on how a Lexical Analyzer works?

Involves reading the source code character from left to right and organizing them into tokens.

"Involves cleaning up the input text and preparing it for lexical analysis. This covers the removal of comments, whitespaces, and other non-essential characters from the input text." Which lexical analyzer processes is being described?

Input Preprocessing

"Involves the process of breaking the input text into a sequence of tokens. This is done by matching the characters in the input text against a set of patterns or regular expressions that define the different types of tokens." Which lexical analyzer processes is being described?

Tokenization

"The analyzer determines the type of each token. For instance, the analyzer might classify the keywords, identifiers, operators, and punctuation symbols as separate token types." Which lexical analyzer processes is being described?

Token Classification

"The analyzer checks if each token is valid based on the rules of the programming language. For instance, the analyzer might check that a variable name is a valid identifier or that an operator has the correct syntax." Which lexical analyzer processes is being described?

Token Validation

"The analyzer generates the output of the lexical analysis process, typically a list or sequence of tokens (token stream). The list of tokens can then be passed to the next stage of compilation or interpretation, which will be sent to the parser for syntax analysis." Which lexical analyzer processes is being described?

Output Generation

This can be individual words or symbols in a sentence, such as keywords, variable names, numbers, and punctuation.

Tokens

"All the numbers and alphabets are considered hexadecimal alphabets by language." What set in tokens is being described?

Alphabets

"The collection of different alphabets occurring continuously. Its length is defined by the number of characters or alphabets occurring together." What set in tokens is being described?

Strings

"Examples include Comma (,), Semicolon(:), +=, -=, *=, /=, etc." What set in tokens is being described?

Symbols

"Comments, preprocessor directive, macros, blanks, tabs, newlines." What set in tokens is being described?

Non-tokens

These are the sequence of characters matched by a pattern to form the token or a sequence of input characters that comprises a single token. These are recognized by matching the input character string against character string patterns, while tokens are represented as integer values.

Lexems

x = 3; y = 4; print(x + y); How many tokens are in this python program?

name = "Leon S. Kennedy"; address = "Racoon City"; print(f"My name is {name}. I live at {address}"); How many tokens are there in this python program?

is the process of analyzing a string of symbols according to the rules of formal grammar.

Syntax analysis or parsing

Which statement is NOT TRUE about Parsing?

It involves reading the source code character from left to right and organizing them into tokens.

Which is NOT TRUE about a Syntax Analyzer Process?

It is the process of applying the rules of Context-Free Grammar to generate a sequence of tokens to form a valid structure.

Syntax analysis uses this to define the syntax rules of a programming language.

context-free grammar (CFG)

"The tokens are analyzed based on the grammar rules of the programming language. A parse tree or AST is constructed tobrepresent the hierarchical structure of the program." What step in parsing is being described?

Parsing

"If the input program contains syntax errors, the syntax analyzer detects and flags them to the user, indicating where the error occurred." What step in parsing is being described?

Error Handling

"The syntax analyzer creates a symbol table, a data structure that stores information about the identifiers used in the program, such as type, scope, and location." What step in parsing is being described?

Symbol Table Creation

It is the process of applying the rules of Context-Free Grammar to generate a sequence of tokens to form a valid structure. Simply, it is a sequence of production rules to get the input string for the parser.

Derivation

In derivation, which statement is NOT TRUE about decisions for some sentential form of input during parsing?

It is called middle-most derivation if the sentential form of an input is scanned and replaced from left to right. Its derived sentential form is called the left-sentential form.

"If the sentential form of an input is scanned and replaced from left to right." Which of the two (2) options in deciding which non-terminal to be replaced with the production rule is being described?

left-most derivation

"if the input is scanned and replaced with production rules." Which of the two (2) options in deciding which non-terminal to be replaced with the production rule is being described?

right-most derivation

E → E * E E → E + E * E E → id + E * E E → id + id * E E → id + id * id What derivation is being represented?

left-most derivation

E → E + E E → E + E * E E → E + E * id E → E + id * id E → id + id * id What derivation is being represented?

right-most derivation

It is the graphical representation of a derivation.

Parse Tree

Which statement is NOT TRUE about a Parse Tree?

It involves reading the source code character from left to right and organizing them into tokens.

If it has more than one parse tree, either left or right derivation, for at least one (1) string

Ambiguous

When an operand has operators on both sides, the side on which the operator takes this operand is decided by the association of those operators. The operand will be taken by the left operator if the operation is left-associative, and the right operator will take the operand if the operation is right-associative.

Associativity

It includes Addition, Multiplication, Subtraction, and Division.

Left-associative operations

Such as exponentiation will have the following evaluation in the same expression as above.

Right-associative operations

When two (2) different operators share a common operand, the precedence of operators decides which will take the operand

Precedence

It is when operators are performed before others.

Hierarchy of priorities

Select all operators IN PROPER PRIORITY ORDER

** or Exponentiation Operator, Unary + and –, *, /, //, %, Binary + (Addition) and – (Subtraction)

It is a string of characters used to identify some entity in a program.

Name

This term can be used interchangeably with “name”.

Identifier

Which statement is NOT TRUE about Names?

It is a special word that cannot be used as a name in a programming language.

Which statement is NOT TRUE in naming conventions for various programming languages?

All variable names in PHP must begin with a hashtag (#) sign

Which BEST DESCRIBES the naming convention of a function in python?

Use lowercase words. Separate words by underscores to improve readability. This is called a snake case

Which BEST DESCRIBES the naming convention of a variable in python?

Use a lowercase single letter, word, or words. Separate words with underscores (_) to improve readability.

Which BEST DESCRIBES the naming convention of a Class in python?

Start each word with a capital letter. Do not separate words with underscores. This is called a Pascal case*.

Which BEST EXEMPLIFIES the naming convention of a Method in python?

dogclass_bark

Which BEST DESCRIBES the naming convention of a constant in python?

Use an uppercase single letter, word, or words. Separate words with underscores to improve readability.

Which BEST EXEMPLIFIES the naming convention of a Module in python?

python_module.py

Which BEST DESCRIBES the naming convention of a Package in python?

Use a short, lowercase word or words. Do not separate words with underscores.

Which statement is NOT TRUE about Special words

is an association between an attribute and an entity, such as between a variable and its type or value, or between an operation and a symbol.

These are used to make programs more readable by naming actions to be performed.

Special Words

It is a special word that cannot be used as a name in a programming language.

Reserved words

Which is NOT a Reserved word in Python?

remove

It is an abstraction of a computer memory cell or collection of cells. It can be characterized as a sextuple of attributes including name, address, type, value, lifetime, and scope.

Variable

"These are used to identify and reference values that can change. They can be made up of letters, numbers, and underscores and should be descriptive and meaningful." Which variable characteristic is being described?

Variable Names

"It is the unique machine memory address it is associated with. It acts as a numerical identifier that allows the program to access and manipulate the data held by the variable." Which variable characteristic is being described?

Variable Address

"Determines the range of values the variable can store and the set of operations defined for values of the type. Examples include int, float, and Boolean." Which variable characteristic is being described?

Variable Type

"The contents of the memory cell or cells associated with the variable. It can also be called its r-value, as it is required when the variable name appears on the right side of an assignment statement." Which variable characteristic is being described?

Variable Value

"The amount of time it exists and retains its value in memory, depending on how and where it is declared." Which variable characteristic is being described?

Variable Lifetime

"the part of the program where a variable can be accessed. It is determined by where the variable is declared in the code" Which variable characteristic is being described?

Variable Scope

It is an association between an attribute and an entity, such as between a variable and its type or value, or between an operation and a symbol.

Binding

It is the time a binding takes place, for instance, at language design time, language implementation time, compile time, load time, link time, or run time.

Binding Time

A variable must be bound to a data type before being referenced in a program.

Type Bindings

It is a statement in a program that lists variable names and specifies their particular type. It directly specifies the data type of the variable when declaring it.

Explicit declaration

Which BEST EXEMPLIFIES an explicit declaration?

int num1 = 7

It is a means of associating variables with types through default conventions rather than declaration statements

Implicit declaration

Which BEST EXEMPLIFIES an Implicit declaration?

decimal_num1 = 4.50

Which statement BEST DESCRIBES explicit declaration in python?

It can still be applied by binding a variable to a value and showing that the variable can later change its type.

Which statement BEST DESCRIBES Implicit declaration in python?

Python automatically binds the value to the variable and figures out the type behind the scenes.

Which statement BEST DESCRIBES Dynamic type binding in python?

It happens when the variable type is not specified by a declaration statement, nor can be determined by the spelling of its name.

It is the range of statements wherein the variable is visible. It determines the lifetime and visibility of a variable, meaning where it can be used and modified within the code.

Scope

These are accessible from anywhere in the program, including inside functions or methods. They are usually defined outside of any function or block of code.

Global Scope

Variables declared inside a function or block of code can only be accessed within that specific function or block. They are not visible outside their defining scope.

Local Scope

This refers to the scope of a function that encloses another function. If there is a nested function, the outer function's variables are available to the inner function, but not the other way around.

Enclosing Scope

This scope contains all the functions and variables that are built into Python, like print(), len(), and int(). These are always available to use

Built-in Scope

What does LEGB Rule Stand for?

Local, Enclosing, Global, Built-In

"Python follows this rule when looking up variables" What python scope rule is being described?

LEGB

"If a variable declared in a local scope has the same name as a variable in an outer (enclosing or global) scope, it shadows the outer variable, meaning the local variable takes precedence." What python scope rule is being described?

Shadowing

"In Python, to modify a global variable inside a function, it must be declared with a global keyword to avoid creating a local variable with the same name." What python scope rule is being described?

global Keyword